Muhammad Haider. "Tarikh-i Rashidi" ("The Rashid History").
Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Inv. No. 5176
The author came from a noble and influential Duglat tribe in Eastern Turkestan. In 1541, he managed to seize Kashmir and establish an independent principality there. Between 1541 and 1546, he wrote the book "Tarikh-i Rashidi," which is the main source of the history of the state of Moghulistan. This work of Muhammad Haider consists of two independent parts (daftars), sometimes repeating the same events. In "Tarikh-i Rashidi," for the first time among all medieval sources, a relatively detailed account of the Kyrgyz is provided regarding the territory they currently occupy.
Translation from Persian by T. I. Sultanov.
Text: As soon as Mansur-khan heard about Sultan Mahmud-khan's departure to the Vilayet, he set out against his brothers. When Mansur-khan arrived in Moghulistan, both of them (Sultan Said-khan and Sultan Khalil-sultan) were there as sultans of the Kyrgyz and remnants of the Mongols. A battle occurred in a region called Charun-Chalok. They fought so fiercely that a sea of blood flowed. Mansur-khan emerged victorious. The two brothers fled to the Vilayet. When they reached Andijan, the hakim of Andijan killed Sultan Khalil-sultan. Sultan Said-khan fled to Kabul.
Mansur-khan resettled all those who were in Moghulistan from the Kyrgyz and other people to Chalysh (Karashar) and Turfan. Since the Kyrgyz were the instigators of all the troubles in Moghulistan, he treacherously slaughtered most of them. Only a small number fled to Moghulistan.
At that time (i.e., in 1405), Sultan Said-khan fled from him (i.e., from Shaybani-khan) and made his way to Moghulistan, reaching Yetikent via the Uzgen road. At that time, Sultan Mahmud-khan was in Yetikent: there Sultan Said-khan met his esteemed uncle and stayed with him for several days. Since Sultan Mahmud-khan, as was his custom, did not engage in state affairs at all, Sultan Said-khan was overcome with despair, and he, fleeing from his uncle, went to Moghulistan to his brother Sultan Khalil-Sultan, who ruled the Kyrgyz.
For four years, he remained with his brother in Moghulistan among the Kyrgyz. During these four years, many incidents occurred between Sultan Mahmud-khan and Mansur-khan and between these two brothers. Eventually, circumstances changed. Sultan Mahmud-khan, due to (the opposition of) his nephews, could not remain in Moghulistan and went to Shahibek-khan in hopes of his protection. Shahibek-khan betrayed him to a martyr's death in Khojent, as has already been mentioned. When Sultan Mahmud-khan left for the Vilayet, these (two) brothers remained in Moghulistan, in (the land of) the Kyrgyz. In the meantime, news came about Mansur-khan's army: (that) Mansur-khan had set out with a huge army from Chalysh and Turfan and was coming against the brothers. Sultan Said-khan and Khalil-sultan, these two brothers gathered all (able-bodied) Kyrgyz and Mongols, prepared for battle, and, having positioned themselves in the region of Charun-Chalok, began to wait for Mansur-khan.
In the end, Sultan Said-khan and Sultan Khalil were defeated. Mansur-khan, having resettled the Kyrgyz, took them to Chalysh, as was already mentioned when describing the life circumstances of the khan. Sultan Khalil left the battlefield and, with a few close associates, headed to Fergana, to his uncle Sultan Mahmud-khan in the hope that Shahibek-khan would provide him protection. When he reached Akhsikent, Janibek, the paternal uncle of Shahibek-khan, who ruled in Fergana, betrayed him to death.
Sultan Said-khan escaped from the battlefield and decided to become a Cossack in Moghulistan. However, circumstances turned out in such a way that his stay in Moghulistan became impossible... Finding himself in a deadlock, Sultan Said-khan went to Andijan. It turned out that from there he fled and went to Kabul, to Babur.
The following year, due to the fact that Muhammad the Kyrgyz began to raid Turkestan and Sayram and plunder Muslims, the khan, driven by religious feelings, decided to punish (him) for this grave offense. He (attacked) Muhammad the Kyrgyz and inflicted upon him and his people what he had done to the people of Islam, and even more. Muhammad the Kyrgyz was captured and shackled. He remained in captivity for fifteen years.
In the year nine hundred twenty-eight, Sultan Said-khan sent his son Rashid-sultan to Moghulistan and subdued all of Moghulistan and the Kyrgyz. In Moghulistan, Rashid-sultan was supported by many people. But eventually, circumstances turned out in such a way that due to the military successes of the Mangyts, the presence of Uzbek Cossacks in Desht-i Qipchaq became impossible. They came to Moghulistan: there were two hundred thousand of them. It was impossible to resist, and Rashid-sultan returned to Kashgar with his people.
Among the Moguls — Boundless Love for Moghulistan
Khoja Ali-bahadur was a Mogul and, having spent his life in Moghulistan, he was very attached to Moghulistan and always wished to be there. For this reason, he asked the khan to allocate Moghulistan and the Kyrgyz to Baba-sultan, then he would take Baba-sultan to Moghulistan and manage the affairs of the Kyrgyz and Moghulistan. The khan agreed to this matter and wanted to allow it. (However) my uncle, despite the fact that Baba-sultan was his son-in-law, did not overstep the bounds of goodwill towards him but (did not agree to this matter). He told the khan: "The Mogul has boundless love for Moghulistan. When Baba-sultan establishes himself in Moghulistan, all Moguls will wish to (go) to Moghulistan. (If) this is prohibited, then Baba-sultan will undoubtedly be insulted, and if it is not prohibited, then the departure of people from your (immediate) supervision will not contribute to the blissful state of your spirit. On this basis, disappointment arises. His appearance will cause great difficulties. On the contrary, if you send (to Moghulistan) Rashid-Sultan, who is your son, then however many people go to him, it will not trouble you. And if it does trouble you, you will prohibit it; nothing bad will happen to him from this. Although Rashid-Sultan is young, it is still more expedient to send him to Moghulistan."
Besides my uncle, no one agreed to this, especially Mirza Ali Taghay, who was entirely on Baba-sultan's side.
At this time, Khoja Ali-bahadur died a natural death, and for this reason, the matter of sending (Baba-sultan) was completely disrupted. The khan leaned towards the side of Rashid-sultan in his decision. However, there were constant disputes regarding the details of this decision. My uncle tried and made every effort to settle the matter of Rashid-sultan.
He said to the khan: "The correct course of action is as follows: it is necessary to free Muhammad the Kyrgyz, who has long been in captivity; among the Moguls, those who wish to live in Moghulistan and are owners of herds and flocks should be selected and sent (to Moghulistan) accompanied by emirs and trustworthy individuals."
In the end, my uncle's judgments convinced (the khan), and he acted as he was told. Appointing Emir Mirza Ali Taghay as the chief and placing Muhammad the Kyrgyz in charge of the Kyrgyz, he sent them (to Moghulistan). In those days, Ali Mirak Barlas died. Mukhammedi, the son of Ali Mirak Barlas, (by the custom of inheritance) took over the affairs of Rashid-sultan; he also set out with them.
In short, thanks to my uncle's efforts, (the khan) gave a third of his royal property, consisting of civilian people and troops, yurts and large dismantled tents, caravans, equipped camels, tents, and pavilions, to Rashid-sultan and sent him to Moghulistan.
During the sending, the khan demanded that all equipment be brought to a special place and said to me: "You strap his sword and quiver and put him on a horse; this will be a good omen, and in the matter of military art, he will be your student." I performed this service. The khan himself rose and recited the Fatiha several times, then said: "Remember, do not forget that the first sword was strapped to you by Mirza Haider and that you became his student. If you are asked: 'In the matter of military art, whose student will you be, what will you answer?' Rashid-sultan replied: 'I will say that I am a student of such-and-such a person.' The khan said: 'He is my student.' Then he repeated this expression several times, recited the Fatiha, and departed.
When Rashid-sultan arrived in Moghulistan, Muhammad the Kyrgyz gathered all the Kyrgyz, and Moghulistan completely submitted. At that time, the army in Moghulistan significantly increased. The exposition of this is too long. (In short) due to the opposition of the Uzbek Cossacks and the hostility of the Kyrgyz, Rashid-sultan, along with his subordinates and everything that belonged to him, returned to Kashgar.
As for the Moguls, perhaps about thirty thousand remained within Turfan and Kashgar.
The Uzbek Cossacks and Kyrgyz began to claim Moghulistan. Although the Kyrgyz are also of Mogul tribes, due to frequent disobedience to the khans, they separated from the Moguls. All Moguls became Muslims and joined the followers of Islam, while the Kyrgyz, as before, remained (under the power of) disbelief. For this reason, they separated from the Moguls. As a result, the Moguls now became the most remote and least numerous beings.
At this time, Muhammad the Kyrgyz arrived and asked (Sultan Said-khan) to allow him to go to Yarkand and bring back reliable information. (Having received the khan's approval) he set out in the company of several honorable individuals. They plundered Arslan-Bagi, two farsakhs from Yarkand, and captured military loot, which they brought (to the khan) along with the news that (Mirza Abu Bekr) was busy preparing for the campaign of the army, distributing horses and tents to the raiyats and gardeners; however, the situation is such that he is unable to gather a sufficiently strong army in this way. Upon receiving (this) news, the khan set out for Yarkand.
Narrative of the Campaign Against the Kyrgyz and the Reason for the Captivity of Muhammad the Kyrgyz
In describing the conquest of Kashgar, it was mentioned that Muhammad the Kyrgyz arrived from Moghulistan, and in those days of battles and killings, he rendered service. After the victory, he captured a huge military loot. The khan also allowed him to be gifted with a sword belt, vessels, gold and silver cups, and other (valuable gifts) for his diverse labors and efforts.
... (Verse). When Muhammad the Kyrgyz, elevated by distinction and having achieved his desires, returned to Moghulistan, all the Kyrgyz submitted to him. He began to raid Turkestan, Tashkent, Sayram, and turned everything upside down there. The Shibanid sultans of those regions unsuccessfully tried to repel him. Once, he raided Turkestan and, having captured loot, turned back. Abdullah-sultan, the son of Kuchum-khan, who was not yet a khan at that time, was the wali of Turkestan. He immediately set out to pursue him. When he had moved some distance from the city, Muhammad the Kyrgyz turned back, and they clashed in disorder. From this skirmish, Muhammad the Kyrgyz emerged victorious. He put most of Abdullah-sultan's (warriors) to death, and kept the captured sultan with him for one day, then, honoring him, sent him back to Turkestan with the survivors. To the khan, he sent horses, as well as weapons, military equipment, and other appropriate things, and apologized (saying): "I promised that if any of the Shibanid sultans fell into my hands, I would release him. I fulfilled my promise. My hope is for forgiveness (from you)."
When this news reached the khan, he became angry at such an act, and that same spring, in the month of Tirmah, of the year nine hundred twenty-three, he led an army towards Moghulistan to punish Muhammad the Kyrgyz.
... In Kashgar, he gathered an army. Khoja Ali-bahadur was in the vanguard (yazak) of that army. In Mogul, the word yazak means Yabaul. When they reached Kafir Yara, they were joined by Ayman-Khodja-sultan, who arrived from Aksu. At night during the council, the opinion of all the people converged on the fact that the khan would go the road through Barskaun, while Ayman-Khodja-sultan would go the road through Dzhauku. The next day, Ayman-Khodja-sultan set out on the road through Dzhauku, and the khan on the road through Pars Kaun.
When they crossed Barskaun, Khoja Ali-bahadur captured two Kyrgyz and sent them (to the khan); (from them) they received reliable information that (the Kyrgyz) were carelessly located on the shore of Issyk-Kul at the confluence of the Barskaun River.
From Kashgar to Issyk-Kul is a month’s journey. That day they moved quickly, and by the evening prayer, they set up camp near a pass known as Khujara. The khan himself, with several honorable individuals, set out (from the camp) and, looking from afar at their (Kyrgyz) black yurts, returned. With the onset of night, the tavaji announced that out of every ten people, four with armor would be in the center, and six would go into the attack and that everyone should prepare military equipment and combat weapons. Until midnight, (the time) passed in anxious anticipation. At dawn, the army lined up for battle on level ground, and no creature retreated from the accepted order. As long as the army was being rearranged, all flanks maintained caution, then suddenly from the height where the main standard was located, the sounds of kettledrums, drums, trumpets, horns, and the whistles of warriors rang out. All the warriors designated for the attack simultaneously lowered the reins of restraint (Verse)... and rushed forward...
At noon, Takabahadur brought the bound Muhammad the Kyrgyz (to the khan). The khan said: "You, by the customary right of nomads (tura) and by the rule, should be put to death. But I generously forgive you." A highest decree of the ruler was issued to imprison him in shackles, and the supervision of him was entrusted to my esteemed uncle. All the military personnel enriched themselves with herds of horses, flocks of sheep, and herds of camels. All captured Kyrgyz were released (Verse...). In happy triumph, they remained there for several days, then slowly, unhurriedly set out for the capital Kashgar, and, protected and patronized by the Almighty God, arrived in Kashgar at the beginning of winter.
Establishing Order in Moghulistan, (Among) the Kyrgyz and the Beginning of the Activities of Abd ar-Rashid-sultan.
In the year nine hundred twenty-eight, Sultan Said-khan intended to go to Moghulistan and bring the Kyrgyz into submission. There were several reasons for this; the first was as follows. In describing the events of the year nine hundred twenty-three, it was mentioned that the khan had imprisoned Muhammad the Kyrgyz because he, having captured Abdullah-khan, the son of Kuchum-khan, released him and asked (the Uzbek khan)... for forgiveness. For this reason, he had been in shackles for five years.
The Kyrgyz, left without a leader, began to raid the territory of Turkestan, Sayram, and Andijan. Although these areas were under the control of the Shibanids, and they were their sworn enemies, the khan, being a man of perfect moral qualities, pious and God-fearing, became distressed. He wished to avert this calamity from the Muslims and thereby elevate his position to a high degree. Another reason was that Khoja Ali-bahadur, who has already been mentioned, passionately desired (to live) in Moghulistan, and this was his innate trait. He always avoided the city. Khoja Ali-bahadur was appointed atabek of Baba-sultan, the son of Khalil-sultan, the son of the khan's friend, and from the age of seven to fifteen, he raised him. He addressed the khan with the words: "Praise be to Allah! The ulus of the Moguls, thanks to eternal prosperity and agreement, has reached such limits that the vast expanses of Kashgar have become cramped. If there is a khan's decree (yarlik), then I, taking Baba-sultan with me, will go to Moghulistan and establish order there."
This thought coincided with the khan's opinion, and he arranged a council with the participation of all the emirs. They all unanimously approved this idea. Only my esteemed uncle said: "In essence, this opinion is correct. However, it is impractical to send Baba-sultan because for the ulus of the Moguls, Moghulistan is a beloved place, and this is by rules. In case order is established in Moghulistan, all Moguls will return to those lands, and if Baba-sultan is there, he will be insulted due to the prohibition on people (going) to Moghulistan. If this is not prevented, then all Moguls will rush there, and this will strike at your heart. On the contrary, it is advisable to send Rashid-sultan, your son, strengthening him to the extent you deem necessary; if people are prohibited from going, it will not be unpleasant."
Meanwhile, Ali-bahadur died, and in this important matter, they settled on (the candidacy of) Rashid-sultan.
Description of Moghulistan and Its Borders
Another wonder of Moghulistan is Issyk-Kul. (It) receives approximately the same amount of water as (the lake) Kokcha-Tengiz. The circumference of Issyk-Kul is a twenty-day journey, and no water flows out of it. It is surrounded by mountains, and all these rivers with tasty and pleasant water flow into it. But as soon as the water reaches the lake, it immediately becomes so bitter and salty that it is completely impossible to perform ritual ablution with it: if it gets into the eyes or (the) mouth, it begins to burn severely. It is extremely clean and transparent, and if you scoop it into a porcelain cup, there will be no sediment at the bottom. The mountain meadows of its surroundings are abundant with fruitful trees, there are many birds and wild goats.
Since the year nine hundred sixteen, no Moguls could remain in Moghulistan due to the Kyrgyz for the reason previously mentioned. Since the year nine hundred eight, the khan's high zeal in (the matter of) establishing order in Moghulistan has waned.
During the return of Sultan Said-khan from Kochkara, Muhammad the Kyrgyz was captured again and brought to Kashgar. The reason for his imprisonment was that he wished to seek support from the Uzbeks. He was captured and was freed from captivity only after the death of Sultan Said-khan.
(The khan) returned to Kashgar, while I was left in Moghulistan to establish peace among the people. No matter how hard I tried, everything was in vain: the Kyrgyz fled to (the opposite) end of Moghulistan and joined Tahir-khan; only a part of them remained.
About the trip of Sultan Said-khan to Moghulistan for the last time; about how he brought the Moguls back from Moghulistan to Kashgar, and about some events that occurred at that time when Rashid-sultan remained in Moghulistan, while Tahir-khan was in Uzbekistan. But the circumstances that developed there forced him (Tahir-khan) to go to Moghulistan, and he approached Kochkar. Half of the Kyrgyz came to him. For this reason, Rashid-sultan, suspecting (something was wrong), left for At-Bashi in the middle of winter. When the khan heard this news, he himself went to At-Bashi. In At-Bashi, he met his son and calmed the people.
In spring, the Uzbeks (Cossacks) went to the eastern part of Moghulistan. That part of the Kyrgyz who were with Rashid-sultan also separated from him and remained within Kuchkar, wishing to reunite with those Kyrgyz who had joined the Uzbeks (Cossacks). The khan sent me along with Rashid-sultan to transfer the Kyrgyz from there to At-Bashi. The khan himself departed for Kashgar to raise all the people and observe what turn the matter would take between them and the Uzbeks (Cossacks). I was left in Moghulistan to walk (among) the people, strengthening their power and faith in themselves. Until the khan's return, I remained with Rashid-sultan.
When (the khan), having arrived with his household, joined the people, he allowed me to go to Kashgar, saying: "Go and bring my esteemed aunt Sultan-Nigar-khanim to Moghulistan so that she can mediate between (me and) Tahir-khan and settle the matter peacefully." I brought the khanım. The khan was in Aksai. Before I arrived, news was received that (some) part of the Kyrgyz lived separately from the Uzbeks (Cossacks). It was deemed advisable to go against them and take them under control. The khan set out from Aksai. When they made one transition, Rashid-sultan fell ill. (Fortunately) in those places, Hazrat Khoja appeared, who had come to these regions for rest. With the arrival of their (Hazrat Ishana) blessed foot here, he recovered within three days. Leaving the khanım with the people, I myself went to the army, arriving there on the very day the khan set out from this side. I had the honor of being introduced to Khoja and the khan. (Hazrat) Khoja left back. The khan covered a forty-day journey in twelve days.
"The Sheep Campaign"
A brief account (of the events of those days) is as follows: when we reached Ak-Kubash, the khan remained with a five-thousand-strong army, while with the remaining army, he sent me with Rashid-sultan against the Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz were at Arishlyar. Upon arriving there, we found their camp and their yurts standing. They themselves had fled, leaving some of their belongings and equipment behind. Moving forward, we saw several dead people and the corpses of horses, riddled with arrows and slashed with sabers. In search of the reason for what had happened, we discovered a half-dead man, from whom we learned that Babalzhak-sultan had come from Kusan and attacked the Kyrgyz and that three days before our arrival, a great battle had taken place: and we also learned that Babalzhak-sultan had suffered defeat in this battle, while the Kyrgyz, having sent their troops to the Uzbeks (Cossacks), had gone themselves to pursue Babalzhak-sultan. Moving further, we discovered about one hundred thousand rams belonging to the Kyrgyz and captured them. Since the Kyrgyz had joined the Uzbeks (Cossacks), we did not take any further action and, returning, came to serve the khan. We turned back because the goal of (the campaign) was to punish the Kyrgyz, not to oppose the Uzbeks (Cossacks). This campaign was called "Koy Cherigi" ("The Sheep Campaign").
At that time, Tahir-khan had two hundred thousand people, and his power was at its zenith. His cruelty increased day by day. People believed that the cruelties of Tahir-khan stemmed from his brother Abul-Qasim, and with one bold hand, they killed him.
(Then) the whole people completely separated and abandoned him. So that only he himself and his son remained, no one else (was left with them). And only the two of them joined the Kyrgyz.
This news reached (Sultan Said)-khan at a time when he had already returned to Kashgar. The reason for his (khan's) arrival (in Kashgar) was that among the Moguls, it was rumored that the Kyrgyz had united with the Uzbeks (Cossacks), that the Uzbeks (Cossacks) claimed to settle in Moghulistan, and that we did not have sufficient forces to oppose the multitude of Uzbeks (Cossacks), and that therefore it was dangerous to remain in Moghulistan this winter. In consideration of this, the khan transferred Rashid-sultan and all the people to Kashgar. (When the khan was already) in Kashgar, news came of the disintegration of the Uzbeks (Cossacks).
It was already the end of spring, but it was difficult to return again to Moghulistan, and (the khan) remained in Kashgar. Somewhere at the beginning of spring, Tahir-khan appeared with the Kyrgyz and took away the remaining Kyrgyz at At-Bashi, as well as all the Mogul herds that were in Moghulistan.
Comments and Notes
1 The state of Moghulistan was formed in the mid-14th century and existed until the end of the 17th century. Its northern border is Lake Balkhash — Black Irtysh, to the east — the Turfan oasis, to the south — the Kunlun mountains, and to the west — Fergana — Tashkent. At times, the territory of Moghulistan contracted.
2 Mansur-khan — the eldest son of Ahmed-khan, ruler of Aksu and the eastern part of Moghulistan after his father's death.
3 Sultan Mahmud-khan — the youngest son of Yunus-khan. After his father's death in 1487, he became the ruler of the western part of Moghulistan and the nominal head of the entire country. Sultan Mahmud-khan was killed in 1508 along with his sons on the banks of the Syr Darya by the order of Shaybani-khan.
4 Vilayet, i.e., Mawarannahr, the territory between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya.
5 Sultan Said-khan — the third son of Sultan Ahmed-khan, the founder of the Mughal state in Eastern Turkestan.
6 Sultan Khalil-sultan — the son of Sultan Ahmed-khan. He was killed by the ruler of Andijan in 1508.
7 Moguls — a term that designated part of the population of Moghulistan. Some researchers consider the Moguls a conglomerate of Turkic and Mongolian tribes, others — a class in the service of the Chagatai khans, and others — a special ethnic collective, a nationality. In the 16th century, the Moguls were displaced from Moghulistan by the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz to Eastern Turkestan.
8 Charun-Cholok (Charyn, Chilik) — left tributaries of the Ili River.
9 Yetikent — a city in Fergana.
10 That is, from 1504 to 1508.
11 Shaybani-khan — Muhammad Shaybani-khan, the grandson of Abu-l-Khayr-khan, killed in 1510 by Shah Ismail.
12 Babur — a descendant of Timur, the son of Omar-Sheikh, the ruler of Fergana.
13 That is, in 923 AH, — 1517 AD.
14 In the Middle Ages, the regions of the middle course of the Syr Darya were understood as Turkestan.
15 928 AH — 1521-22 AD (The first number indicates the Muslim calendar, the second — the Christian calendar).
16 Rashid-sultan — Abd ar-Rashid (1533-1560), son of Sultan Said-khan.
17 In 1517, under pressure from the Mangyts, two hundred thousand Uzbek Cossacks migrated to the borders of Moghulistan. At first, they roamed north of Lake Balkhash.
18 Khoja Ali-Bahadur was an atabek, the tutor of Baba-sultan.
19 Baba-sultan — the son of Sultan Khalil and was married to the daughter of Said Muhammad — the uncle of Muhammad Haider.
20 Mirza Ali Taghay — one of the influential emirs of Sultan Said-khan.
21 Ali Mirak Barlas was the atabek of Abd ar-Rashid.
22 Uzbek Cossacks led by Janibek and Girey migrated in the late 50s of the 15th century from the region of the middle course of the Syr Darya and the Chuy-Talas valley.
23 Sultan Said-khan, having suffered defeat from Mansur-khan, fled to Kabul, to Babur, and then returned to Fergana and in 1514 captured Kashgar, Yangihisar, fought against the Duglat emir Abu Bekr for Kashgaria.
24 Raiyat — a mass of people in the sense of "subjects, population."
25 Abdullah-sultan-Shibanid — the son of Kuchum-khan.
26 Kuchum-khan — also known as Kuchkunji-khan; Shibanid, son of Abu-l-Khayr-khan. After the death of Shaybani-khan in 1510, he was proclaimed khan. Kuchum-khan died in 1530.
27 928 AH — 1517 AD.
28 Barskaun (Barskoon) — the name of a river flowing into Lake Issyk-Kul, as well as the name of a pass through which the road from the Issyk-Kul basin to the upper reaches of the Big Naryn and the ridges of Central Tien Shan goes.
29 Dzhauka (Zhuuku) — the name of a river flowing into Lake Issyk-Kul, as well as the name of a pass.
30 Tavaji (tavachi) — an official responsible for the collection, organization, and accounting of troops, who conveyed orders to detachments, etc.
31 928 AH — 1521-22 AD.
32 923 AH — 1517 AD.
33 Ulus — the highest form of social organization of nomadic tribes. According to the writings of some Muslim authors, each ulus consisted of at least ten thousand families-yurts. The basis of the ulus was formed by people united in clans, tribes, alliances of tribes; thus, the ulus could be gathered or dispersed.
34 Kokcha-Tengiz — Lake Balkhash.
35 916 AH — 1510-11 AD.
36 That is, after July 9, 1533.
37 That is, Muhammad Haider, the author of the book "Tarikh-i Rashidi."
38 Tahir-khan — the son of Adink-sultan, the nephew and second successor of Qasim-khan. He, unlike his uncle, did not enjoy respect and influence among the Kazakhs. He was known for his cruelty. Around 1526, he was abandoned by the Kazakhs and joined the Kyrgyz. According to Muhammad Haider, he died among the Kyrgyz.
39 Uzbekistan — this was the name of part of the territory of modern Kazakhstan until the 30s of the 16th century. According to Muhammad Haider, Uzbekistan refers to the steppes north of Lake Balkhash.
40 Kochkar — the valley of Kochkor.
41 Sultan Nigar-khanim — the fourth daughter of Yunus-khan, the khan of Moghulistan. Initially, she was married to Mirza Sultan Mahmud, the son of Sultan Abu Said. After his death, she was married to the Kazakh sultan Adik, the son of Janibek-khan. After Adik's death, Nigar-khanim married Qasim-khan. After the death of the latter, she moved to Kashgar.
42 Hazrat Khoja — one of the nicknames of Khoja Muhammad Sharif, a pir of the Sufi order Uvaisiya in Kashgaria.
43 Babalzhak-sultan — the son of Sultan Ahmed-khan.
44 At the beginning of spring 1527 AD.