The traces of primitive human activity in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic date back to the Paleolithic era. There are not many monuments from this time. A stone tool was discovered by Oklandikov in 1953 in the Central Tien Shan, on the left bank of the On-Archa River. Its date of manufacture is approximately 300,000 years ago.
Another archaeological find from the early Paleolithic of Tien Shan is the Salamat-Bulak complex, which consists of three monuments - Boz-Barmaq, Ak-Olen, and Salamat-Bulak, located at the western end of Lake Issyk-Kul, where about a thousand ancient tools were found.
In total, 10 sites have been found in Central Asia where tools of primitive people have been preserved.
Neolithic people (5th-3rd millennium BC) learned to cultivate the land and grow edible plants. At the same time, they domesticated wild animals and engaged in their breeding.
The transition to agriculture and animal husbandry. In the 4th millennium BC, tools, weapons, and ornaments made of copper appeared. The time when copper and stone coexisted is called the Eneolithic.
The application of bronze brought about a revolution in primitive technology. During the Bronze Age, private ownership of production tools, livestock, slaves, and later land began to develop within individual families. The role of men increased - patriarchy replaced matriarchy, and kinship began to form along male lines.
In the Bronze Age (2nd - 1st millennium BC), the Kyrgyz Republic was inhabited by pastoral and agricultural tribes and ancient agricultural tribes. During the Bronze Age, rock carvings were developed, discovered in the Talas Valley and on the Fergana Ridge.
The transition to a class society was facilitated by the production of tools made of iron (from the 1st millennium BC). The higher productivity of labor using iron tools led to the displacement of bronze and stone products and the separation of crafts from agriculture.
The formation of a class society in Kyrgyzstan occurred in the 8th century BC and was completed in the middle of the 6th century AD: the first information about the nomadic population of Semirechye and Tien Shan is found in Persian sources under the name of the Saka; the Saka were succeeded by the Usun tribes, who inhabited Kyrgyzstan until the middle of the 6th century AD - until their inclusion in the Turkic Khaganate; part of the territory of Southern Kyrgyzstan was included in the slave-owning state of Dayuan, which occupied the territory of the Fergana Valley.