Lexicon.
The origins of the formation and development of the vocabulary of the Kyrgyz language are its own linguistic resources, as well as borrowings from other languages. The foundation of the Kyrgyz language consists of indigenous Kyrgyz vocabulary, which accounts for up to 90% of the entire vocabulary of the Kyrgyz language. In Kyrgyz lexicology, there are Arabic and Iranian borrowings, which constitute a relatively small percentage. According to academician B. O. Oruzbaeva, the total number of Iranian words in the vocabulary of the Kyrgyz language is about 1500 words; however, in the common spoken language, especially in dialects, there are many more Persian lexical borrowings. Words of Persian origin in the Kyrgyz language cover a wide range of vocabulary: these include names of metals, animals, tools of production, and household items. The number of Arabic borrowings in Kyrgyz vocabulary is relatively small. Arabisms were borrowed during the process of the Islamization of the Kyrgyz people, so a significant portion of Arabisms consists of words with religious content. The borrowed vocabulary of Arabic and Iranian origin that has entered the vocabulary of the modern Kyrgyz language is currently not perceived as borrowed.
Moreover, the Kyrgyz language has a large number of lexical parallels with South Siberian Turkic (Altai, Tuvan, Khakas, Shor) and Mongolo-Buryat languages, indicating a past genetic connection.
The Russian language also played a significant role in the formation of the Kyrgyz language. With the emergence of the first Russian settlements following the annexation of Kyrgyz lands to Russia in the second half of the 19th century, language contacts between Kyrgyz and Russians intensified. This period can be characterized as a period of bilingualism. Close contacts of the local population with Russian settlers enriched the language's vocabulary. The introduction of new items and their names into the daily life of the Kyrgyz through the Russian population contributed to the replenishment of the vocabulary.
Among the Russian borrowings, which are mainly represented by scientific, technical, social, and political terms, the majority consists of "international vocabulary." Through Russian, international terms from Latin, Greek, English, German, French, and other languages penetrate into the Kyrgyz language.
Morphology. The Kyrgyz language, like all Turkic languages, belongs to agglutinative languages in terms of its morphological structure - grammatical forms are formed by adding affixes to the root or base of the word.
Phonetics in the Kyrgyz Language. Part - 2
History of the Kyrgyz Literary Language
Ancient Manuscript Tradition in Kyrgyzstan
Ancient Kyrgyz Language. Morphology
Ancient Kyrgyz Language. Phonetics