Grammatical Categories of Words in the Kyrgyz Language
The Kyrgyz language is represented by the following grammatical categories of words: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, verbs, interjections, onomatopoeic words, and function words.
Like in other Turkic languages, the Kyrgyz language lacks the category of gender and animacy-inanimacy.
The interrogative pronoun ким? (who?) is used in relation to people, while эмне? (what?) is used for all other animate and inanimate nouns.
The category of number is characteristic of nouns and verbs. The plural form of nouns is formed using the suffixes -лар/ -дар/-тар and variations: китеп (book), китеп+тер (books), окуучу (student), окуучу+лар (students). When combined with cardinal numerals, nouns are marked with plural suffixes: он китеп (ten books), отуз окуучу (thirty students).
The category of possession is expressed using possessive suffixes:
Nouns in the Kyrgyz language decline according to six cases: nominative, which serves as the basis for oblique cases; genitive, expressing possession; dative, indicating the addressee or purpose of the action; accusative, indicating the object of the action; locative, denoting the place of action; and ablative, indicating the place from which the action originates. Declension occurs by adding case suffixes:
Nominative (Атооч) -
Genitive (Илик) -нын /-нин, -нун, -нүн/, -дын /-дин, -дун, -дүн/,-тын /-тин, -тун, -түн/
Dative (Барыш) -га/-ка/, -гe/-ке/, -го /-ко/, -гө/-кө/
Accusative (Табыш) ~ны/-ды, -ты/, -ни /-ди, -ти/, -ну/ -ду, -ту/, -нү/-дү/
Locative (Жатыш) -да /-та/, -де /-те/, -до /-то/, -дө /-тө/
Ablative (Чыгыш) -дан /-тан/, -ден/-тен/, -дон /-тон/, —дөн /-төн/
Adjectives, based on their meaning and grammatical categories, are divided into qualitative and relative. Adjectives in the Kyrgyz language do not decline and do not take plural suffixes. They do not take possessive suffixes either. Adjectives can be derived or non-derived.
Non-derived adjectives consist only of a root (жакшы - good, ак - white). Derived adjectives are formed using suffixes that attach to nouns: -луу with variations (күчтүз - strong), -сүз (күчеүз - powerless), -лык (элдик - national), -кы (күндүзү - daytime), as well as using word formation suffixes that attach to verbs: -чаак (эринчээк - lazy), -кыч (тапкыч - resourceful), etc. Compound adjectives are formed through compounding: antonymous adjectives - узун-кыска (of different sizes); correlational adjectives - майда-чүйде (any little thing); intensifying adjectives - бийик-бийик (tall-very tall), etc.
Adjectives have degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative, as well as a degree of weak manifestation of a quality. The comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -раак, -ыраак (чонураак - bigger), the superlative degree is formed using intensifying words эн, өтө, ая-бай (эн, сонун - the best). The most common suffixes for indicating incompleteness of a quality are -гыл, -гылт, -ыш, -ылжым, etc. They are most often used with color adjectives: кек (blue) - көгүш (bluish), боз (gray) - бозгулт (grayish), сары (yellow) - саргылт, саргыч (yellowish).
Lexicon and Morphology in the Kyrgyz Language. Part - 3
History of the Kyrgyz Literary Language
Ancient Manuscript Tradition in Kyrgyzstan
Ancient Kyrgyz Language. Morphology
Ancient Kyrgyz Language. Phonetics