Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic of "Manas". The Death of the Heroes

The Death of the Heroes A rumor swept through China That Khan Manas was wounded. The spirit of the Kangai people rose. For Konurbai and Neskara Their long-awaited hour had come. Surrounding Beijinge in three circles, To ensure that not a single one Of the buruts left China alive, And to drive out the Muslims, They incited the townspeople to revolt. And behold, a hundred thousand troops Marched towards the city of Chet-Beijing, To capture and destroy the Kyrgyz forces. Raising Manas' red

22.10.2021, 18:49

Kurmanjan Datka

Osh in the Early 20th Century

Growth of the City in the Early 20th Century Little expanding in the pre-war years due to its surroundings, Osh did not rise in height either, except for the increasing number of minarets by 1917 at the mosques. The spatial growth of the city, more precisely its residential part, is associated with the construction of new single-story buildings in the upper part of the city. The following data provides an idea of the growth of residential construction: at the end of the 1870s, there were about

22.10.2021, 18:21

Meat and offal dishes

Chyz-byz is a famous dish of Kyrgyz cuisine.

Chyz-byz Chyz-byz is a well-known dish of Kyrgyz cuisine. It is a dish of shepherds, which they used to eat and still eat during their long journeys across the pastures. In Kyrgyz cuisine, the dish is made from lamb meat and lamb offal. During cooking, it is important not to stray far from the pan. You need to keep everything under control, stir, and add the ingredients one by one. Chyz-byz cooked over an open fire, infused with smoke, is undoubtedly delicious. But it can also be prepared in

21.10.2021, 19:53

Ethnography

The 19th Century — A Century of Radical Change in the Lives of the Kyrgyz

Settlements and Permanent Housing The 19th century was a turning point in the life of the Kyrgyz. It marked the beginning of their settlement on land. One of the most important factors that led to the gradual transition to settled life among the southern Kyrgyz was the historical event of Southern Kyrgyzstan's annexation to Russia. This decisively changed the lifestyle of the Kyrgyz: conflicts and wars between Kyrgyz tribes and neighboring peoples ceased, economic life began to stabilize,

21.10.2021, 18:44

Osh - 3000

Multinational City of Osh

The city of Osh — a multinational city The archaeological research of the city of Osh was conducted by the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic. In particular, B. Amanbaeva — the head of the South Kyrgyz Archaeological Expedition, G. Bragina, and others. However, there are individual scholars who dispute the 3000-year history of the city of Osh. At the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 3000th anniversary of the city, T. Chorotegin proposed to cancel the

20.10.2021, 21:23

Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

The Issue of Land Use in Pishpek

Conducting Land Reform The issue of land use became urgent. Based on the law on the socialization of land adopted by the Soviet government, work began on the expropriation of land from former landlords and non-working elements. Steam, water, mills, sawmills, brick, leather, cheese-making, and oil factories were transferred to the jurisdiction of the volost and district councils or handed over to agricultural communes and cooperatives. At this time, the land department of the Pishpek district

20.10.2021, 14:16

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic of "Manas". The Prayer of Manas

Prayer of Manas Almighty God! My Creator! I am on my knees before you. You gave us the sun above, You illuminate the earthly world, Dimming the light at night, You leave us with darkness. Holy prophets, wise men You give us, Creator, yourself. You send us brainless, foolish fools To the earth. So that we live in wars and struggles, You send us enemies. Giving the heart flame and love, You create heroes yourself. Creator of heaven and earth, Only you can judge us! I led your sons into battle,

18.10.2021, 20:32

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Features of the Group Consciousness of Kyrgyz Nomads

Narrow Mindset of the Kyrgyz Nomad The proposed general scheme of the evolution of consciousness aims to show what horizons can be revealed by understanding the characteristics of historical types of consciousness in the study of Kyrgyz history and history in general. Let’s clarify this with specific examples. Historical psychology is a young science, and there is still much that is unclear and undiscovered in it, so the first results of its application in specific historical analysis can only

18.10.2021, 20:17

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Rhinoceros Beetle - Keryk Beetle

Rhinoceros Beetle - Oryctes nasicornis L. This beetle is characterized by a large, strongly convex body of dark brown color, with a shiny sheen on top. The rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes nasicornis), an insect of the Scarabaeidae family, is found everywhere except for the tundra and taiga.

17.10.2021, 18:20

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Heterogeneous Anticolonial Protests Against Tsarist Authority

Protests Against Tsarist Colonial Power by the Kyrgyz The anti-colonial protests were also a reflection of the uprising of 1873–1876, led by the aforementioned associates of Pulat-khan. It was directed against the tsarist colonial authority and had a national liberation character. Its eyewitness V.L. Tageev justifiably wrote: "An uprising erupted in Alai. The mountain settlement of Alai boiled and stirred, and bands (a group of rebels—K.U.) of brave batyrs began to swell with new forces.

17.10.2021, 17:43

Ethnography

The Wealthy Social Layer Among the Kyrgyz in the Late 19th Century

Bais, Biis, and Manaps The measure of wealth and the main equivalent in trade and economic relations was livestock; accordingly, the prosperity of a household was determined by its quantity. Bais were categorized based on the composition and size of their herds, as well as their lifestyle and personal qualities: “1) chon bai - big bai or mart bai - generous (a wealthy person who was not stingy and was acquainted with the powerful); 2) saran bai or koltukchu bai - stingy bai (lived poorly,

16.10.2021, 17:09

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Choros, Suldus, Tatars, Turkmen, Uyghurs, Minalagi, Nuygut, Ordabegi

Minlaga, Noyguts, Suldus, Tatars, Turkmen, Uyghurs, Ordabegi, Churasi Minlaga (Minalaga) — their origin is unknown. They were mentioned in the battle involving the aforementioned Uldja-Buga-muchalachi from the Kauchins against Kamar ad-Din to the east of the Ili River. There are no other known accounts of them. Noyguts (Nuyguts) — a tribe of Mongolian origin. The name of a companion of Sultan Said-khan, Tubra Noygaus (Tubra Noyagut, Tubra Noyguts), appears in sources. In the 16th century,

16.10.2021, 16:16

Women of Kyrgyzstan

Kanikey — the queen, wife of Manas. Part - 3

Part 3 Kanykey becomes a mother, raising her son. The name of the mother is sacred, her milk is miraculous. Kanykey is not just a mother. She is primarily the educator of the national hero. Raising and providing the right upbringing for the national hero is a very responsible task. Before his death, Manas, on behalf of his people, entrusts this duty to Kanykey and commands her to go with Semetey to her father. Kanykey was in deep sorrow when Manas and his loyal companions perished at the hands

14.10.2021, 18:41

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

The newspaper "Soviet Kyrgyzstan" about secondary school No. 5 in Frunze. Document No. 178 (July 1948)

REPORT OF THE NEWSPAPER "SOVIET KYRGYZSTAN" ON THE WORK OF THE TEACHING STAFF OF KYRGYZ SECONDARY SCHOOL NO. 5 IN FRUNZE Frunze, July 10, 1948 In 1939, the first graduating class of tenth graders was held at Frunze Kyrgyz Secondary School No. 5. Since then, every spring, the school has been providing "tickets to life" for dozens of young men and women. A total of 411 students have graduated during this time. Many of our graduates have received higher education and have been

14.10.2021, 18:28

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of the Woodcutter Sultanala

THE WOODCUTTER SULTANALY Once upon a time, there was a woodcutter named Sultanaly. When the time came for him to marry, he took as his wife the daughter of a poor man, just like himself. Her name was Umsunay. They formed an ordinary young family, as they say, two poor people and one horse. Later, they had a son whom they named Myrza. To feed his family, Sultanaly had to work twice as hard, but the money he earned was barely enough to survive. Sultanaly really wanted to save some money to

13.10.2021, 21:23

Shabdan Baatyr

Letter from Prince Vyazemsky to Eteke Bagadur

LETTER FROM PRINCE A. A. VYAZEMSKY TO ETKE BAGADUR EXPRESSING GRATITUDE FOR LOYALTY TO THE RUSSIAN THRONE January 23, 1787 Honorable Etke Bagadur.

13.10.2021, 20:56

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Sharp protest by Yu. Abdrakhmanov against arbitrariness during grain procurement

Searches in Peasant Yards During Grain Procurement Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz ASSR Yu. Abdrakhmanov, carrying out the corresponding directive from the Central Asian Bureau, went on a long business trip to the cotton-growing regions of the Osh district. In the Bazar-Kurgan district, he met with I. Zelensky at a meeting held here regarding the issue of "cotton extraction." It was here that measures were developed that differed from previous ones

12.10.2021, 23:32

Scientists of Kyrgyzstan

Yuri Alexandrovich Zadneprovskiy

Professor Yuri Alexandrovich Zadneprovsky. Born in 1924 in Gatchina, Leningrad region. Participant of the Great Patriotic War. Having volunteered for the front, Yu.A. Zadneprovsky defended Leningrad and then, fighting in the ranks of the advancing Soviet Army, reached Königsberg, where he was severely wounded. Demobilized due to disability, he enrolled in the first year of Leningrad State University.

11.10.2021, 14:45

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

The Beginning of the Great Patriotic War

Pirate Attack by German-Fascist Invaders The German-Fascist command, intoxicated by easy victories in Europe, sought to quickly conquer world domination. However, the main obstacle in the way of this aggressive campaign was the Soviet Union — the only socialist state on the planet. This is why its defeat was viewed by the Nazi military-political leadership as a decisive step toward achieving their adventurous goals. The German General Staff had developed a plan for military operations against

11.10.2021, 14:39

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

Epic "Manas". The Beginning of the Battle. Part - 3

The Beginning of the Battle. Part - 2 Hearing the joyful news, Kanykey was not pleased: — Taking Beijing, the Chinese throne, He has doomed himself to death. Let him return quickly — Here a son has been born, Semetey! And if suddenly he perishes there His father, my beloved, Our only child Will become an orphan from swaddling clothes, — Kanykey wept bitterly. Shuutu rushed to Beijing, Brought news to Manas, That a son had been born to him, That they named him Semetey, And that Kanykey asked To

10.10.2021, 19:00

Osh - 3000

Statistics of Osha in the 1880s

The City of Osh in the 1880s According to all the aforementioned eyewitness accounts, there was no particularly sharp contrast between the central part of Osh and its outskirts, which is so characteristic of large industrial cities in European Russia, despite the generally low density of construction. However, another contrast was emerging and becoming increasingly apparent, unanimously noted by contemporaries: between the old - "native" - city and its new, "Russian" part

10.10.2021, 18:44

Main dishes of Kyrgyzstan

"Dymdama in Kyrgyz"

Dymdama Dymdama is a mixture of vegetables that are stewed in a special way. It has many names - dymlyama, dumlyama, domlyama. There are similar dishes - khashlama, basma. The vegetables are partially steamed, while the lower layers cook in their own juice. It is very tasty and healthy. Traditionally, it is made with lamb with fat tail. However, it can be made with any meat. The amount of vegetables can vary depending on the size of the pot. The vegetables used for dymdama include cabbage,

08.10.2021, 20:04

Ethnography

The migrations of Kyrgyz people from winter encampments to spring and summer pastures

Migrations of Kyrgyz to Jailoo A significant event in the life of nomadic Kyrgyz was the migration from winter camps to spring and then to summer pastures (jailoo). The migrations of southern Kyrgyz have been described by some travelers. Such a description can be found, for example, in G. E. Grum-Grzhimailo: "Already in early spring, in April, as soon as the buds of trees begin to unfold and the ground is covered with fluff, the Kyrgyz from Andijan, Osh, and Margilan emerge from their

08.10.2021, 18:10

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Nekhrush June - June of the Saratan

June Beetle - Amphimallon solstitialis L. A beetle whose body length does not exceed 20 mm, predominantly pale yellow in color, with a slightly darker abdomen. The head and elytra are covered with sparse hairs. The pronotum has wide stripes of black-brown color, divided in the middle by a narrow longitudinal line of yellow color or with dark spots. The seam of the elytra is narrowly darkened. The abdomen is black or, as in southern forms, brown-yellow. The antennae are nine-segmented with a

07.10.2021, 13:55

Osh - 3000

Initiator of the archaeological research of Osha, Professor Y. A. Zadneprovsky

Irrefutable Evidence by Yu. A. Zadneprovsky The focus of the research institutes of the Soviet Union and Kyrgyzstan was the study of archaeological monuments in the Fergana Valley, particularly the city of Osh. One of the initiators of the archaeological research was Professor Yuri Alexandrovich Zadneprovsky. He was born in 1924 in Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast. In 1950, he graduated from the historical faculty of Leningrad State University, and from 1954 he was a candidate of historical

07.10.2021, 13:15

Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

Strengthening Soviet Power in Pishpek

Recognition of Soviet Power From February 11 to March 3, 1918, the founding congress of the councils of the Pishpek district took place in Pishpek. Out of 81 delegates elected at village meetings, 66 participated in the congress. The Congress of Councils adopted a resolution recognizing Soviet power in the district, formed sections of the district council, adopted a resolution on transferring the zemstvo's affairs to the councils and on organizing land committees, and on reviewing the

06.10.2021, 14:22

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

Epic "Manas". The Beginning of the Battle. Part - 2

The Beginning of the Battle. Part - 1 From morning till night, the slaughter went on, And from night again until morning They fought, sparing no lives. A mountain of corpses rose high. And the blood from the fateful battle Flowed like a red river. And everywhere there were groans, curses, screams, You could not distinguish strangers from your own. Zholoya er-Chubak caught up, Pierced him through with a spear, But then the Chinese khan Ushan Drove a spear into Chubak's side. And the

05.10.2021, 11:00

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Transition from One Historical Type of Consciousness to Another in Kyrgyz Society

Class Societies by Social Structure Each type of consciousness, until a certain point, of course, corresponded to society and satisfied its needs. Therefore, it is not appropriate to interpret each previous stage as primitive or elementary. “Primitive,” “archaic,” “barbaric,” “mythological” consciousness is by no means primitive and is called so due to its antiquity and originality. It is important to emphasize that all three types of consciousness do not exist in a “pure” form. Each of them

05.10.2021, 10:08

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Defeats of Abdullabek by Skobelev's Punitive Detachment

Attracting Kurmanjan Datka to the Side of the Tsarist Authority On April 25, 1876, punitive forces approached Yangy-Aryk, where the participants of the uprising were vigorously preparing for a decisive resistance. The rebels blocked the path leading to them, set up several rows of stone barricades, and dismantled the bridge over the river. They believed their position was impregnable. However, they soon saw the punitive detachment, and a battle ensued. As noted in an archival document, a

04.10.2021, 20:38

Ethnography

Social-Professional Structure among the Kyrgyz

Social and Professional Structure. The Kyrgyz did not have closed caste associations, typical of the settled population of Turkestan, except for the so-called chosen ones of the spirits - carriers of special knowledge and skills of a religious-mystical nature, although sometimes such people were also newcomers from outside. It was not necessary to have wealthy and noble ancestors to gain authority among one's tribesmen; the main thing was to show energy and skill, courage, and bravery.

02.10.2021, 16:10

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Kazakh, Konchi, Karlaut, Mekrit, Kushchi

Kazakh, konchi, karlaut, mekrit, kushchi Konchi — their progenitor, a merchant from Khorezm, accompanied Khizr-Khodja in his flight among others. Under Esen-Buka, along with other tribes, they caused disorder in the country. Their notable emir was Mir Khodja, whose daughter was married to Yunus-khan. Later, the konchi received a new name, sagrychi. Both names mean "tanner." Karlaut — a Mongolian tribe. They are first mentioned in the territory of Moghulistan during the reign of

02.10.2021, 15:48

Women of Kyrgyzstan

Kanykey — Queen, Wife of Manas. Part - 2

Part 2. Kanykey — the queen, wife of Manas Becoming the life companion of Manas, Kanykey actively participates in public life, serving as Manas's closest assistant. When going on a campaign, Manas entrusts her with managing the clan and welcoming guests with honor. Through her love, loyalty, and devotion to her husband, her hard work, insight, and ability to foresee the future, as well as her unerring recognition of enemies and friends, she earns universal respect and the recognition of

01.10.2021, 22:15

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Construction of the Dam at Komsomolskoye Lake. Document No. 177. (June 1948)

RESOLUTION OF THE BUREAU OF THE CITY COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY (BOLSHEVIKS) OF KYRGYZSTAN "ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DAM AT KOMSOMOL LAKE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BRIDGE OVER BChK" Frunze, June 30, 1948 In accordance with the decision of the Frunze City Council of Workers' Deputies and the bureau of the City Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Kyrgyzstan dated June 22, 1948, No. 12/8 regarding the restoration of the Karagach grove and the improvement of the

30.09.2021, 21:12

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of Chotur the Orphan. Part - 3

Part - 3 Meanwhile, the dzhigit who stole the stone and threw Chotur into the well arrived in Baghdad and presented the magical stone to the Baghdad padishah. In gratitude for the gift, the padishah appointed him as his vizier. Soon, Chotur also reached Baghdad. The treacherous dzhigit saw him, went to the padishah, and said: — A homeless young man has arrived in our city. He is plotting evil against you. He must be killed at all costs! The padishah ordered to capture Chotur and throw him into

30.09.2021, 00:20

Shabdan Baatyr

Order of Prince A. Vyazemsky on the Escort of Deputy Abdrakhman Kuchakov to the Fortress of St. Peter

ORDER OF PRINCE A. A. VYAZEMSKY TO THE ADJUTANT OF THE SIBERIAN DRAGOON REGIMENT SIPAYLOV REGARDING THE ESCORT OF THE ENVOY ETEKE BAGADUR ON HIS RETURN JOURNEY, TO SHOW HIM CARE AND DUE RESPECT January 23, 1787 Upon the arrival of the time for the return of the envoy sent to the Court of Her Imperial Majesty from the chief of the Kyrgyz nomads in the remote steppe between the stone mountains, Etike Bagadur, Deputy Abdrakhman Kuchakov, along with his servant, I instruct you for the case of his

29.09.2021, 08:22

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Negative Consequences of "Stalinist" Collectivization in Kyrgyzstan

Pressure on Peasantry through Collectivization Y. Abdrakhmanov was a staunch opponent of administrative arbitrariness towards the peasantry. At the regional party conference in June 1930, when the negative consequences of collectivization "Stalin-style" became evident, especially in the outskirts of the country, in Kyrgyzstan, in the livestock zone, he said: "Cooperation is the highway to socialism... But how we have treated this highway, how we help cooperation to truly become

29.09.2021, 07:45

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

Epic "Manas". The Beginning of the Battle. Part - 1

The Beginning of the Battle Karagul rushed to the khan And informed Konurbai That the cunning Almanbet Had stolen the entire herd of Kyrgyz. — I will pierce the traitor and fugitive Through and through with my spear Or I will capture him alive! Binding him, I will bring him to the square, And publicly cut off his head! — Roared Konurbai in anger. In the narrow gorge on both sides Almanbet and Syrgak lay in wait, To set up an ambush there, To wipe out the troops from above, And to capture

27.09.2021, 21:29

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Kyrgyzstan on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War

Kyrgyzstan on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War Alongside the expansion of the industrial base, measures were taken to further boost agricultural production. By the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated April 7, 1940, starting from the harvest of 1940, a per-hectare principle for the procurement of agricultural products in crop production and animal husbandry was introduced in collective

27.09.2021, 21:17

Kurmanjan Datka

The view of Osh through the eyes of foreign travelers in the late 19th century.

Description of Osh by Foreigners Brief but curious descriptions of Osh, its old and new urban areas, were left by Russian and foreign travelers. For example, Guillaume Capu, a participant in the French-Kyrgyz expedition to Pamir in the 1880s, noted: “From the height of the terrace of the district chief's house... we have a view of the city of Osh, resembling a chaotic cluster of yellow adobe houses, huddled among tall poplars, like cobblestones on a large construction site. At its edge

26.09.2021, 11:39

Flour products

"Yutaza" - a dish of Kyrgyz cuisine

Yutaza (a dish made from sour dough, steamed) Yutaza is a national dish of Kyrgyz cuisine that will appeal to those who love steamed dishes. It is a very interesting yet simple recipe. Yutaza is made from yeast dough, which is greased with oil, rolled into tubes, and steamed. Ingredients:

26.09.2021, 10:13

Ethnography

Yurts of the Rich and Poor Kyrgyz

Yurts of Rich Herdsmen vs. Dwellings of Poor Shepherds The yurts of rich herdsmen were usually large: they consisted of ten or more lattice segments. Such yurts were commonly referred to as "ordo uy." While fulfilling orders for wooden parts of yurts for wealthy individuals, craftsmen connected the lattice framework with silver hinges; each dome pole, and sometimes even the wooden rim, was adorned with silver decorative plates. Special attention was paid to the decoration of the yurt

24.09.2021, 19:36

Osh - 3000

Exotic City of Osh

Osh — an exotic city. Here at different times, "travelers, explorers, scientists, journalists, writers, and foreign guests have visited. Here are some of them. In 1924, at the request of the scientific association of Oriental studies, Professor B. P. Denike from Moscow University, chairman of the commission for the study of Eastern arts, visited the Turkestan Republic to examine the monuments of art on site. In his comprehensive work "Architectural Ornament of Central Asia,"

24.09.2021, 19:00

The epic "Manas" in prose

Epic "Manas". The Great Campaign. The Death of Manas

The Death of Manas. In Talas that night, Kanikei woke up in fear from a terrible dream. The heavy-horned gray bull Roars by the riverbank. Is my sultan Alma really lost? The white falcon Akshumkar, who chased the raven, Suddenly lost his wings. Has Chubak, my sultan's friend, Met with terrible misfortune? Has my priceless Syrgak really died? The tall chinar Helplessly bent towards Kybla, By the golden throne, on which my sultan sat, When he was the khan of eighteen nations, One leg broke.

23.09.2021, 13:19

Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

Pishpek - the Center of Revolutionary Struggle in the Chui Valley

The Beginning of the Recognition of Soviet Power in Pishpek and the District In the summer, front-line soldiers began arriving in the city. They quickly found common ground with the soldiers of the Pishpek garrison. The poorest population began to side with the revolution. The garrison was propagandized by the Bolsheviks. In November 1918, rallies of workers, soldiers, and peasants—diykans—were frequently held. From the suburban villages and artisans, they began to present a united front

23.09.2021, 13:07

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The Word in the Traditional Type of Consciousness of the Kyrgyz

Traditional Type of Consciousness of the Kyrgyz In the traditional type of consciousness, the reflection of the world occurs predominantly spontaneously, but with elements of awareness and at the level of everyday pre-scientific concepts. As a result, the outcomes of knowledge are expressed quite generally and verbally. These knowledges are usually reduced to the statement of facts, their description, and do not rise to the level of scientific explanation and understanding; they do not form a

22.09.2021, 22:34

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Anticolonial Protests of Indigenous Peoples in the Region in the 1880s-1890s

Anti-colonial Protests of Indigenous People Although in mid-February the entire territory of the former Kokand Khanate and the southern part of Kyrgyzstan were annexed to Russia, some high-altitude areas, particularly Alay, Gulcha, and Pamir, effectively remained outside the sphere of the Russian Empire. In these hard-to-reach areas, former associates of the executed Pulat-khan found refuge from the tsarist punitive forces: Abdullabek, Omorbek, Sulayman Udaychi, Valikhan-Tyure, and several

21.09.2021, 22:13

Ethnography

Social Hierarchy of Kyrgyz Men

Social Hierarchy of Men A man was considered the continuation of the family line, the heir to family traditions, and the life and safety of the family and clan depended on his actions. A boy was raised in harsh conditions. His life consisted of the following stages: infancy - bala chak, childhood - testier, adolescence - balagat boz ulan, young adulthood - zhigit, maturity - chon kisi, old age - aksakal, and elder - abyshka, chal. From an early age, boys were introduced to work. Their

20.09.2021, 17:46

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Karluks, Katagans, Kauchins, Kereits

Karluks, Katagans, Kauchins, Kereits Karluks — a large Turkic tribe of Moghulistan. However, there is almost no information about them in written sources. They are mentioned only as part of the troops of Abu-Bekr and Sultan Said-khan. In the ethnic structure of modern Kyrgyz, there is a Karluk tribe called Boston among the Ichkiliks, a group of Machak — among Chon-Bagys and Saruu, and Kilet — among Chon-Bagys. Katagans (Katakin) — a Mongolic-speaking tribe. They migrated to the Chagatai ulus

20.09.2021, 17:07