Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Last Years of Abdullah's Reign

The Last Campaigns of Abdullah The leader of the Khoshout omok, Galdama (son of Ochirtu-Tsetsen-khan), raided Aksu and then Kashgar, but after facing resistance, he made peace with their rulers Hyp ad-Din and Yulbars. Sengé, who became khan after the death of his father Batur-khuntayji (in 1653), invaded the Keriya region with five thousand warriors. Approximately ten thousand Mogul troops were sent against him. Upon learning of this, Sengé turned back. Abdullah, approaching with his warriors,

15.04.2021, 09:21

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

On the Semantics of Pendants. Part - 2

Finger Counting Some researchers reasonably associate the cult of the hand with the fact that in the past it served as a counting mechanism. In science, this method of counting is referred to as finger counting. In this system, each finger represented a specific unit, which is why ancient traders used multiplication even when dealing with large numbers. According to one medieval author, the hands were covered with a cloth so that those around would not know the final sum of the deal. The great

08.04.2021, 08:43

Kurmanjan Datka

The veneration of women among the Kyrgyz

The Grandeur and Dignity of Women-Mothers As mentioned above, Sunni Islam, which spread among the Kyrgyz, was subsequently adapted to local customs and rituals. In turn, this contributed to the centralization and structuring of pagan cults and beliefs at a higher level, incorporating them as subordinate elements into the overall social ideology. Despite the tenets of Islamic religious doctrine and the condemnation by Muslim mullahs, the Kyrgyz retained many elements of paganism within the

04.04.2021, 20:19

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

January Clashes of 1876 Between Rebels and Punitive Detachment

January Clashes of 1876 Starting from January 3, a series of major clashes occurred between the rebels and the punitive detachment. In the suburban area of Andijan — Aryk-Musulman-Kul — the punitive detachment met with strong resistance from the local residents. Before the main battle, which took place on January 8, Abdurakhman Aftobachi and his associates left the city of Andijan and took a position near the city of Assake, preparing for a new uprising with its residents. From the morning of

03.04.2021, 20:40

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Unsuccessful Campaign of Abdallah at Chalysh Against Sultan Ibrahim

Failures of Abdallah The Yarkend court learned about the settlement of the Kalmyks in the Atbash Valley, and Abdallah decided to act against them. This raises the question: when did the Kalmyks appear in this area? As is known, the Dzungar Khanate was established in 1635. Its founder was the son of the Choros prince Khara-Khula, Batur-Khuntaiji. He organized three campaigns (in 1635, 1643, and 1652) against the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The first of these was directed towards Turkestan. There is

19.03.2021, 18:22

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

"Winter Squad" Against the Kyrgyz and Kipchaks

“Winter Expedition” of the Tsarist Colonial Administration The Tsarist colonial administration decided to finally suppress the uprising and teach its participants a lesson that they would remember for a long time. To this end, it mobilized almost all available military forces. A new punitive detachment was formed under the command of General Skobolev, who had significant experience in suppressing popular uprisings. It was called the “Winter Detachment” or “Winter Expedition.” It consisted of a

13.03.2021, 19:11

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

On the Semantics of Pendants. Part - 1

On the Semantics of Pendants. Many archaeologists, when preparing the aforementioned finds for publication, often limit themselves to merely stating the fact of the discovery and providing a superficial description, while these pendants-amulets had a close connection with the complex worldview system of the Iranian and other ethnic groups of Central Asia. It seems that the interest in the function and role of the hand as a tool of creation did not arise immediately. F. Engels, speaking about

12.03.2021, 19:43

Kurmanjan Datka

The merging of the Islamic religious-ideological system with the pagan religious-philosophical system of the Kyrgyz.

Incorporation into Islamic Civilization From the perspective of formal adherence to Islamic customs, the Kyrgyz did not leave the best impression on many Russian travelers. For example, Chokan Valikhanov wrote in his works: “All the wild stone Kyrgyz profess the Muslim religion or, rather, call themselves Muslims, not knowing either the dogmas of faith or its requirements. All their rituals and beliefs still retain a complete shade of shamanism, which is held in great esteem in this horde, and

11.03.2021, 17:42

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Beatings of Kyrgyz by Khan Abdallah

Khan Abdallah's Campaign Against the Kyrgyz Abdallah planned to replace the emirs and officials who served the previous khans with new ones loyal to him. However, they anticipated his secret plot and advised him to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca. Abdallah once set out for Yarkand accompanied by those he wished to elevate. At that time, the elder son of the khan, the governor of Kashgar, Yulbars, was heading to Yarkand, and in the village of Kara-Khiyadzhadzh, the emirs who came out to

04.03.2021, 18:28

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Destruction of the Kyshtaks by the Punitive Detachment of Colonel Pichugin

Heroic Resistance of the Uprising Kyrgyz At the end of November, despite his serious wound received in the battle near Andijan, Pulat-Khan moved from Assak, where he had been for about two months, to the city of Margilan. Along with him, up to 4,000 uprising Kyrgyz with 14 guns arrived in the city. The Margilan residents greeted them with joy. As emphasized by the commander of the punitive detachment Skobelev, who by this time had received the rank of general at the end of 1875 and at the

26.02.2021, 15:48

Kurmanjan Datka

The Minimal Influence of the Kokand Khanate on the Economic Life of the Kyrgyz

The Influence of Kokand Colonization on the Kyrgyz The Kokandis encouraged the Kyrgyz to settle in specific locations, forming sedentary or semi-sedentary kystaks. The Kyrgyz came under the constant attention and control of khan's officials, and their wintering habits tied them to certain places; in the event of uprisings or revolts, the Kyrgyz found themselves surrounded by Kokand forces. Animal husbandry was also promoted by the Kokandis, as the army needed cavalry, and the settled

25.02.2021, 16:36

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Fifth Type of Cam Followers

Another type of pendants Finally, there is a fifth type of pendants. However, they are of later origin. In turn, they are divided into two subtypes: 1. Primitive metal claw-shaped pendants, originating from individual monuments in northeastern Kazakhstan, the Khakass-Minusinsk basin, Mingechaur, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, and several monuments of Ancient Iran. The Minusinsk claw-shaped pendants, named Karasuk ones, were made by stamping or cut from sheet iron or silver. Their sizes range from 6

24.02.2021, 15:55

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

"Conflicts of Abdallah with the Kyrgyz"

Abdallah's Campaigns Against Neighboring Countries While Abdallah's predecessors fought among themselves within Eastern Turkestan, he organized military campaigns against neighboring countries. In 1050/1640-41, the khan set out for Bolor (now Nuristan, a significant part of which is in Afghanistan) and Badakhshan for this purpose. In this campaign, Abdallah subdued Badakhshan and forced the ruler of Bolor, Shah-Babur, to pay a large ransom. The khan conducted a raiding campaign on

20.02.2021, 04:30

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Typology of Knobs - Suspensions

Typology of Knuckles - Pendants. They can be conditionally divided into four types; 1. Knuckles, carved or cast from bronze or gold, with a loop at the end of the elbow or simply with a hole. 2. Knuckles, carved or cast from Egyptian faience with a tubular opening for subsequent attachment to a pointed object, specifically, a non-wooden rod.

17.02.2021, 20:32

Kurmanjan Datka

The Prolonged Process of the Kyrgyz Transition from Nomadism to Agriculture

Land Conflicts Conflicts over land frequently occurred between the nomadic Kyrgyz and the settled population of Fergana. The quantitative growth of the settled population and the aspirations of the landowning nobility required the expansion of crops and the increase of arable land, which could only happen at the expense of the lands of the nomadic population, which itself began to transition to agriculture intensively from the mid-19th century. Land conflicts intertwined with the political

15.02.2021, 17:43

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Fierce Resistance of the Rebels in Autumn 1875 to the Punitive Detachment

Battle of the Rebels with the Punitive Detachment News of the success of the rebels in the city of Kokand and the expulsion of the hated Nasr-Edin soon spread throughout the khanate, instilling hope for the possibility of a successful struggle for social and national freedom. They triggered a significant rise in the people's movement. The uprising continued to strengthen, gaining wide momentum. The rebels interrupted communication between Khojent and Namangan. The rebels were approaching

14.02.2021, 17:14

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Unification of Abdullah of the Eastern and Western Parts of the Mughal State in Kashgaria

Events in Moghulistan between 1624-1639 Around 1624-25, Ishim-sultan left for Tashkent. From that time on, Abd ar-Rahim stopped thinking about conquering Aksu. However, now Abu-l-Khadi sought to be an independent ruler of Kusan and its district with the help of Ildai-taishi. He incited the Kalmyk leader to attack Aksu. When Ildai-taishi moved to Bai, Abu-l-Khadi gave him a thousand horsemen. Ildai-taishi plundered the Aksu district and its cities. Sultan-Ahmed caught up with him and took back

13.02.2021, 17:19

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

"Knuckles – Pendants from the Tombs of Kurkat"

On the Semantics of Ancient Images of Human Body Parts from the Kurkat Crypts In the work of A.H. Bernshteyn - a luminary of Central Asian archaeology, the semantics of objects has occupied a significant place in Kyrgyzstan. Over the last fifty years, about three dozen votive finds have been discovered. For example, a mysterious hand amulet was first found in the Kenkol burial ground. Later, similar items were found by Yu.D. Baruzdin during excavations of the Kаra-Bulak and Turatash burial

09.02.2021, 03:00

Kurmanjan Datka

Hanafi School as the Most Tolerant Direction Towards the Pagan Myths and Traditions of the Kyrgyz

Kyrgyz Ayil - an Obstacle on the Path of the Islamization of the People. As historical experience shows, the most freedom-loving peoples tend to fiercely and consistently preserve their national cultural traditions. This is done to avoid assimilation with other ethnic groups, especially in critical moments when the survival of the ethnic group as such is at stake. The Kyrgyz are no exception to this rule. It was the Kyrgyz ayil, with its age-old foundations and customs, that was the greatest

08.02.2021, 08:17

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

"Punitive Operation Against the Rebel Workers in the City of Andijan"

Brutal actions of the punitive detachment against the rebelling Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, and Kipchak workers in the city of Andijan Failing to create discord among the rebels, the punitive forces began brutal military actions. One of the units of the punitive detachment, sent on September 30 for reconnaissance in the city of Andijan, literally swept away, burned everything in its path, and killed everyone it encountered. Its commander, Colonel Skobeleva, considering himself and other participants

07.02.2021, 18:35

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Events in Mogulistan between 1618 and 1624

Moghulistan in 1618-1624 In 1028/1618-19 (according to Mahmud ibn Wali in 102/1615, in the "History of Kashgar" in 1026/1617), the influential Shah family conspired against Ahmed Khan and killed him in the village of Barzhuk (modern Maral-Bash). Interestingly, Shah Mahmud Churas, while listing the cities and districts under his control (Kashgar, Yarkand, Yangihisar, Aksu, Kusan, Hotan, Sarykol, and Badakhshan), mentioned geographical features of the Chalysh-Turfansky region among

05.02.2021, 09:55

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Andijan - Center of the Uprising in Autumn 1875

The Uprising in Autumn 1875 The uprising re-emerged with new strength in the second half of September 1875 in the eastern part of the khanate among the Kyrgyz and Kipchak semi-nomads. It quickly spread to settled areas inhabited by Uzbeks and Tajiks. The uprising was again led by Mullah Iskak Asan oglu Pulat-bek, who was soon proclaimed khan, and Abdurakhman Aftobachi. By the end of September, the rebels occupied the city of Andijan, whose residents joined them, and together they began to

31.01.2021, 12:57

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Weapons of the Medieval Nomads of Kyrgyzstan

Sarybulak Spear The set of arrows from the Mongolian period looks significantly different. In addition to the well-known flat asymmetrical diamond-shaped arrows of this period found in Kyrgyzstan, the collection in question includes types of four-sided warheads, diamond-shaped warheads, rectangular warheads, and flat sectoral arrows. Almost all the forms considered have no prototypes among the arrows of the Kankol and Turkic cultures in Kyrgyzstan. However, they were widely spread during the

30.01.2021, 12:00

Kurmanjan Datka

How did the star Kurmandzhan Datka rise in the Islamic world?

LIFE AND BELIEFS OF THE KYRGYZ DURING THE TIME OF KURMANDZHAN DATKA And still, how did the star of Kurmandzhan Datka rise in the Islamic world, in an era when a woman could not even dream of the glory of a politician and statesman? Finding an answer to this question is hardly possible without considering the unique national characteristics that patriarchal Muslim traditions acquired on Kyrgyz soil. Let’s start with an important point. The Kyrgyz became Muslims not in a short period of time,

29.01.2021, 14:16

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Eastern Turkestan in the 17th Century

Eastern Turkestan in the 17th Century. At the end of Muhammad Khan's reign, his younger brother Abd ar-Rahim Khan, the ruler of Chalysh-Turfan, raised a rebellion and plundered Bai and Kusan (Kucha). Muhammad Khan sent his grandson Timur-Sultan and Muhammad-Hashim-Sultan (son of Khudabende-Sultan) against him with a large army. In the battle at the Kanalg area, Abd ar-Rahim Khan was defeated and fled to Turfan. Timur-Sultan settled in Aksu, while Muhammad-Hashim Sultan settled in Chalysh

27.01.2021, 19:14

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Groups and Types of Arrowheads

Classification of Arrowheads A particular interest is presented by a small collection of medieval weapons, gathered over many years of field research in Kyrgyzstan by I.K. Kozhomberdiev. It consists of six iron arrowheads. Based on their cross-section and the shape of the blade, they can be classified into several groups and types. Group I. Triangular-three-bladed arrowheads. Type I. Elongated triangular. Includes 1 specimen from the Kum-Aryk site in the Chui Valley. The length of the blade is

24.01.2021, 17:51

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Reasons for the Popular Uprising - the Cruelty of Nasr-Eddin Khan

The Cruelty of Nasr-Eddin Towards Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik Workers On September 22, Nasr-Eddin Khan and the feudal lords surrounding him, trying to maintain power in their hands under the patronage of the tsarist colonizers, signed a treaty with the Turkestan Governor-General Kaufman, in which the Kokand Khan recognized himself as a submissive servant of the Russian government, renounced the right to direct diplomatic relations with other states, and any military actions without the permission

21.01.2021, 10:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Struggle for the Throne in Moghulistan Among the Descendants of Khizr-Khodja

The Struggle for the Throne in Moghulistan in the Second Half of the 16th Century Abd al-Karim Khan died at the end of 999/1590-91 or at the beginning of the following year. His successor, Muhammad Khan, granted his brothers: Abu Said - Kashgar and Yangihisar, Yunus Sultan - Kargalyk, Abd ar-Rahim Khan - the Sary-Kol region and Bakhana, and his son Abd al-Kerim Shah-Haidar Sultan - Hotan. Three years after the death of Abd al-Karim Khan, the Shaybanid Abdullah Khan violated the friendly treaty

20.01.2021, 03:00

Kurmanjan Datka

The Ascent of the Alai Queen to the Political Olympus of the Khanate

The Uncontested Ruler Aalaya In the early 1860s, when Mullah Alymkul was still the ruler of Osh, his main rival was Alymbek, who managed the affairs of the Kyrgyz of Aalaya. Alymkul, having become regent for the underage Sultan-Seid, destroyed the old khan's palace in the center of Kokand and built another one—already outside the city limits. Relying on the nomadic elements of the Kyrgyz and Kipchaks in his rule, Alymkul was not without reason afraid of being surrounded by the more

19.01.2021, 03:00

Kurmanjan Datka

Alymbek - the Main Figure in the Khanate under Sha-Murad

The Removal of Malla-Khan by Alymbek Being a perceptive researcher, Duygamel, who closely observed the situation within the Kyrgyz tribes, understood that Alymbek, who openly opposed the Kokand khan, would attempt to become an independent ruler of Tian Shan and would therefore inevitably turn to the Russians. This intention, apparently, was present in Alymbek. Duygamel instructed the head of the Alatav district, G.A. Kolpakovsky, to treat Alymbek favorably if he attempted to establish

15.01.2021, 18:31

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Medieval Weapons from the Territory of Kyrgyzstan

The necessity of expanding the source base of medieval weapons. The medieval history of Kyrgyzstan is rich in events related to the military activity of nomads. Its territory was repeatedly subjected to devastating invasions by nomads during the Middle Ages and became a theater of military operations for nomadic armies. It was part of the changing nomadic states: the Western Turkic and Turkic khanates, the Karluk, Karakhanid, and Kara-Khitan states, and Mongolian uluses. However, almost all

15.01.2021, 17:31

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Ultimatum of Colonel Skobelev to the Residents of Osh

The Transition of Feudal Nobility Representatives to the Side of the Tsar's Punishers. On August 29, the tsarist punishers led by Kaufman occupied the capital city of Kokand, attempting to force its residents into submission and to pay the kharaj, tanap, and other types of taxes for the year 1875. The collection of these taxes was entrusted to Mirza-Khakim. The residents of Margilan were punished for their active participation in the uprising. Despite the fact that on September 8,

15.01.2021, 10:20

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Mogul-Uzbek Forces Against the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz

The Murder of Abd ar-Rashid's Son. Mahmud ibn Wali and Shah-Mahmud Churas, authors of the works "Tazkireyi Khwaja Muhammad-Sharif" and "Tarikh-i Kashgar," reported with some differences about the subsequent advance of the Mogul-Uzbek troops against the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz in connection with the murder of Abd ar-Rashid's son. The latter appointed his eldest son Abd ar-Latif as governor in Aksu and Uch. This prince simultaneously monitored events in Moghulistan,

20.10.2020, 20:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The High and Unique Culture of Southwestern Fergana in the 1st Millennium AD.

Culture of Southwestern Fergana In the southwestern foothills of Fergana, a multi-sector economy developed in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, largely due to the natural features of the region. There was an organic connection between the pastoral and agricultural populations, which determined the development of the area. There was a constant exchange of experience and economic skills, which ultimately led to the creation of a complex economy. Agriculture occupied a significant place in

16.10.2020, 16:33

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Battle of Mahram

Suppression of the Uprising On August 12, punitive troops began to suppress the uprising. There were a number of serious clashes between the punitive forces and the rebels. The insurgents, bravely fighting against the punitive troops, offered them strong resistance. Major General Bardovsky wrote about a clash that took place near Khojand in the 20s of August, stating that at the second crossing from Khojand, the punitive detachment was met by 7,000 rebels. The Cossacks under the command of

10.10.2020, 20:35

Kurmanjan Datka

Alimbek Datka - a Bey in Charge of the Administration of the Kyrgyz People

RISE AND FALL OF ALYMBEK Such was the state of affairs at the time of the rise of Kurmandzhan's husband, Alymbek, who was one of the major Kyrgyz feudal lords influencing the politics of the Kokand khans. He first appeared on the political scene in 1845 during the uprising of the Alai Kyrgyz. It was only thanks to the resourcefulness and decisiveness of his wife, the later famous Ailai Queen Kurmandzhan, that he was saved from the usurper Musulmanqul, who suppressed the uprising. In 1847,

09.10.2020, 11:04

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Union of Kyrgyz with Uzbeks and Kazakhs Against the Mongols

“The Campaign for the Sheep” In 1526, Rashid Sultan wintered in the Kochkor Valley, while Tahir Khan was among his tribesmen north of Balhash. For unknown reasons, that same year he invaded Moghulistan and approached Kochkorka, where part of the Kyrgyz sided with him. As a result, Rashid Sultan migrated to Atbashy. Upon learning of these events, Said Khan went to meet his son and met him at the end of winter (1527) near Atbashy. Then news arrived that part of the Kyrgyz had not left with the

06.10.2020, 15:46

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Forced Struggle of the Rebels Against the Tsarist Colonizers in 1875

The uprising was not for the religion of Islam, but for social and national freedom. After the expulsion of Khudoyar Khan, the temporary allies of the uprising, Abdurakhman Aftobachi, Isa-Aluie, and other representatives of the feudal nobility, who pursued personal selfish interests unrelated to the interests of the rebellious working masses, proclaimed the obedient Nasr-Eddin as Khan. Information about this can be found in an official archival document. It states: "The clergy and elders

28.09.2020, 12:58

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Population of Fergana in the First Half of the 1st Millennium AD

Zhan Qian on the Ancient Ferganians Written sources vividly characterize the population of Fergana and neighboring countries. Zhan Qian, who visited Fergana in the 2nd century BC, describes the appearance of the ancient Ferganians as follows: "The inhabitants generally have sunken heads and thick beards" (Bichurin, 1950). A similar description of the Ferganians' appearance is found in later chronicles (Bichurin, 1950). Thus, Chinese chronicles testify to the Europoid nature of

27.09.2020, 22:15

Kurmanjan Datka

The Heavy Burden of the Double Oppression of the Kyrgyz People

Under the Yoke of Kokand The conquest of the northern part of the Kyrgyz settlement area by the Kokand khans changed the political situation in Central Asia. Its consequences for the Kyrgyz people were not unambiguous. Some representatives of the local nobility leaned towards cooperation, while others chose to fight against the conquerors. The situation for the common people, however, worsened drastically. They found themselves under the heavy burden of double oppression: from the Kokand

26.09.2020, 23:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Sultan Said, Takhir-Khan and Others...

Sultan Said and Tahir-khan In 1520, Rashid-Sultan raided the Kalmyks, killed their prince named Yaran-taisha, and returned to the Kochkor valley, where he stopped for the winter. Sa'id-khan also arrived there from Yarkand. As previously noted, in 1517, under pressure from the Mangyts, two hundred thousand Uzbek-Kazakhs migrated to the borders of Moghulistan. Initially, they roamed north of Lake Balkhash (Kokcha-Tengiz), which, according to Muhammad Haidar, was the border between

24.09.2020, 03:00

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Escape of Khan Khudoyar from Kokand in 1875

Capture of Kokand by the Rebels The despised khan, having lost most of his troops and lacking support even from those around him and his close associates, could not suppress the uprising with the very insignificant forces at his disposal. In these circumstances, the khan sought help and salvation from his patron, the imperial colonial administration. On July 20, he appealed to the Turkestan Governor-General Kaufman with a letter in which he tearfully begged to save him from the people's

18.09.2020, 10:56

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The Tashravata Barrows

Tashravata Burial Grounds Materials from Kairagach are of great scientific value, as they help to address a number of historical issues not only of the studied area but also for Fergana as a whole. The findings indicate that in Kairagach we are dealing not with an ordinary settlement, but with a major center that played a significant role in the cultural and spiritual life of the region. While the administrative and economic center was located in Tagoba, Kairagach had the cult center of the

16.09.2020, 15:37

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz as Creators of the Kokand Khanate

Kyrgyz of Fergana Together with Uzbeks Created the Kokand Khanate Every person, no matter how great or insignificant they may be, carries the mark of their era. This also applies to those individuals who can change the course of time themselves, such as the tribal leader Alai Kurmandzhan Datka. The drama of the end of the Kokand Khanate uniquely shaped the personality of the Alai queen. Therefore, our story about her would be incomplete if we do not mention the life of the Kyrgyz within this

14.09.2020, 13:53

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Entry of Kyrgyz into the Political Arena in Moghulistan

Said-Khan Against Muhammad-Kyrgyz In the early 16th century, the Kyrgyz entered the political arena in Moghulistan. Muhammad Haidar referred to their ruler as Sultan Khalil, son of Ahmed-Khan. As previously mentioned, the latter, before leaving for Tashkent to assist Mahmud-Khan, left Mansur-Khan as his regent, who was based in Aksu. In 1508, he defeated the brothers Sultan Said-Khan and Sultan Khalil in the area between the tributaries of the Ili, Charyn, and Chilik rivers.

11.09.2020, 12:45

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Struggle of the Workers Against the Kokand Khans and Their Patron — the Tsarist Authority in 1875-1876.

The Struggle of the Working People Against the Khans of Kokand and the Tsarist Authority. In the summer of 1875, a widespread popular uprising erupted in the khanate. It spread across the entire khanate and the regions inhabited by Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, and Tajiks. In historical literature, this uprising is referred to as the "Kokand Uprising," which does not fully correspond to its content, scale, and scope. Like previous uprisings, it was triggered by the sharply increasing

02.09.2020, 21:32

Kurmanjan Datka

The Fate of B. Tagiyev After the Journey Through Central Asia

The Sad Fate of Journalist Boris Tagiyev The writer himself was soon to face further events in his life - a long, remarkable journey filled with incredible stories. By the spring of 1904, he had already written seven books about Central Asia and Afghanistan, three of which were purely artistic. In 1901, Tagiyev was dismissed from service with the rank of lieutenant. He continued to write, working in the editorial offices of "Military Almanac" and "Almanac of the Army and

01.09.2020, 12:39

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The title "Наусы Кайрагача" translates to "The Tales of Kairagach."

Nauses of Kayragach A.M. Belenitsky, analyzing the signs on the Pendzhikent khums, noted their similarity to the dynastic signs on Sogdian coins. He concluded that the signs on the vessels are the marks of their owners. Other signs, which do not have analogies among coin tamgas, also belong to noble individuals. Most of the vessels with signs found in Pendzhikent come from temples. A.M. Belenitsky suggested that the khums with signs containing some offerings were gifts to the temple from

31.08.2020, 11:12