Popular Movements. The Andijan Uprising is recorded in history as the largest popular movement of the late 19th century in the Turkestan region. The main causes of the uprising were the colonial policies of tsarism, the intensification of social and national oppression, and the arbitrariness imposed by the Russian administration on the local population. Various social strata from several nations participated in the uprising, including Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, as well as representatives of other
The Industry of Kyrgyzstan in the Territory of Turkestan In the early 1890s, intensive exploration and development of coal and oil deposits began in the southern part of the Turkestan region. Since 1898, coal seams were being developed in Kyzyl-Kiya. Coal and oil deposits were discovered in other regions as well, where they were gradually being developed. By the early 20th century, relatively large enterprises appeared in both the manufacturing and extractive industries. These included cotton
Flour Market of 1899. Trade. The Russian administration encouraged the development of both fair and stationary trade. The largest fairs were the Auliye-Ata, Atbash, and Karkara fairs. To enhance the trade significance of cities and attract livestock breeders, fairs were established in the cities as well. Thus, the Przhevalsk, Pishpek, and Tokmak city fairs were opened. Such fairs did not hinder the development of stationary trade; on the contrary, they gradually merged with it and transformed
Economic Transformations. In the second half of the 19th century, significant shifts occurred in the development of livestock breeding and agriculture; the population began to engage in gardening, viticulture, and beekeeping. Targeted breeding work was carried out to improve livestock breeds, and the variety of agricultural plants expanded. Internal and external trade reached a new level. After the region joined the Russian Empire, changes occurred in the social structure of the Kyrgyz. Based
Population After 1861, the demographic picture of the region changed as a result of the migration movement of Russian peasantry (Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, and representatives of other nationalities), as well as Dungans and Uighurs from China - the Kashgar oasis. The influx of population from Russia was due to the measures taken by the Tsarist government for the economic development of the annexed territories. Peasant villages in the Chui Valley and the Issyk-Kul Basin appeared in the
Administrative Policy. The organization of governance in Turkestan, including the Kyrgyz lands, was initiated by the Russian Empire during the conquest. Administratively, the northern part of present-day Kyrgyzstan - the modern Chui, Issyk-Kul, Naryn, and Talas regions - was part of the Semirechensk and Syrdarya regions. The territory of the modern Jalal-Abad region was included in the Namangan and Andijan districts, the territory of the Osh region - in the Osh, Andijan, and Margilan
The Conquest of the Kyrgyz by Russia. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the southern tribes were part of the Kokand Khanate, while the northern tribes were under the authority of their tribal leaders. With the emergence of the Kokand possession in 1709, alongside the settled groups of Uzbeks and Tajiks known as sarts, there were also representatives of the ilatiya (partly settled by that time, and mainly semi-nomadic Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Kipchaks, Turks, and other ethnicities), whose
The First Enlighteners: Ishenaly Arabayev, Ibraim Abdyrahmanov After Kyrgyzstan joined Russia, conditions arose for the development of education, enlightenment, and scientific research in the region. A significant role in the enlightenment of the people belonged to the first Kyrgyz enlighteners — Osmonaly Sydyk uulu, Belek Soltonoev, Ishenaly Arabayev, Ibraim Abdyrahmanov, and others.
The incorporation of Kyrgyzstan into Russia was of great significance not only for the internal political, economic, and social development of Kyrgyz society but also contributed to progressive changes in its culture.
Andijan Uprising. The main reasons for the uprising were unbearable living conditions and the arbitrariness of the tsarist authorities. On May 17, 1898, closer to evening, people began to gather in the village of Min-Tyube — Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Tajiks. Gradually, their number reached 200 people. The village ishan (religious leader) Madalі — a well-known and respected man who had made a pilgrimage to Mecca — spoke with anger about how the Russians brought drunkenness into the lives of Muslims,
Administration. Russia introduced its own system of administrative governance in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan was divided into regions, regions into districts. Districts, in turn, were divided into volosts, which included ails. Volosts consisted of one or two thousand households (families), while ails comprised one hundred to two hundred households. A total of 73 volosts were established. At the head of the regions and districts were Russian officials. These were usually imperial officers, as the
In the mid-19th century, the population of Southern Kyrgyzstan was still under the yoke of the Kokand Khanate. However, the political situation and the status of the khanate were no longer as stable as before. Internal contradictions and ongoing palace coups, on the one hand, exacerbated the already difficult situation in the khanate, and on the other hand, facilitated Russia's task of conquering the Fergana Valley and Southern Kyrgyzstan as a whole.
The Creation of an Independent Kyrgyz Khanate and Its Collapse. In the mid-19th century, the prominent Sarybagysh manap Ormon Niyazbek uulu attempted to unite the northern Kyrgyz tribes living in the Chui Valley, along the Naryn River, and around Lake Issyk-Kul, with the aim of creating an independent khanate. In 1842, he convened a kurultai in the Kyzyl-Tokoy area on the western shore of Lake Issyk-Kul and invited representatives from the Sarybagysh, Bughu, Solto, Sayak, Saruu, Kushchu, and
Atake Batyr was a biya - the ruler of the Sarybagysh clan, living in the Chuy Valley. To hide a defect in his lower jaw, he had to wear a special bandage covering his mouth. Due to his wisdom and insight, Atake Batyr was highly respected by ordinary people and held authority among the elders and leaders of Kyrgyz tribes.
Until the mid-19th century, the Kyrgyz people were under the rule of the Kokand Khanate. The Kokand khans encouraged inter-tribal strife among Kyrgyz feudal lords to weaken the Kyrgyz in political and military terms; Qing China sought recognition of its supremacy over Kyrgyz lands; military raids and threats from neighboring Kazakh and Uzbek feudal lords—all these circumstances forced the Kyrgyz to look towards Russia. Russian capitalism aimed to seize new markets and sources of cheap raw
