The Resettlement Movement of Russian Peasantry to Kyrgyz Lands
Population
After 1861, the demographic picture of the region changed as a result of the migration movement of Russian peasantry (Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, and representatives of other nationalities), as well as Dungans and Uighurs from China - the Kashgar oasis. The influx of population from Russia was due to the measures taken by the Tsarist government for the economic development of the annexed territories. Peasant villages in the Chui Valley and the Issyk-Kul Basin appeared in the 1860s-1870s, in the Talas Valley in the 1880s-1890s, and in the south in the 1890s-1900s (Aitmambetov, 1967, pp. 21-22). The first fortified migrant settlements Tokmak, Karakol, and Pishpek gradually transformed into cities with administrative-political, economic, and cultural significance.
This process developed gradually. In the 1870s, a number of villages emerged along military-trade routes; from the Talas Valley along the Chui tract to the Issyk-Kul Basin. In the early 1890s, due to crop failures and famine that struck the European part of Russia, an unprecedented wave of self-settling migrants flooded into Turkestan, after which the migration development of the Fergana Valley began. In 1893, the village of Pokrovskoye (modern Kurshab in the Uzgen district) was established in the Osh district, consisting of 20 families. In 1899, the village of Blagoveshchenskoye emerged, which marked the beginning of the colonization of the Kugart Valley (KenenSariyev, 1989, pp. 50-56). Thus, even during the imperial rule, the population in the territory that today belongs to Kyrgyzstan became multinational: out of 1.5 million people, over 60% were Kyrgyz, followed by Uzbeks, then Russian-speaking populations, Turks, Uighurs, Tatars, Dungans, etc.
Settling
Socio-economic changes intensified the process of settling the Kyrgyz, resulting in the emergence of settled communities - kystaks - in the south by the 1890s. On April 4, 1898, for the first time in the Chui Valley, 33 households from the Talkan volost formed the settled village of Tash-Tyube. A new Baytikovskaya settled Kyrgyz volost emerged, which included two villages: Tash-Tyube and Chala-Kazak in the Pishpek district. By 1900, several stationary Kyrgyz settlements had appeared in the Issyk-Kul Basin, including Boz-Uchuk, Tepke Chyrak, and Temir. From 1910, land management began in the Central State Archive of Film, Phonodocument, and Photodocument of the Archive Agency under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic in the East-Sokuluk volost of the Pishpek district. By January 1915, ten settled Kyrgyz volosts were officially established, which included 67 villages with 8,267 households. In the Przhevalsk district, five Kyrgyz villages were formed, which were classified as Russian volosts. By the beginning of 1916, land management was completed in four more volosts of the Pishpek district (KenenSariyev, 2007, pp. 13-22).
Administrative System of Governance in Turkestan
