Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Steps in Studying the History of Kyrgyzstan During the Great Patriotic War

Convoy with bread. Kyrgyz SSR 1942 Steps in the Study of Kyrgyzstan's History during the Great Patriotic War The participation of small nations in the nationwide struggle is addressed in one of the sections of "Essays on the History of Soviet Dungans" and more thoroughly in the work of I. Yusupov. These works examine the feats of Dungan warriors on the battlefields and the selfless labor of Dungan collective farmers in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in the rear, as well as their

14.06.2021, 09:47

Kurmanjan Datka

Sulaiman-Too - the symbol of the ancient city

"The Business Card" of the City of Osh When narrating the life of the Alaï queen, one cannot overlook the "pearl" of the Kokand Khanate - Osh. This city is closely connected to the matriarch, especially during the years of her brilliant political career. If a theater, as they say, begins with a coat rack, then it is best to start telling about the attractions of the "southern capital" with Sulaiman-Too. This mountain has always been a symbol of the ancient city.

14.06.2021, 09:27

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction. Part - 3

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction. Part - 3 Among the works of predecessors that have directly and indirectly influenced the results of this historical research, it is important to highlight the writings of historians V. M. Ploskih, I. E. Semenov, Dzh. Dzhunushaliev, T. Ozhukeeva, A. Tuzov, and others, who have already dealt with the issues discussed in this book. The author disagrees with some of these researchers regarding the essence of how they unfold and interpret events, but does not

10.06.2021, 11:43

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Preconditions for the Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate

Forced Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate The tsarism, the patron of the Kokand khans, failed to restore either the power of Khudoyar Khan or Nasr-ed-Din Khan. The imperial government, which had previously refrained from accepting the Kyrgyz, who inhabited the southern regions of Kyrgyzstan, as its subjects for tactical reasons, was now forced to liquidate the Kokand Khanate and annex its territory, including the southern part of Kyrgyzstan, to Russia on February 19, 1876, frightened by the

09.06.2021, 18:29

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Population of Mogulistan

Arkanuts, Arlats, Barlasses The problem being studied is one of the complex and poorly researched topics in the history of Mogulistan, as the uneven study of various aspects of socio-economic relations, cultural-economic life, and political structure is explained by the fragmentary nature or complete absence of written sources and cultural monuments. Population

07.06.2021, 11:58

Shabdan Baatyr

Hero Demanded by the Era. Part 2

The Influence of Shabdan Jantayev among the Kyrgyz of the Semirechye Region An analysis of the information from sources and the political situation in Kyrgyzstan from the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries convinces us that the personality of Baatyr Shabdan, as an intermediary for the colonial authorities of Russia in managing the new region, was demanded by the very time itself. And he fulfilled this role with honor. It is probably not coincidental that even his ardent opponent, the head of

06.06.2021, 13:21

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Cleaning the Soviet Apparatus of Socially Alien Elements in the 1930s

The Struggle of Soviet Power Against Class Enemies The failure of Kyrgyzstan to meet the increased grain procurement plan in the drought year of 1932 and the refusal to "sweep away" the seed fund in the newly created collective farms were classified by the Central Committee of the VKP(b) and its Central Asian Bureau as "manifestations of localist tendencies." By the end of 1932, refugees from Kazakhstan and Siberia (more than 130,000 families) flooded into Kyrgyzstan—an

06.06.2021, 12:52

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Industry and Collective Farm Production of Kyrgyzstan During the War

Industry and Collective Farm Production of Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War. The fourth chapter of N. S. Esipov's monograph is dedicated to the study of industrial development during the war, based primarily on factual material extracted from the Central Statistical Administration of the Kyrgyz SSR. Despite a certain one-sidedness in the source base, the author managed to recreate the picture of industrial development, illuminate the dynamics of gross product output, the size and

03.06.2021, 10:41

Kurmanjan Datka

The Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate and the Inclusion of Its Territory into the Russian Empire

The Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate In the spring of 1873-1874, uprisings repeatedly broke out in the Kokand Khanate, but the khan managed to cope with them somehow. The rebels often sought help from the Russian authorities but always received a refusal. In the spring of 1875, even the Kokand nobility rose against Khudoyar: the conspiracy was led by the son of the once all-powerful regent Muslimqul, Abdurrahman Avtobachi, the mullah Issa-Auliye, and the khan's brother, the ruler of

02.06.2021, 12:12

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction. Part - 2

Work on Restoring Historical Truth in Kyrgyzstan A certain shift in the study of our issue began to emerge during the years of Khrushchev's "thaw." However, this trend soon "choked" due to internal resistance, manifesting itself in the political rehabilitation of only a few "enemies of the people," who were not active participants in opposition activities. The work on restoring historical truth in Kyrgyzstan still requires significant efforts. However, it can

29.05.2021, 09:16

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Public Execution of Pulat-Khan (Mulla Iskak Asan Ogly)

Execution of Pulat-khan The day after the defeat at Uch-Kurgan, the city nobility of Margilan, trying to please the victors and save their own skins, appeared before the commander of the punitive detachment, expressing submission, and handed over 15 weapons belonging to the rebels led by Pulat-khan. The commander of the punitive detachment, Major General Skobelev, concerned that the uprising could flare up again, urgently organized a special group that included representatives of the feudal

28.05.2021, 16:32

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Written Sources on the Rulers of Eastern Turkestan in the Late 17th Century.

The Work of Muhammad-Qadiq (18th century) and an Anonymous Manuscript The written sources about the rulers of Eastern Turkestan at the end of the 17th century are fragmentary and contradictory. Among them, the work of Muhammad-Qadiq (18th century) and an anonymous manuscript acquired by V. V. Bartold in 1902 in Tashkent deserve more attention. Here is a brief summary of their content.

27.05.2021, 20:08

Shabdan Baatyr

Hero Demanded by the Era. Part - 1

Baatyr, in demand by the era Every nation has individuals whose activities serve as a peculiar reflection of the era in which they lived. Through them, we study our history, compare our actions, thereby grasping the truth of national self-consciousness. The well-known Russian historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky expressed a remarkable thought on this matter at the end of the last century when he asserted that "self-consciousness is a difficult and slow process, crowning the work of a

26.05.2021, 15:03

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The Thirty-Seventh Year in Kyrgyzstan

1937... For almost everyone alive today, this period in our history evokes a heavy sense of rejection, a national tragedy, and for the older generation, those who experienced the superstitious fear of the omnipotence of state punitive organs, a desire to explain that there were not so many "enemies," and that those who perished during this time were often not just good people, but also steadfast fighters for the ideals of October. Among the first victims in the republic, the

26.05.2021, 09:09

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

A Comprehensive and Systematic Study of the History of Kyrgyzstan 1941-1945

New Research on the History of the Republic during the Great Patriotic War. A more comprehensive and systematic study of the history of Kyrgyzstan from 1941 to 1945 began after the end of the Great Patriotic War. In 1946, a work was published that highlighted the contribution of workers in the light industry of Kyrgyzstan to the victory effort based on factual material. Candidate dissertations on specific issues were prepared and defended. The authors of these studies attempted to demonstrate

24.05.2021, 01:00

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The Cult of Female Fertility

Findings in the Tombs of Kurkata and Tashravata Findings of items with female characteristics in Ustrushana and Fergana are not isolated. Several years ago, in mound No. 31 of the Tashravat burial site, located 40-60 km southeast of Kurkata, a pendant depicting genitals was found, cast from Egyptian faience. In the absence of a genital amulet, the so-called "factory" production, which apparently was not accessible to everyone, its role could have been played by cowrie shells or

23.05.2021, 09:39

Kurmanjan Datka

The Ascension of Khudoyar Khan to the Throne of the Kokand Khanate

The Newly Minted Ruler of Kokand In 1862, there was a struggle for khan power in Kokand. Khudoyar emerged victorious. It is worth mentioning the circumstances under which this remarkable politician came to power. It is known that he ascended to the throne with the support of his regent, the Kipchak Muslimkul. The latter killed Murad Khan, who ruled in Kokand for only 11 days. At the time of his ascension, Khudoyar was only 16 years old. According to the biography of the newly minted ruler of

23.05.2021, 08:24

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Ismail Khan, Yulbars Khan, Khan Senge in the Struggle for the Throne

Battles of the Khans for the Throne After the departure of Abdallah, many emirs of Yarkand, Kashgar, and Hotan gathered in Aksu and sent a messenger to Eldan-taishi to bring Ismail Khan. The Kalmyk prince delivered him to Aksu and proclaimed him khan. Ismail, with his troops, headed for Yarkand. He was accompanied by Eldan-taishi's son, Elpa. However, the citizens of Yarkand began to defend themselves and sent a messenger to Yulbars Khan, who set out with an army from Kashgar. However, in

22.05.2021, 01:37

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction. Part 1

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction With the establishment of Soviet power, a political culture began to form and grow among the peoples now living in the new independent countries of the CIS, oriented towards a rigidly centralized state governance of society, with a pseudo-self-activity role of the public, as the Bolshevik-Communist party transformed into the backbone of a leaderist state system. It was then that the initiative and creativity of people were replaced by the self-activity of

21.05.2021, 16:07

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

The people of Kyrgyzstan will never forget Victory Day, May 9, 1945 Time has no power over the memory of the people. They will never forget Victory Day, May 9, 1945 — the greatest historical date. On this momentous day, the artillery salvos of the Moscow salute from a thousand guns announced to the peoples of the entire planet the end of the bloody war in Europe, the complete and crushing defeat of fascist Germany by the Soviet people and its valiant Armed Forces, and its unconditional

17.05.2021, 20:04

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Amulets Associated with Female Fertility

Amulets In ancient times, the connection between symbols was more natural, concrete, and motivated by the living conditions of people. This brings us back to the magical connection of fist-shaped amulets with an intimate female issue. According to elderly women from Leninabad, in the past, some families, especially those where women had difficult childbirths, kept pouches with fist-shaped amulets. These amulets were usually carved from hawthorn with branches that spread out, resembling fingers

13.05.2021, 09:02

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Defeat of Pulat-Khan at Uch-Kurgan

Uch-Kurgan Defeat of Pulat Khan Nasr-Eddin Khan, who was eagerly following the events in the khanate and seeking a suitable moment, attempted once again to regain the khan's throne with the help of the Tsarist regime after the defeat of the rebels in Assaka. On January 22, he left the city of Khojent and stopped at the village of Kainar (according to some sources, the village of Naimancha—K.U.) located 9 versts from Kokand. Here, Nasr-Eddin was preparing to seize power in the Kokand

20.04.2021, 09:10

Kurmanjan Datka

The History of the Death of Alymbek Datka

The Death of Alymbek As is known, before the Alay Queen, no woman in Turkestan had been honored with the title of Datka. But let us recall the circumstances under which Kurmandzhan became the head of her clan. After losing her husband, she was forced to take the reins of power in Aala. So, Alymbek Datka died in the summer of 1862 during yet another palace coup. Let us recall the story of this hero's demise. In 1847, one of the representatives and heirs of the former theocratic rulers of

18.04.2021, 07:19

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Last Years of Abdullah's Reign

The Last Campaigns of Abdullah The leader of the Khoshout omok, Galdama (son of Ochirtu-Tsetsen-khan), raided Aksu and then Kashgar, but after facing resistance, he made peace with their rulers Hyp ad-Din and Yulbars. Sengé, who became khan after the death of his father Batur-khuntayji (in 1653), invaded the Keriya region with five thousand warriors. Approximately ten thousand Mogul troops were sent against him. Upon learning of this, Sengé turned back. Abdullah, approaching with his warriors,

15.04.2021, 09:21

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

On the Semantics of Pendants. Part - 2

Finger Counting Some researchers reasonably associate the cult of the hand with the fact that in the past it served as a counting mechanism. In science, this method of counting is referred to as finger counting. In this system, each finger represented a specific unit, which is why ancient traders used multiplication even when dealing with large numbers. According to one medieval author, the hands were covered with a cloth so that those around would not know the final sum of the deal. The great

08.04.2021, 08:43

Kurmanjan Datka

The veneration of women among the Kyrgyz

The Grandeur and Dignity of Women-Mothers As mentioned above, Sunni Islam, which spread among the Kyrgyz, was subsequently adapted to local customs and rituals. In turn, this contributed to the centralization and structuring of pagan cults and beliefs at a higher level, incorporating them as subordinate elements into the overall social ideology. Despite the tenets of Islamic religious doctrine and the condemnation by Muslim mullahs, the Kyrgyz retained many elements of paganism within the

04.04.2021, 20:19

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

January Clashes of 1876 Between Rebels and Punitive Detachment

January Clashes of 1876 Starting from January 3, a series of major clashes occurred between the rebels and the punitive detachment. In the suburban area of Andijan — Aryk-Musulman-Kul — the punitive detachment met with strong resistance from the local residents. Before the main battle, which took place on January 8, Abdurakhman Aftobachi and his associates left the city of Andijan and took a position near the city of Assake, preparing for a new uprising with its residents. From the morning of

03.04.2021, 20:40

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Unsuccessful Campaign of Abdallah at Chalysh Against Sultan Ibrahim

Failures of Abdallah The Yarkend court learned about the settlement of the Kalmyks in the Atbash Valley, and Abdallah decided to act against them. This raises the question: when did the Kalmyks appear in this area? As is known, the Dzungar Khanate was established in 1635. Its founder was the son of the Choros prince Khara-Khula, Batur-Khuntaiji. He organized three campaigns (in 1635, 1643, and 1652) against the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The first of these was directed towards Turkestan. There is

19.03.2021, 18:22

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

"Winter Squad" Against the Kyrgyz and Kipchaks

“Winter Expedition” of the Tsarist Colonial Administration The Tsarist colonial administration decided to finally suppress the uprising and teach its participants a lesson that they would remember for a long time. To this end, it mobilized almost all available military forces. A new punitive detachment was formed under the command of General Skobolev, who had significant experience in suppressing popular uprisings. It was called the “Winter Detachment” or “Winter Expedition.” It consisted of a

13.03.2021, 19:11

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

On the Semantics of Pendants. Part - 1

On the Semantics of Pendants. Many archaeologists, when preparing the aforementioned finds for publication, often limit themselves to merely stating the fact of the discovery and providing a superficial description, while these pendants-amulets had a close connection with the complex worldview system of the Iranian and other ethnic groups of Central Asia. It seems that the interest in the function and role of the hand as a tool of creation did not arise immediately. F. Engels, speaking about

12.03.2021, 19:43

Kurmanjan Datka

The merging of the Islamic religious-ideological system with the pagan religious-philosophical system of the Kyrgyz.

Incorporation into Islamic Civilization From the perspective of formal adherence to Islamic customs, the Kyrgyz did not leave the best impression on many Russian travelers. For example, Chokan Valikhanov wrote in his works: “All the wild stone Kyrgyz profess the Muslim religion or, rather, call themselves Muslims, not knowing either the dogmas of faith or its requirements. All their rituals and beliefs still retain a complete shade of shamanism, which is held in great esteem in this horde, and

11.03.2021, 17:42

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Beatings of Kyrgyz by Khan Abdallah

Khan Abdallah's Campaign Against the Kyrgyz Abdallah planned to replace the emirs and officials who served the previous khans with new ones loyal to him. However, they anticipated his secret plot and advised him to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca. Abdallah once set out for Yarkand accompanied by those he wished to elevate. At that time, the elder son of the khan, the governor of Kashgar, Yulbars, was heading to Yarkand, and in the village of Kara-Khiyadzhadzh, the emirs who came out to

04.03.2021, 18:28

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Destruction of the Kyshtaks by the Punitive Detachment of Colonel Pichugin

Heroic Resistance of the Uprising Kyrgyz At the end of November, despite his serious wound received in the battle near Andijan, Pulat-Khan moved from Assak, where he had been for about two months, to the city of Margilan. Along with him, up to 4,000 uprising Kyrgyz with 14 guns arrived in the city. The Margilan residents greeted them with joy. As emphasized by the commander of the punitive detachment Skobelev, who by this time had received the rank of general at the end of 1875 and at the

26.02.2021, 15:48

Kurmanjan Datka

The Minimal Influence of the Kokand Khanate on the Economic Life of the Kyrgyz

The Influence of Kokand Colonization on the Kyrgyz The Kokandis encouraged the Kyrgyz to settle in specific locations, forming sedentary or semi-sedentary kystaks. The Kyrgyz came under the constant attention and control of khan's officials, and their wintering habits tied them to certain places; in the event of uprisings or revolts, the Kyrgyz found themselves surrounded by Kokand forces. Animal husbandry was also promoted by the Kokandis, as the army needed cavalry, and the settled

25.02.2021, 16:36

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Fifth Type of Cam Followers

Another type of pendants Finally, there is a fifth type of pendants. However, they are of later origin. In turn, they are divided into two subtypes: 1. Primitive metal claw-shaped pendants, originating from individual monuments in northeastern Kazakhstan, the Khakass-Minusinsk basin, Mingechaur, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, and several monuments of Ancient Iran. The Minusinsk claw-shaped pendants, named Karasuk ones, were made by stamping or cut from sheet iron or silver. Their sizes range from 6

24.02.2021, 15:55

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

"Conflicts of Abdallah with the Kyrgyz"

Abdallah's Campaigns Against Neighboring Countries While Abdallah's predecessors fought among themselves within Eastern Turkestan, he organized military campaigns against neighboring countries. In 1050/1640-41, the khan set out for Bolor (now Nuristan, a significant part of which is in Afghanistan) and Badakhshan for this purpose. In this campaign, Abdallah subdued Badakhshan and forced the ruler of Bolor, Shah-Babur, to pay a large ransom. The khan conducted a raiding campaign on

20.02.2021, 04:30

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Typology of Knobs - Suspensions

Typology of Knuckles - Pendants. They can be conditionally divided into four types; 1. Knuckles, carved or cast from bronze or gold, with a loop at the end of the elbow or simply with a hole. 2. Knuckles, carved or cast from Egyptian faience with a tubular opening for subsequent attachment to a pointed object, specifically, a non-wooden rod.

17.02.2021, 20:32

Kurmanjan Datka

The Prolonged Process of the Kyrgyz Transition from Nomadism to Agriculture

Land Conflicts Conflicts over land frequently occurred between the nomadic Kyrgyz and the settled population of Fergana. The quantitative growth of the settled population and the aspirations of the landowning nobility required the expansion of crops and the increase of arable land, which could only happen at the expense of the lands of the nomadic population, which itself began to transition to agriculture intensively from the mid-19th century. Land conflicts intertwined with the political

15.02.2021, 17:43

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Fierce Resistance of the Rebels in Autumn 1875 to the Punitive Detachment

Battle of the Rebels with the Punitive Detachment News of the success of the rebels in the city of Kokand and the expulsion of the hated Nasr-Edin soon spread throughout the khanate, instilling hope for the possibility of a successful struggle for social and national freedom. They triggered a significant rise in the people's movement. The uprising continued to strengthen, gaining wide momentum. The rebels interrupted communication between Khojent and Namangan. The rebels were approaching

14.02.2021, 17:14

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Unification of Abdullah of the Eastern and Western Parts of the Mughal State in Kashgaria

Events in Moghulistan between 1624-1639 Around 1624-25, Ishim-sultan left for Tashkent. From that time on, Abd ar-Rahim stopped thinking about conquering Aksu. However, now Abu-l-Khadi sought to be an independent ruler of Kusan and its district with the help of Ildai-taishi. He incited the Kalmyk leader to attack Aksu. When Ildai-taishi moved to Bai, Abu-l-Khadi gave him a thousand horsemen. Ildai-taishi plundered the Aksu district and its cities. Sultan-Ahmed caught up with him and took back

13.02.2021, 17:19

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

"Knuckles – Pendants from the Tombs of Kurkat"

On the Semantics of Ancient Images of Human Body Parts from the Kurkat Crypts In the work of A.H. Bernshteyn - a luminary of Central Asian archaeology, the semantics of objects has occupied a significant place in Kyrgyzstan. Over the last fifty years, about three dozen votive finds have been discovered. For example, a mysterious hand amulet was first found in the Kenkol burial ground. Later, similar items were found by Yu.D. Baruzdin during excavations of the Kаra-Bulak and Turatash burial

09.02.2021, 03:00

Kurmanjan Datka

Hanafi School as the Most Tolerant Direction Towards the Pagan Myths and Traditions of the Kyrgyz

Kyrgyz Ayil - an Obstacle on the Path of the Islamization of the People. As historical experience shows, the most freedom-loving peoples tend to fiercely and consistently preserve their national cultural traditions. This is done to avoid assimilation with other ethnic groups, especially in critical moments when the survival of the ethnic group as such is at stake. The Kyrgyz are no exception to this rule. It was the Kyrgyz ayil, with its age-old foundations and customs, that was the greatest

08.02.2021, 08:17

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

"Punitive Operation Against the Rebel Workers in the City of Andijan"

Brutal actions of the punitive detachment against the rebelling Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, and Kipchak workers in the city of Andijan Failing to create discord among the rebels, the punitive forces began brutal military actions. One of the units of the punitive detachment, sent on September 30 for reconnaissance in the city of Andijan, literally swept away, burned everything in its path, and killed everyone it encountered. Its commander, Colonel Skobeleva, considering himself and other participants

07.02.2021, 18:35

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Events in Mogulistan between 1618 and 1624

Moghulistan in 1618-1624 In 1028/1618-19 (according to Mahmud ibn Wali in 102/1615, in the "History of Kashgar" in 1026/1617), the influential Shah family conspired against Ahmed Khan and killed him in the village of Barzhuk (modern Maral-Bash). Interestingly, Shah Mahmud Churas, while listing the cities and districts under his control (Kashgar, Yarkand, Yangihisar, Aksu, Kusan, Hotan, Sarykol, and Badakhshan), mentioned geographical features of the Chalysh-Turfansky region among

05.02.2021, 09:55

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Andijan - Center of the Uprising in Autumn 1875

The Uprising in Autumn 1875 The uprising re-emerged with new strength in the second half of September 1875 in the eastern part of the khanate among the Kyrgyz and Kipchak semi-nomads. It quickly spread to settled areas inhabited by Uzbeks and Tajiks. The uprising was again led by Mullah Iskak Asan oglu Pulat-bek, who was soon proclaimed khan, and Abdurakhman Aftobachi. By the end of September, the rebels occupied the city of Andijan, whose residents joined them, and together they began to

31.01.2021, 12:57

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Weapons of the Medieval Nomads of Kyrgyzstan

Sarybulak Spear The set of arrows from the Mongolian period looks significantly different. In addition to the well-known flat asymmetrical diamond-shaped arrows of this period found in Kyrgyzstan, the collection in question includes types of four-sided warheads, diamond-shaped warheads, rectangular warheads, and flat sectoral arrows. Almost all the forms considered have no prototypes among the arrows of the Kankol and Turkic cultures in Kyrgyzstan. However, they were widely spread during the

30.01.2021, 12:00

Kurmanjan Datka

How did the star Kurmandzhan Datka rise in the Islamic world?

LIFE AND BELIEFS OF THE KYRGYZ DURING THE TIME OF KURMANDZHAN DATKA And still, how did the star of Kurmandzhan Datka rise in the Islamic world, in an era when a woman could not even dream of the glory of a politician and statesman? Finding an answer to this question is hardly possible without considering the unique national characteristics that patriarchal Muslim traditions acquired on Kyrgyz soil. Let’s start with an important point. The Kyrgyz became Muslims not in a short period of time,

29.01.2021, 14:16

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Eastern Turkestan in the 17th Century

Eastern Turkestan in the 17th Century. At the end of Muhammad Khan's reign, his younger brother Abd ar-Rahim Khan, the ruler of Chalysh-Turfan, raised a rebellion and plundered Bai and Kusan (Kucha). Muhammad Khan sent his grandson Timur-Sultan and Muhammad-Hashim-Sultan (son of Khudabende-Sultan) against him with a large army. In the battle at the Kanalg area, Abd ar-Rahim Khan was defeated and fled to Turfan. Timur-Sultan settled in Aksu, while Muhammad-Hashim Sultan settled in Chalysh

27.01.2021, 19:14