History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Groups and Types of Arrowheads

Classification of Arrowheads A particular interest is presented by a small collection of medieval weapons, gathered over many years of field research in Kyrgyzstan by I.K. Kozhomberdiev. It consists of six iron arrowheads. Based on their cross-section and the shape of the blade, they can be classified into several groups and types. Group I. Triangular-three-bladed arrowheads. Type I. Elongated triangular. Includes 1 specimen from the Kum-Aryk site in the Chui Valley. The length of the blade is

24.01.2021, 17:51

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Reasons for the Popular Uprising - the Cruelty of Nasr-Eddin Khan

The Cruelty of Nasr-Eddin Towards Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik Workers On September 22, Nasr-Eddin Khan and the feudal lords surrounding him, trying to maintain power in their hands under the patronage of the tsarist colonizers, signed a treaty with the Turkestan Governor-General Kaufman, in which the Kokand Khan recognized himself as a submissive servant of the Russian government, renounced the right to direct diplomatic relations with other states, and any military actions without the permission

21.01.2021, 10:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Struggle for the Throne in Moghulistan Among the Descendants of Khizr-Khodja

The Struggle for the Throne in Moghulistan in the Second Half of the 16th Century Abd al-Karim Khan died at the end of 999/1590-91 or at the beginning of the following year. His successor, Muhammad Khan, granted his brothers: Abu Said - Kashgar and Yangihisar, Yunus Sultan - Kargalyk, Abd ar-Rahim Khan - the Sary-Kol region and Bakhana, and his son Abd al-Kerim Shah-Haidar Sultan - Hotan. Three years after the death of Abd al-Karim Khan, the Shaybanid Abdullah Khan violated the friendly treaty

20.01.2021, 03:00

Kurmanjan Datka

The Ascent of the Alai Queen to the Political Olympus of the Khanate

The Uncontested Ruler Aalaya In the early 1860s, when Mullah Alymkul was still the ruler of Osh, his main rival was Alymbek, who managed the affairs of the Kyrgyz of Aalaya. Alymkul, having become regent for the underage Sultan-Seid, destroyed the old khan's palace in the center of Kokand and built another one—already outside the city limits. Relying on the nomadic elements of the Kyrgyz and Kipchaks in his rule, Alymkul was not without reason afraid of being surrounded by the more

19.01.2021, 03:00

Kurmanjan Datka

Alymbek - the Main Figure in the Khanate under Sha-Murad

The Removal of Malla-Khan by Alymbek Being a perceptive researcher, Duygamel, who closely observed the situation within the Kyrgyz tribes, understood that Alymbek, who openly opposed the Kokand khan, would attempt to become an independent ruler of Tian Shan and would therefore inevitably turn to the Russians. This intention, apparently, was present in Alymbek. Duygamel instructed the head of the Alatav district, G.A. Kolpakovsky, to treat Alymbek favorably if he attempted to establish

15.01.2021, 18:31

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Medieval Weapons from the Territory of Kyrgyzstan

The necessity of expanding the source base of medieval weapons. The medieval history of Kyrgyzstan is rich in events related to the military activity of nomads. Its territory was repeatedly subjected to devastating invasions by nomads during the Middle Ages and became a theater of military operations for nomadic armies. It was part of the changing nomadic states: the Western Turkic and Turkic khanates, the Karluk, Karakhanid, and Kara-Khitan states, and Mongolian uluses. However, almost all

15.01.2021, 17:31

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Ultimatum of Colonel Skobelev to the Residents of Osh

The Transition of Feudal Nobility Representatives to the Side of the Tsar's Punishers. On August 29, the tsarist punishers led by Kaufman occupied the capital city of Kokand, attempting to force its residents into submission and to pay the kharaj, tanap, and other types of taxes for the year 1875. The collection of these taxes was entrusted to Mirza-Khakim. The residents of Margilan were punished for their active participation in the uprising. Despite the fact that on September 8,

15.01.2021, 10:20

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Mogul-Uzbek Forces Against the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz

The Murder of Abd ar-Rashid's Son. Mahmud ibn Wali and Shah-Mahmud Churas, authors of the works "Tazkireyi Khwaja Muhammad-Sharif" and "Tarikh-i Kashgar," reported with some differences about the subsequent advance of the Mogul-Uzbek troops against the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz in connection with the murder of Abd ar-Rashid's son. The latter appointed his eldest son Abd ar-Latif as governor in Aksu and Uch. This prince simultaneously monitored events in Moghulistan,

20.10.2020, 20:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The High and Unique Culture of Southwestern Fergana in the 1st Millennium AD.

Culture of Southwestern Fergana In the southwestern foothills of Fergana, a multi-sector economy developed in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, largely due to the natural features of the region. There was an organic connection between the pastoral and agricultural populations, which determined the development of the area. There was a constant exchange of experience and economic skills, which ultimately led to the creation of a complex economy. Agriculture occupied a significant place in

16.10.2020, 16:33

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Battle of Mahram

Suppression of the Uprising On August 12, punitive troops began to suppress the uprising. There were a number of serious clashes between the punitive forces and the rebels. The insurgents, bravely fighting against the punitive troops, offered them strong resistance. Major General Bardovsky wrote about a clash that took place near Khojand in the 20s of August, stating that at the second crossing from Khojand, the punitive detachment was met by 7,000 rebels. The Cossacks under the command of

10.10.2020, 20:35

Kurmanjan Datka

Alimbek Datka - a Bey in Charge of the Administration of the Kyrgyz People

RISE AND FALL OF ALYMBEK Such was the state of affairs at the time of the rise of Kurmandzhan's husband, Alymbek, who was one of the major Kyrgyz feudal lords influencing the politics of the Kokand khans. He first appeared on the political scene in 1845 during the uprising of the Alai Kyrgyz. It was only thanks to the resourcefulness and decisiveness of his wife, the later famous Ailai Queen Kurmandzhan, that he was saved from the usurper Musulmanqul, who suppressed the uprising. In 1847,

09.10.2020, 11:04

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Union of Kyrgyz with Uzbeks and Kazakhs Against the Mongols

“The Campaign for the Sheep” In 1526, Rashid Sultan wintered in the Kochkor Valley, while Tahir Khan was among his tribesmen north of Balhash. For unknown reasons, that same year he invaded Moghulistan and approached Kochkorka, where part of the Kyrgyz sided with him. As a result, Rashid Sultan migrated to Atbashy. Upon learning of these events, Said Khan went to meet his son and met him at the end of winter (1527) near Atbashy. Then news arrived that part of the Kyrgyz had not left with the

06.10.2020, 15:46

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Forced Struggle of the Rebels Against the Tsarist Colonizers in 1875

The uprising was not for the religion of Islam, but for social and national freedom. After the expulsion of Khudoyar Khan, the temporary allies of the uprising, Abdurakhman Aftobachi, Isa-Aluie, and other representatives of the feudal nobility, who pursued personal selfish interests unrelated to the interests of the rebellious working masses, proclaimed the obedient Nasr-Eddin as Khan. Information about this can be found in an official archival document. It states: "The clergy and elders

28.09.2020, 12:58

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Population of Fergana in the First Half of the 1st Millennium AD

Zhan Qian on the Ancient Ferganians Written sources vividly characterize the population of Fergana and neighboring countries. Zhan Qian, who visited Fergana in the 2nd century BC, describes the appearance of the ancient Ferganians as follows: "The inhabitants generally have sunken heads and thick beards" (Bichurin, 1950). A similar description of the Ferganians' appearance is found in later chronicles (Bichurin, 1950). Thus, Chinese chronicles testify to the Europoid nature of

27.09.2020, 22:15

Kurmanjan Datka

The Heavy Burden of the Double Oppression of the Kyrgyz People

Under the Yoke of Kokand The conquest of the northern part of the Kyrgyz settlement area by the Kokand khans changed the political situation in Central Asia. Its consequences for the Kyrgyz people were not unambiguous. Some representatives of the local nobility leaned towards cooperation, while others chose to fight against the conquerors. The situation for the common people, however, worsened drastically. They found themselves under the heavy burden of double oppression: from the Kokand

26.09.2020, 23:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Sultan Said, Takhir-Khan and Others...

Sultan Said and Tahir-khan In 1520, Rashid-Sultan raided the Kalmyks, killed their prince named Yaran-taisha, and returned to the Kochkor valley, where he stopped for the winter. Sa'id-khan also arrived there from Yarkand. As previously noted, in 1517, under pressure from the Mangyts, two hundred thousand Uzbek-Kazakhs migrated to the borders of Moghulistan. Initially, they roamed north of Lake Balkhash (Kokcha-Tengiz), which, according to Muhammad Haidar, was the border between

24.09.2020, 03:00

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Escape of Khan Khudoyar from Kokand in 1875

Capture of Kokand by the Rebels The despised khan, having lost most of his troops and lacking support even from those around him and his close associates, could not suppress the uprising with the very insignificant forces at his disposal. In these circumstances, the khan sought help and salvation from his patron, the imperial colonial administration. On July 20, he appealed to the Turkestan Governor-General Kaufman with a letter in which he tearfully begged to save him from the people's

18.09.2020, 10:56

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The Tashravata Barrows

Tashravata Burial Grounds Materials from Kairagach are of great scientific value, as they help to address a number of historical issues not only of the studied area but also for Fergana as a whole. The findings indicate that in Kairagach we are dealing not with an ordinary settlement, but with a major center that played a significant role in the cultural and spiritual life of the region. While the administrative and economic center was located in Tagoba, Kairagach had the cult center of the

16.09.2020, 15:37

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz as Creators of the Kokand Khanate

Kyrgyz of Fergana Together with Uzbeks Created the Kokand Khanate Every person, no matter how great or insignificant they may be, carries the mark of their era. This also applies to those individuals who can change the course of time themselves, such as the tribal leader Alai Kurmandzhan Datka. The drama of the end of the Kokand Khanate uniquely shaped the personality of the Alai queen. Therefore, our story about her would be incomplete if we do not mention the life of the Kyrgyz within this

14.09.2020, 13:53

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Entry of Kyrgyz into the Political Arena in Moghulistan

Said-Khan Against Muhammad-Kyrgyz In the early 16th century, the Kyrgyz entered the political arena in Moghulistan. Muhammad Haidar referred to their ruler as Sultan Khalil, son of Ahmed-Khan. As previously mentioned, the latter, before leaving for Tashkent to assist Mahmud-Khan, left Mansur-Khan as his regent, who was based in Aksu. In 1508, he defeated the brothers Sultan Said-Khan and Sultan Khalil in the area between the tributaries of the Ili, Charyn, and Chilik rivers.

11.09.2020, 12:45

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Struggle of the Workers Against the Kokand Khans and Their Patron — the Tsarist Authority in 1875-1876.

The Struggle of the Working People Against the Khans of Kokand and the Tsarist Authority. In the summer of 1875, a widespread popular uprising erupted in the khanate. It spread across the entire khanate and the regions inhabited by Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, and Tajiks. In historical literature, this uprising is referred to as the "Kokand Uprising," which does not fully correspond to its content, scale, and scope. Like previous uprisings, it was triggered by the sharply increasing

02.09.2020, 21:32

Kurmanjan Datka

The Fate of B. Tagiyev After the Journey Through Central Asia

The Sad Fate of Journalist Boris Tagiyev The writer himself was soon to face further events in his life - a long, remarkable journey filled with incredible stories. By the spring of 1904, he had already written seven books about Central Asia and Afghanistan, three of which were purely artistic. In 1901, Tagiyev was dismissed from service with the rank of lieutenant. He continued to write, working in the editorial offices of "Military Almanac" and "Almanac of the Army and

01.09.2020, 12:39

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The title "Наусы Кайрагача" translates to "The Tales of Kairagach."

Nauses of Kayragach A.M. Belenitsky, analyzing the signs on the Pendzhikent khums, noted their similarity to the dynastic signs on Sogdian coins. He concluded that the signs on the vessels are the marks of their owners. Other signs, which do not have analogies among coin tamgas, also belong to noble individuals. Most of the vessels with signs found in Pendzhikent come from temples. A.M. Belenitsky suggested that the khums with signs containing some offerings were gifts to the temple from

31.08.2020, 11:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Rulers of Eastern Turkestan

Rulers of Eastern Turkestan and Their Relations with the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs In the spring of 1514, Uzbek sultans with a large army headed to Fergana to restore the power of the Shaybanids there. Sultan Said Khan was not confident in his ability to repel the enemy. Therefore, he left Andijan and, with an army of five thousand, set out against Abu-Bekr, the ruler of the western part of Kashgaria. Muhammad Haidar, as a descendant of the Dughlat emirs, described Abu-Bekr's political career in

27.08.2020, 12:39

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Kairagach Complex - the First Monument in Fergana

Kayragach Complex The cult of ancestors was widespread in Central Asia. It is known that there were temples dedicated to the ancestor cult. Such temples are known in the Kan region (Samarkand area) and in the Shi region (Tashkent area). Additionally, every home had an ancestor altar or a special room where ceremonial worship of family ancestors was performed on certain days (Bichurin, 1950; Belenitsky, 1959; Filanovich, 1973). The Kayragach complex is currently the first monument of its kind

16.08.2020, 09:35

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Signing of the Trade Agreement between Khudoyar Khan and Governor-General von Kaufman

Orientation of the Uprising Kyrgyz Workers Towards Russia The Kyrgyz workers, fighting against the dominance of the Kokand Khanate, saw that the forces were unequal and that external help was necessary. Therefore, they sought protection, support, and assistance from Russia, expressing a desire to accept Russian citizenship. For this purpose, the participants of the uprising repeatedly appealed to the Russian authorities but could not achieve a positive response. The orientation of the rebels

13.08.2020, 21:07

Kurmanjan Datka

The Execution of Kurmanjan Datka's Son

The Rebellious Son of the Clan Leader On March 2, 1895, Kurmanjan's son, Kamchybek, was executed as a state criminal in the main square of Osh. The author certainly sympathizes with the rebellious son of the clan leader. Rustam-bek describes in detail and with pleasure the appearance of the disgraced offspring of the datka: “A hundred Cossacks from the 6th Orenburg regiment are moving along the Osh road. In chains on a cart sit two Kyrgyz with grim faces. One has a beautiful bandit-like

12.08.2020, 20:58

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Mogulistan from the period 906/1500–01 to 950/1543–44

Sheibani Khan, Mahmud Khan, Ahmed Khan, and Others... In 906/1500—01, Sheibani Khan, advised by Mahmud Khan, conquered Samarkand and Bukhara. Strengthening his power in Maverannahr and increasing his troops to fifty thousand, he decided to eliminate his recent patron, Mahmud Khan. Ahmed Khan, learning of his brother's difficult situation, left his eldest son Mansur Khan in Mogulistan and went to aid Mahmud Khan in Tashkent. The brothers decided to raid Fergana and besieged Ahsikent.

11.08.2020, 19:30

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Excavations in Kayragach

Temple Complex in the Village of Kayragach To the northwest of the village of Beshkent, on the left bank of the river, there is a large burial mound necropolis occupying five sites on a high terrace. Each of these sites contains between 2 to 7 mounds. The most thoroughly studied complex in the area is located in the village of Kayragach. It includes a large settlement, a necropolis of the settlement, and a burial mound necropolis. The settlement occupies a narrow floodplain terrace on the left

29.07.2020, 11:23

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Features of the First Stage of the Uprising of the Kyrgyz 1873-1876.

The National Liberation and Anti-Feudal Character of the Uprising The first stage of the uprising has ended, which had some of its own peculiarities, as we will discuss below. Here we will only note that the period of the uprising lasted about one and a half years. The actions of the rebels were local and spontaneous in nature. They arose in one area or another in the southern part of Kyrgyzstan. The uprising had a wide scope and was characterized by its mass participation. It involved 42

28.07.2020, 21:45

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Events that Occurred in Moghulistan from 1485 to 1500.

Events 1485 — 1500 In the year of Yunus Khan's death (1485), Omar Sheikh sent troops led by his emirs to conquer Tashkent. On the way, they captured the fortified fortress of Ashtar. Mahmood Khan marched against them and killed every last one. The following year, Sultan Ahmed set out with an army of 150,000 against Mahmood Khan. They met on the banks of the Chir River (Chirchik) and stood opposite each other for three days. Among Sultan Ahmed's troops was Shaybani Khan, the grandson

27.07.2020, 18:34

Kurmanjan Datka

The Alai Queen at the Most Tragic Moment of Her Life

The Grief of Kurmandzhan Datka In the published essay "Queen Alaya" in "Niva," B. Tagiyev describes the legendary datka in a completely different, very lamentable state: "In one of the numerous gorges of the Alay Range, known as Yaga-chart, a small aul consisting of no more than a dozen yurts huddles under a steep high cliff. But this aul is not like other Kyrgyz encampments. A certain special order reigns here, and the yurts (kibitkas) flaunt beauty and luxury. The

21.07.2020, 03:00

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Ancient Settlement in the Valley of the Khozha-Bakyrgan River

Feature of the Oasis Topography In the narrow mountain valleys of Fergana, the terrain was skillfully utilized for fortification purposes. Settlements were located in such a way that they controlled significant areas of the valley, creating a complex defense system for the oases. A distinctive feature of the oasis topography is the extremely close proximity of settlements and burial sites.

16.07.2020, 16:24

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Assistance of the Tsarist Colonial Authority in Suppressing the Popular Uprising

Mumyn Shamurzakov In May 1874, 5-6 thousand Kyrgyz, nomadic in Kara Kuldzha, rose up. Led by Mamyr Mergenov, they occupied the village of Bazar-Kurgan, located 8 versts from Andijan. The rebels attempted to take the city of Andijan but were unsuccessful. A punitive detachment of 2,000 soldiers was sent against them. It managed to suppress this uprising and capture hundreds of prisoners, as well as many horses and various trophies. The leader of the rebels, Mamyr, was forced to flee to Russian

15.07.2020, 03:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Reign of Yunus Khan over Moghulistan in 1468–1487.

Yunus Khan Ulugh Beg of Moghulistan, the ruler of the western part of Kashgaria, Seyid Ali, died in 862/1457—58. His elder son, Sansiz Mirza, became the ruler of Yarkand, while the younger, Muhammad Haidar, ruled Kashgar. However, the former supported Yunus Khan, while the latter backed Esen-Buka. As a result, Sansiz Mirza captured Kashgar, and his ruler fled to Aksu. In 866/1462—63, Esen-Buka Khan died. Taking advantage of this, Yunus Khan, who was in Zhetikent, with the help of Abu Said,

13.07.2020, 13:40

Kurmanjan Datka

Faces of the Mountain Ruler Alaya

Description of the Mother of the People Alaya by Tageev Kurmandzhan, receiving the "military correspondent" over the years, presents herself in two of her incarnations: first, as a powerful and mighty datka in the glory of her fame, and then as a grief-stricken old woman mourning the untimely death of her beloved son. With meticulousness worthy of a professional historian, Tageev describes these faces of the Mother of the People Alaya in minute detail. For example, in Chapter IV of

06.07.2020, 20:02

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Sovereign Master of Moghulistan

The Beginning of the Formation of the Kazakh Khanate. In the second half of the 15th century, eastern Mongols penetrated into the steppe regions of Ordos and Kukonor, cutting off the Oirat's access to the markets of China. As a result, the latter began to intensify military actions towards the Turfan oasis, Mogulistan, and Central Asia. Moreover, the basis of conflicts between the Oirat princes and the khans of Mogulistan was their desire to expand their territories, increase the number

02.07.2020, 20:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Andarkhan Burial Ground

Andarkhan Burial Ground - the first monument of the Akhtam culture in southwestern Fergana. Monuments from the 1st millennium BC in the Fergana region are rare. These are small burial grounds, consisting of 5-10 mounds with stone embankments. In the Tashravat area, we have investigated two burial grounds, where heavily damaged human skeletons were discovered. The burials were made at an ancient horizon. Among the stones in the embankment, small fragments of clay vessels of the Andronovo type

23.06.2020, 12:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Esin-Buka and Other Emirs

Esan-Buka Esan-Buka, his ulusbek (Seiid Ali), and his court continued to pursue the supporters of Yunus-khan. As a result, some of the tribes of Baaryn and Churas that did not go to Samarkand migrated to the eastern outskirts of Moghulistan and recognized the authority of the Oirat leader Amansandji-Tayshi, son of Esen-Tayshi. The Kaluchi and Bulgachi tribes went to Abul-Khayr-khan in Central Kazakhstan. At the same time, Esan-Buka was not confident in the stable support of the nomadic feudal

21.06.2020, 12:10

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Unsuccessful Performances of Kyrgyz Rebels in the Second Half of 1874.

Failures of the Kyrgyz Rebels in Their Struggle Against Punitive Forces The rebels occupied the kystaks of Akhmat, Nanai, and Kuk-Yar, whose residents joined them. The uprising quickly grew. It was supported by the local Uzbek labor population, who were suffering under the oppression of the khan and his officials. The rebels approached the city of Namangan. A punitive detachment was sent against them, led by the bek of that city. However, not daring to engage with the numerous rebels, this

20.06.2020, 10:50

Kurmanjan Datka

B. L. Tagiyev, Who Immortalized the Image of Kurmandjan Datka in Literature

Boris Leonidovich Tagiyev Among the many documentary evidences that have immortalized the image of Kurmandzhan Datka, there is also a literary work. Its author was fortunate not only to meet the Alaï queen multiple times but also to be among the close acquaintances of this famous woman. We are talking about a writer who captivated Russian and Western European readers at the end of the 19th century with his remarkable essays and stories about life in Central Asia. They were mainly published in

20.06.2020, 10:21

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Iskak Hasan Uulu Pulat-Khan

Mulla-Iskak Asan oglu After the Battle of Khanabad, the Kyrgyz of the Adygine tribe, who were nomadic in the mountains located in the east of the khanate, rose up. They were joined by a part of the Kipchaks. However, their uprising did not gain widespread momentum and was soon suppressed by the khan's punitive detachment. Spontaneous, fragmented uprisings continued to flare up in various regions of southern Kyrgyzstan and in the southeast of the Kokand khanate. In the summer of 1873, the

15.06.2020, 23:01

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Aliens from the Flat Ferghana

The First Settlers Southwestern Fergana is a mountainous area that is part of the Turkestan Range and occupies its northern slopes. The region is divided into several landscape zones. The southern part features a high-altitude zone with alpine relief, while the northern part consists of parallel mountain ridges separated by longitudinal depressions or wide intermountain basins. There are two strips of depressions in the area. The northern strip includes the Tashravat depression. The southern

09.06.2020, 21:36

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Reign of Weis-Khan

Weis-Khan After Ulugh Beg's campaign in 1425, the struggle for the throne of Moghulistan between Sher Muhammad and his nephew Weis-Khan flared up with renewed vigor. According to Muhammad Haidar, the latter roamed with his followers in the regions of Turfan - Lob-Nor and engaged in plundering. One of his companions was Emir Seyid Ali, the grandson of Khudaidad. However, Weis-Khan could not remain in those areas and, apparently under pressure from local rulers, was forced to flee to the

07.06.2020, 16:12

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Uprising Led by Mamyr Mergenov in the Spring of 1873

Mamyr Mergenov — a man of humble origins The scattered uprisings of the rebels covered new areas of the Khanate, especially the southern part of Kyrgyzstan. The fight against feudal and khan oppression was joined by the ichkiliks, adyghines, tagays, munduzs, kushkas, bagyshs, basyms (kamans), karabagyshs, kytays, and several other Kyrgyz tribes and clans, as well as a significant part of the Kipchaks and the neighboring Uzbek population. In the spring of 1873, Kyrgyz nomads from the Andijan

05.06.2020, 15:50

Kurmanjan Datka

Outstanding Conqueror of Central Asia M. E. Ionov

Ataman of the Semirechye Cossack Army Mikhail Efremovich Ionov When discussing the scientific trophies of the Russian army, it is worth mentioning the name of another outstanding conqueror of Central Asia, General of the Infantry, Acting Ataman of the Semirechye Cossack Army Mikhail Efremovich Ionov. This ambitious Russian officer and researcher of Turkestan was born in 1846 into a noble family in the Oryol province. As a student of the Oryol Bakhin Cadet Corps and the 2nd Military

30.05.2020, 20:25

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The State of Tugluk-Timur or Moghulistan

Division of the Descendants of Genghis Khan into Two Warring Factions Abd ar-Razzaq al-Samarqandi, in his account of Ulugh Beg's campaign from Aksu to the Ili Valley, mentions many new geographical features. According to his narrative, the Timurids crossed the Chu River, passed through the Abar-Kaitu, Khalkun-Babish, and Kaitu-Kutal mountains, where they built a watchtower and descended into the Aru-Yari valley. They then crossed the Charun River and stopped at Guriya-Turkesh and Kuk-Bine

27.05.2020, 08:41

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Studies on the Nature of the Relationships between Farmers and Nomads

Questions of Historical Interpretation. Currently, only preliminary conclusions can be made regarding the interpretation of the zoning of the examined monuments. In the preceding period - in the second half of the 1st millennium BC - the territory of Fergana was characterized by uniform burial monuments of the Eilat culture - Aktamsk type (6th-3rd centuries BC). In the next stage, during the Davani period (2nd century BC - 5th century AD), instead of one type, one culture, at least five local

25.05.2020, 22:14