According to various estimates, between 500,000 and 800,000 people have left Kyrgyzstan since gaining independence. As a result of this mass migration outflow, the economy of the country has suffered irreparable damage. The Republic has lost tens of thousands of qualified specialists, primarily engineers, educators, medical professionals, builders, and figures from science and culture.
Over the years of independence, the processes of social development in the country have significantly affected the demographic situation and its trends. The transformation of the country's economic system has led to structural changes in the social environment — the conditions and way of life of people have changed.
Gypsum reserves are accounted for in six deposits, and extraction is carried out by small enterprises.
Ferrous metals: iron, manganese, vanadium. Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, tungsten, tin, mercury, antimony. Rare and rare earth metals: beryllium, bismuth, tantalum, niobium, gold, silver.
Oil and gas are primarily found along the borders of the Fergana Basin. To date, seven oil fields, four oil and gas fields, two gas fields, and one oil and gas condensate field are known. All developed fields are small in terms of reserves.
Coal deposits in the republic are grouped into 4 basins (Southern Fergana, Uzgen, Northern Fergana, Kavak) and 3 coal-bearing regions (Alaï, Alabuka-Chatyr-Kel, Southern Issyk-Kul). According to experts, coal reserves in Kyrgyzstan exceed 30 billion tons. Coal deposits are mainly concentrated in the Osh, Jalal-Abad, Issyk-Kul, and Naryn regions.
The territory of the republic has discovered deposits of coal, gas, and oil. Among them, coal deposits are the most widespread. In terms of coal reserves, Kyrgyzstan ranks among the leading positions in Central Asia. The deposits of oil, gas, black and non-ferrous metals, precious metals, and other minerals are quite competitive on a global scale.
Groundwater is one of the main water resources of the Kyrgyz Republic (KR). They are characterized by a high content of biologically active mineral (and less often organic) components and possess specific physicochemical properties (radioactivity, etc.), which underlie their effects on the human body and therapeutic applications.
Water is essential for electricity production: over 90% of the electricity for household consumption in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is generated by hydropower plants. As for hydropower resources, the potential of the republic is estimated at 142.5 billion kWh of possible annual electricity generation (16.3 million kW in capacity), which can serve as a basis for large-scale hydropower construction. The technically feasible hydropower resources of the republic amount to 72.9 billion kWh, of which
Water resources are vital for the economy, humans, and the environment; they are the most important natural potential influencing the development of the region's economy. Among the natural resources of Kyrgyzstan, fresh water found in glaciers occupies a significant place. Its reserves are estimated at 650 billion m³. Glaciers cover 4.2% of the country's territory. This is where the sources of the Syr Darya basin and other major rivers of Central Asia are located.
Climatic conditions, along with other factors, determine the characteristics of biological resources. What is biodiversity? It is the foundation of all natural systems that support life on Earth: water purification, oxygen and carbon replenishment, soil fertility maintenance, and provision of food and medicine. The specificity of the plant and animal world of Kyrgyzstan is defined by the relative abundance of species despite their comparatively low overall numbers.
Land Resources of Kyrgyzstan The climatic features dictate the development of agricultural sectors and farming with a high level of irrigation. The landscapes of the low semi-closed basins — Fergana, Chui, Talas — have been almost completely transformed into cultivated landscapes. Here, viticulture, horticulture, melon growing, and vegetable growing are well developed, with all cotton, tobacco, rice plantations and major areas of grain and technical crops concentrated. Rainfed and semi-rainfed
Negotiations are underway regarding the delimitation of state borders between the governmental commissions of the two countries after a long forced break. The negotiation process was interrupted in 1998 due to the internal political situation in Tajikistan, which was caused by the aftermath of the civil war in that country. A Protocol on the comprehensive consideration of bilateral issues between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (1996) has been signed, which outlines the beginning of discussions on
At the state border of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, 1400 square kilometers of area are subject to delimitation and demarcation. Of this area, 994 km² have been jointly surveyed and clarified, and 290 km² have been agreed upon. According to the information from the government commission of the Kyrgyz Republic on the delimitation and demarcation of the state border with Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, the agreed section passes through the territories of the Jalal-Abad and Talas regions of Kyrgyzstan.
The administrative-territorial demarcation of the republics of the former USSR predetermined the complexities in the process of legal formalization of state borders of the CIS countries in accordance with international practice. The main principles of this process are defined in the Agreement on the Creation of the CIS (December 8, 1991), the Almaty Declaration on the Formation of the CIS (December 21, 1991), the Minsk Declaration (February 14, 1992), treaties on eternal friendship and
The history of the formation of the modern Kyrgyz-Chinese border dates back to the second half of the 19th century, during the period of Russia's conquest of the Kokand Khanate, when the lands of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz previously captured by Kokand were gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire. Its new territories in the Central Asian-Kazakhstan region reached the borders with the Chinese Empire: the Semirechye region with its Issyk-Kul (later known as Przhevalsk) district and the
Mountains: Ak-Suu - Karavshin (Asian Patagonia)
Attractions of the city of Osh
Nature Parks and Reserves: Relict Walnut-Fruit Forests of Arslanbob Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve
Historical-Architectural and Modern Attractions, as well as Natural-Ecological Complexes Cities Naryn Kochkor Natural-Ecological Complexes: Upper Naryn Small Naryn Architectural Monuments Koshoy-Korgon Settlement (7th-8th centuries) Tash-Rabat - Caravanserai of the 15th century Mausoleum of Taylak-Batyr (19th century) Stone Age Settlement (On-Archa) Water Resources: Naryn River Lake Son-Kul Lake Chatyr-Kul Toktogul Reservoir Uch-Korgon Reservoir Kurpsay Reservoir Sarala-Saz Waterfall Son-Kul
Historical and Cultural Monuments of the City of Karakol Attractions of the Southern Shore of Issyk-Kul and Terskey Ala-Too Attractions of the Northern Shore of Lake Issyk-Kul and Kungay Ala-Too Sunken Cities and Lake Issyk-Kul
Natural and ecological complexes: Shamsi Natural Complex Ala-Archa National Park Chon-Kemin Zone Kegety Zone Issyk-Ata Zone Alamedin Zone Ala-Archa Zone
Since 1990, reforms of the judiciary of Kyrgyzstan have been underway. The following laws of the Kyrgyz Republic have been adopted: "On the Court System of the Kyrgyz SSR" (1990), "On the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan" (1992), "On the Procedure for Resolving Economic Disputes by the Arbitration Courts of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan" (1992), "On the Constitutional Court of the Kyrgyz Republic" (1993), "On Constitutional Court
The executive power in the Kyrgyz Republic is exercised by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. The Prime Minister of the Kyrgyz Republic is appointed by the President. According to the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, laws, and presidential decrees, the Prime Minister determines the main directions of government activity, organizes its work, and is personally responsible for its activities, presenting candidates for the appointment of heads of its substructures to the President. The
Jogorku Kenesh — Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic — a representative body exercising legislative power and control functions within its authority.
The Institute of the Presidency in the Kyrgyz Republic Since 1991, the institute of the presidency has gained significant authority in the Kyrgyz Republic. In modern Kyrgyzstan, it is one of the key components in the system of state power. Its rational structure and functioning are important conditions for ensuring constitutionalism in the state. In the early years of independence, a presidential-parliamentary governance system emerged based on the Constitution of the KR of 1993. It gradually
Kyrgyzstan transformed from a part of a federal state (the USSR) into a sovereign, unitary, democratic republic. There was an evolutionary shift from Soviet totalitarian statehood towards democracy with a presidential form of governance. The political leadership of the country proclaimed the establishment of a secular rule-of-law state as a direction for development, enshrined in the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic.
The foreign policy of the Kyrgyz SSR was built in accordance with the foreign policy course of the USSR. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was headed by the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the republic. The ministry's staff consisted of five to six people.
During the Soviet period, Kyrgyzstan did not have its own army; its servicemen were part of the Central Asian Military District. Conscripts served both within the district and in all union republics, as well as in a limited contingent of Soviet troops abroad. Separate military units were stationed in Kyrgyzstan, and military flight schools were located in the cities of Frunze, Tokmak, and Kant, where youth from countries friendly to the USSR were trained. After the collapse of the USSR, it was
1960-1966. Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR Certain successes were achieved in science. In the early years of Soviet power, various scientific expeditions were already operating in Kyrgyzstan. In 1928, the first Research Institute of Local Lore was established, which became the basis for the Institute of Animal Husbandry founded in 1930. By 1940, there were 13 scientific institutions in the republic, employing 323 researchers.
Before the revolution, there were 107 Russian schools in Kyrgyzstan, where, in addition to Russian children, 574 Kyrgyz students were enrolled. The fight against illiteracy took on large proportions. By 1923, there were already 323 schools, of which 251 had Kyrgyz as the language of instruction, with more than 20,000 students. Schools and courses were organized for adult education and teacher training. By 1939, the literacy rate in the republic reached 70%.
The establishment of printing and book publishing in the republic was fraught with great difficulties. There was no printing industry, a lack of journalists, and insufficient funds and paper. Initially, the publication of printed materials in the Kyrgyz language was carried out outside the republic.
The situation in Kyrgyzstan by the end of the Civil War was very difficult. In 1922, industrial production was about two-thirds of that in 1913, sown areas decreased by 45%, and livestock numbers fell by 29% compared to 1916. The difficulties of the recovery period were exacerbated by the multi-structured economy, the dominance of patriarchal-feudal relations in the ails, the lack of large-scale industry, an extensive network of railways and highways, and a low level of culture. Kyrgyzstan
Population of Kyrgyzstan from 1917 to 1970
Kyrgyzstan is rich in natural resources, with rare metal deposits of gold and sulfur-containing ores in its subsoil. The Jetim Basin contains sedimentary iron ores, with reserves of about 10 billion tons. The Southern Tien Shan has deposits of mercury, antimony, tin, and polymetals. In the Fergana Valley, oil and gas extraction is underway. In terms of geological coal reserves (31 billion tons), Kyrgyzstan ranks first in Central Asia. There are deposits of salt, gypsum, glass sands,
Administrative-territorial division of the Kyrgyz SSR as of January 1, 1972.
The establishment of Soviet power and statehood in Kyrgyzstan began after the October Revolution of 1917. This process was quite lengthy. The first to establish Soviet power in the territory of Kyrgyzstan were the miners from Suluktu, followed by the miners of the city of Kyzyl-Kiya. In the city of Osh, the power was transferred to the Soviets only in January 1918 amidst fierce opposition. In Pishpek, the establishment of Soviet power was delayed until mid-January 1918, as a powerful center of
During the period in question, Kyrgyzstan was unable to conduct any foreign policy. However, individual Kyrgyz biis, both as part of the Kokand Khanate (Kushchu-biy — mid-18th century, Nuzup-biy — 1830s, Alymbek datka — 1850s-60s, and Alymkul atalyk — 1860s) and independently, intervened in international affairs (Atake-biy, who sent an embassy to St. Petersburg in 1785-1787, Ormon-khan — 1840s-50s, Kachybek Sheralin — 1850s). These actions were aimed at establishing relations between the
Since the Kyrgyz did not have their own state formation during the period in question, there is no mention of the existence of national armed forces. However, the Kyrgyz served in the Kokand army, particularly as part of the cavalry (sipahi), which was considered the main strike force in the armed forces of the khanate. There are many examples in the history of the Kokand Khanate where Kyrgyz representatives served not only among the cavalry as sipahi and junior command staff but also in the
The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century marked an era of scientific discovery in Kyrgyzstan. To gain an advantage in the covert struggle with Great Britain for control over Kyrgyzstan, Russia allocated significant funds for a comprehensive study of this region. A number of Russian scientific institutions sent their scholars — ethnographers, historians, geographers, mining engineers, and other specialists — to these areas of Central Asia as part of regular
It is known that in the 18th century, the Kyrgyz, although rarely, used a new writing system, as evidenced by the letters of the clan leaders Atake-bi, Boorombai-baatyr to the Russian authorities. At that time, the Kyrgyz used Chagatai script in Arabic script. Among the akyns who first began to write their works in the native Kyrgyz language, the most prominent was Moldо Niyaz (1823-1896) from Kadamjai. Moldо Niyaz wrote from the philosophical perspectives of Sufism in his elegant works about
The nomadic lifestyle and patriarchal-clan way of life left an indelible mark on the material culture of the Kyrgyz. Overall, the material culture of the Kyrgyz, including housing, clothing, and decorative applied arts, remained largely at the level of the Middle Ages. Under the influence of new conditions, changes in material culture began to occur slowly. In the early 20th century, with the population transitioning to a sedentary lifestyle, new forms began to emerge in both settlements and
Agriculture. According to the legislative acts of the Russian Empire, the lands of the indigenous population were declared state property, which had significant political implications. From the very first days of governing the region, the Russian government effectively began to act as the supreme landowner. The 1886 statute legally defined land relations of the indigenous population of Turkestan, reflecting the essence of land policy in Kyrgyzstan. Although the land was generally declared
Historical information about the size of the multi-ethnic population of the Fergana Valley during the Kokand Khanate is very scarce. We will use the information provided by the orientalist A. Kun. According to the author's estimates, based on oral information from Kokand officials, in the 1870s, there were 132,000 families of settled people and 60,000 families of nomadic people living in the Fergana Valley. This amounts to 960,000 people. Considering that the nomads in the 1870s were
Even during the time of the Kokand Khanate, the wealth of the subsoil of Kyrgyzstan was well known. Local coal, limestone, iron ores, etc., were extracted. However, more accurate information about the mineral resources of Kyrgyzstan emerged during the colonial period. In the early 1890s, intensive exploration and development of coal and oil deposits began in southern Kyrgyzstan. Since 1898, coal seams were being developed in Kyzyl-Kiya — the birthplace of the mining industry in Kyrgyzstan.
During the period under consideration, the Kyrgyz population occupied approximately the same part of the territory that now constitutes the Kyrgyz Republic.
The new period of Kyrgyzstan's history spans from the 18th to the early 20th century. It can be conditionally divided into several stages.