THE SEVEN SONS OF THE OLD WOMAN Once upon a time, there lived a poor old woman who had seven sons. Each of her sons learned a special, wondrous skill. One day, the old woman said to her children: — My children, your father left behind a single bow as inheritance, and I will give it to the one of you whose skill is the best and most needed! One by one, the sons began to tell what they could do.
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION The primary animal for horseback riding since ancient times has been the horse - at. People traveled long distances faster on it than on other riding animals. In the context of extensive livestock farming, it was used for transporting pack loads. Various sources testify that the ancestors of modern Kyrgyz almost never did without horses. Figuratively speaking, sitting on a horse, people spent more time than walking on the ground. The ancient tradition of horseback
Steppe Black Cricket - Melanogryllus desertus Pall. A large insect, 12-19 mm in length, black in color, with a round hypognathous head. The mouthparts are chewing, and the antennae are longer than the body. The thorax is large, with a well-developed pronotum that covers most of the thorax from above; the lateral parts of the pronotum form lobes that cover the prothorax from the sides. The mesothorax and metathorax are closely fused, their pleural sections sharply divided by oblique or vertical
Leaders of Osh The city of Osh, as the center of the southern region of Kyrgyzstan, has always been in the spotlight of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan and the Council of Ministers, the Osh Regional Party Committee, and the City Executive Committee. Honor and glory to the former and current leaders of the republic, region, and city who made a tremendous contribution to the rise and flourishing of the economy and spiritual culture of Osh. First and foremost, it is
"MANAS": LANGUAGE AND STYLE OF THE EPIC The text is taken from B. M. Yunusaliev's article "The Kyrgyz Heroic Epic 'Manas'" The Kyrgyz people have every right to be proud of the richness and diversity of oral poetic creativity, the pinnacle of which is the epic "Manas." Unlike the epics of many other nations, "Manas" is composed entirely in verse, which further attests to the special respect the Kyrgyz have for the art of versification. The
Finger Counting Some researchers reasonably associate the cult of the hand with the fact that in the past it served as a counting mechanism. In science, this method of counting is referred to as finger counting. In this system, each finger represented a specific unit, which is why ancient traders used multiplication even when dealing with large numbers. According to one medieval author, the hands were covered with a cloth so that those around would not know the final sum of the deal. The great
The Grandeur and Dignity of Women-Mothers As mentioned above, Sunni Islam, which spread among the Kyrgyz, was subsequently adapted to local customs and rituals. In turn, this contributed to the centralization and structuring of pagan cults and beliefs at a higher level, incorporating them as subordinate elements into the overall social ideology. Despite the tenets of Islamic religious doctrine and the condemnation by Muslim mullahs, the Kyrgyz retained many elements of paganism within the
The Great Campaign. Almambet takes command of the army. Manas, riding at the head of the army, arrived at the plain of Chemuyuch, by the banks of the Chu, set up tents, and sat down to play chess. When Almambet, who was at the very end of the army, arrived and saw that everyone had unsaddled their horses, that many had undressed, made themselves shade from the sun with their capes, and carelessly collapsed to sleep, he was filled with anger. He approached Manas and said: - My Tere! What is
January Clashes of 1876 Starting from January 3, a series of major clashes occurred between the rebels and the punitive detachment. In the suburban area of Andijan — Aryk-Musulman-Kul — the punitive detachment met with strong resistance from the local residents. Before the main battle, which took place on January 8, Abdurakhman Aftobachi and his associates left the city of Andijan and took a position near the city of Assake, preparing for a new uprising with its residents. From the morning of
Ash-airan This dish is known in folk medicine as a dietary option. It is suitable for those who are on a diet. It is very healthy and low-calorie. Ingredients:
Special Wooden Vessels A characteristic type of utensils for the south (unknown in the north) are special vessels — togprocho or kurma (fig. 81, a, b, c), which have a convex tightly fitting lid, with an average height not exceeding 25—30 cm, while the width depends on the shape (they were made cylindrical, pear-shaped, conical, with a flat bottom and on trays). The walls and lid were decorated with grooves. An iron ring for a strap handle was fixed at the upper edge. The vessels were intended
DECISION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FRUNZE CITY COUNCIL OF WORKERS' DEPUTIES "ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CHIEF ARCHITECT'S OFFICE OF THE CITY OF FRUNZE" Frunze, April 27, 1946. In accordance with the approved staffing of the Chief Architect's Office of the city of Frunze, by the State Staffing Commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 8YAP-1946, the Executive Committee of the Frunze City Council of Workers' Deputies decided:
The Struggle of Koshoy with Zholoy In the morning, the banner of Koketeya Trembled again in the valley. The son of Yraman, Yrchiy-uul, Summoned all the guests to the square. — Hurry to the balban-kuresh! And whoever wins the struggle, Will be glad of their fate: They will receive a thousand horses. So promised Bokmurun himself! — Shouted the boisterous Yrchiy-uul. Then a dispute arose among the guests: They discussed the strongmen, Who could in a strength contest Glorify the family honor. But
One-spined mole cricket - Gryllotalpa unispina Sauss. Large brown insects with velvety bodies, small heads, short antennae, and digging front legs that resemble the front paws of a mole (the literal translation of the Latin name for mole crickets is "cricket-mole"). Mole crickets are capable of flying, but they need sufficiently warm air to take off; otherwise, their wing muscles cannot function, which is why they fly rarely. They swim well. During the day, mole crickets hide in
Failures of Abdallah The Yarkend court learned about the settlement of the Kalmyks in the Atbash Valley, and Abdallah decided to act against them. This raises the question: when did the Kalmyks appear in this area? As is known, the Dzungar Khanate was established in 1635. Its founder was the son of the Choros prince Khara-Khula, Batur-Khuntaiji. He organized three campaigns (in 1635, 1643, and 1652) against the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The first of these was directed towards Turkestan. There is
BEKZHAL AND THE BIRD ZYMYRYK In ancient times, a khan had a wonderful bird named Zymyryk. Every morning, the bird would tell the khan what was happening on earth. One day, the bird Zymyryk disappeared. The khan was very sad and sent his horsemen in all directions to search for the marvelous bird. But the horsemen could not find it. Then the khan gathered the people and announced: — Whoever finds the bird Zymyryk will receive half of my wealth.
Metal Processing by Kyrgyz Another material used for making dishes and household items was metal. The processing of metal has been known to the Kyrgyz for a long time. It is one of the ancient types of decorative applied art, relatively well-developed among the tribes that lived in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan since ancient times. As early as the mid-2nd millennium BC, in some areas of present-day Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, herders and livestock breeders familiar with metalworking
Archives in Osh The archive has always been a repository of the history of the people, the state, and individual personalities. Without an archive, there is no history. That is why an archival service was organized from the very first day of the formation of the city of Osh. The archival department in the city was established in 1940. It concentrated all the documents of the city authorities and regional organizations. The party archive was organized in 1941. Here, 738 primary party and 561
“Winter Expedition” of the Tsarist Colonial Administration The Tsarist colonial administration decided to finally suppress the uprising and teach its participants a lesson that they would remember for a long time. To this end, it mobilized almost all available military forces. A new punitive detachment was formed under the command of General Skobolev, who had significant experience in suppressing popular uprisings. It was called the “Winter Detachment” or “Winter Expedition.” It consisted of a
MYTHOLOGY AND FANTASY Alongside battle episodes and social-domestic events, the motifs of mythology and fantasy occupy a prominent place in "Manas," which undoubtedly represent the most ancient elements in the epic. We consider it necessary to dwell on them for a while, although a more detailed analysis of this issue should be dedicated to a special work. In both versions of Manas, many battle episodes and descriptions of social-domestic events intertwine with myths and fairy tales.
On the Semantics of Pendants. Many archaeologists, when preparing the aforementioned finds for publication, often limit themselves to merely stating the fact of the discovery and providing a superficial description, while these pendants-amulets had a close connection with the complex worldview system of the Iranian and other ethnic groups of Central Asia. It seems that the interest in the function and role of the hand as a tool of creation did not arise immediately. F. Engels, speaking about
ORDER OF THE HEAD OF THE MAIN DEPARTMENT OF LABOR RESERVES UNDER THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR "ON THE ORGANIZATION OF A VOCATIONAL SCHOOL FOR PRINTERS IN FRUNZE, KYRGYZ SSR" Moscow, February 22, 1946 In addition to the order dated October 9, 1945, No. 4371-e, I order:
Incorporation into Islamic Civilization From the perspective of formal adherence to Islamic customs, the Kyrgyz did not leave the best impression on many Russian travelers. For example, Chokan Valikhanov wrote in his works: “All the wild stone Kyrgyz profess the Muslim religion or, rather, call themselves Muslims, not knowing either the dogmas of faith or its requirements. All their rituals and beliefs still retain a complete shade of shamanism, which is held in great esteem in this horde, and
The Great Campaign. Setting Out on the Campaign. In the morning, Manas distributed to all the arriving warriors from his herds a pair of spirited steeds: one stallion for breeding the herds, and one mare for slaughter. All the warriors were led in a line past the counters, and it turned out there were three million of them. When the army set out, Manas and his forty choro saddled their horses and rode out from the Akylay palace. Manas rode with a frown, troubled. Alma understood the reason for
Woodworking Production Wooden products held a significant place in the economic life of the Kyrgyz and their daily lives in the 19th century. Kyrgyz woodworking masters (zhyjach usta) crafted agricultural tools, including those for soil cultivation ("omach"), shovels, forks (besh-ilik), as well as sledges ("chiyna"), sleds ("chigina"), and saddles (eer). They produced wooden items used in domestic production: parts of weaving looms, spindles, sharpening machines,
Köche To prepare this dish in ancient times, corn, wheat, or barley was ground in a mortar. The grain was placed in the mortar, slightly moistened with water, and pounded until the husk separated. The crushed grain was sifted through a coarse sieve and then soaked in water for 5 to 6 hours. In some regions, this method of preparing grain is still used.
Khan Abdallah's Campaign Against the Kyrgyz Abdallah planned to replace the emirs and officials who served the previous khans with new ones loyal to him. However, they anticipated his secret plot and advised him to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca. Abdallah once set out for Yarkand accompanied by those he wished to elevate. At that time, the elder son of the khan, the governor of Kashgar, Yulbars, was heading to Yarkand, and in the village of Kara-Khiyadzhadzh, the emirs who came out to
Common Trumpeter - Oecanthus pellucens Scop. The trumpeter is a relative of crickets and grasshoppers. Its body is narrow and elongated; it can be greenish-yellow, yellow, or light brown, with no black stripe on the underside. The body length of males is 10.1—12.8 mm, and for females, it is 11.3—13.8 mm. The head is narrower than the pronotum, usually with two sharp narrow black spots behind the eyes. The length of the pronotum in males is 2.1—2.3 mm, and in females, it is 2.2—2.4 mm; its
Shooting at the Golden Jamba The return of the galloping horses, Will take seven or eight days. And it was necessary to entertain The guests with games and spectacles. They hung on two pines With thin silk strings A jamba made of gold ingot. A diamond inserted in a circle Shines and tempts the eye. And if you break the silk strings With a bullet or an arrow — The golden ingot with the diamond Will be yours for accuracy! The guests shot hundreds of times, Squinting their keen eyes, But no one
Makmut In ancient times, there lived a man named Makmut. Makmut was not foolish, but he was weak and frail. He and his wife lived in poverty. They only had goats. Every day, Makmut would take his goats to pasture. His wife would send him off with a jug of sour milk. But as soon as Makmut reached the pasture, a fox would appear. With a swipe of its tail, the fox would knock Makmut to the ground and drink the sour milk from the jug. Following the fox, a wolf would come and attack the goats.
Central and Local Periodical Press in Osh The development of the economy and culture of the city of Osh has been significantly influenced by both the central and local periodical press. On April 12, 1932, the first issue of the newspaper "Kommunist" in Uzbek was published in the city of Osh — the organ of the Kirghiz Regional Committee and the Aravan-Burinsky District Committee of the VKP(b). The newspaper "Kommunist" was the first printed organ published in the Uzbek
RESOLUTION OF THE SOVIET PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT OF THE KYRGYZ SSR AND THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY (BOLSHEVIKS) OF KYRGYZSTAN "ON THE COMMEMORATION OF THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SCIENTIFIC, PEDAGOGICAL, AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES OF ACADEMICIAN SKRYABIN KONSTANTIN IVANOVICH" Frunze, November 3, 1945 In connection with the upcoming 40th anniversary of the scientific, pedagogical, and social activities of the Chairman of the Presidium of the Kyrgyz Branch of the USSR
Production of dishes and household items from wood. The materials used were juniper, willow (tal), birch (kayin), poplar (terek), apricot (oruk), and walnut (jangak) trees. Techniques such as turning, hollowing, burning, and bending were applied. Woodworkers (жыгач уст) manually used a knife (uйди) and a lathe (кырма, дукён) to make large round wooden plates (жыгач табак) with a flat bottom and wide upward-curved edges (Burkovsky, 1954, p. 89) and large deep bowls чара (diameter 40 to 50 cm,
The Great Campaign. The Start of the Campaign. At the appointed time set by Manas, after forty days, an army began to gather from all sides: from Altyshaar came Jamgyrchy with a seven-hundred-thousand strong army, from Khotan - Tyoshtyuk with a hundred-thousand strong army, from Kemina - Urby with a two-hundred-thousand strong army, from Sarnarka - Kökche with a million-strong army, from Samarkand - Synchibek with a nine-hundred-thousand strong army, from Bukhara - Muzburchak with a
Heroic Resistance of the Uprising Kyrgyz At the end of November, despite his serious wound received in the battle near Andijan, Pulat-Khan moved from Assak, where he had been for about two months, to the city of Margilan. Along with him, up to 4,000 uprising Kyrgyz with 14 guns arrived in the city. The Margilan residents greeted them with joy. As emphasized by the commander of the punitive detachment Skobelev, who by this time had received the rank of general at the end of 1875 and at the
The Influence of Kokand Colonization on the Kyrgyz The Kokandis encouraged the Kyrgyz to settle in specific locations, forming sedentary or semi-sedentary kystaks. The Kyrgyz came under the constant attention and control of khan's officials, and their wintering habits tied them to certain places; in the event of uprisings or revolts, the Kyrgyz found themselves surrounded by Kokand forces. Animal husbandry was also promoted by the Kokandis, as the army needed cavalry, and the settled
Internet in Kyrgyzstan As of today, there are 75 internet providers operating in Kyrgyzstan, with a total of 5,774,869 subscribers, of which 88.8% are mobile internet users. Wired internet is accessible to 600,000 subscribers, which constitutes 9.23% of the total. The Megacom trademark is owned by the company "Alfa Telecom".
Green Grasshopper - Tettigonia viridissima L. The body of this grasshopper is almost entirely green, sometimes with brown spots on the chest and wings. The wings are very long, extending far beyond the end of the abdomen. The antennae are very thin, longer than the body. The body length can reach up to 40 mm. This is the grasshopper referred to in the famous song: "There sat a grasshopper in the grass... he was green..." Grasshoppers produce their chirping by rubbing their forewings
Another type of pendants Finally, there is a fifth type of pendants. However, they are of later origin. In turn, they are divided into two subtypes: 1. Primitive metal claw-shaped pendants, originating from individual monuments in northeastern Kazakhstan, the Khakass-Minusinsk basin, Mingechaur, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, and several monuments of Ancient Iran. The Minusinsk claw-shaped pendants, named Karasuk ones, were made by stamping or cut from sheet iron or silver. Their sizes range from 6
RESOLUTION OF THE BUREAU OF THE FRUNZE CITY COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY (BOLSHEVIKS) OF KYRGYZSTAN “ON THE CLEANING AND ORDERING OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF THE CITY OF FRUNZE” City of Frunze, October 31, 1945. As a result of insufficient efforts by the district executive committees, the city communal department, and the police to maintain cleanliness in the city, the irrigation network, streets, and squares of the city have become heavily polluted, especially due to the significant leaf
Silver Jewelry Among the Kyrgyz In the past, Kyrgyz jewelers widely used the technique of inlaying silver items with various gemstones. These were set into decorations for harnesses, rings, earrings, and bracelets. Masters acquired carnelian (akak) for this purpose. Coral red beads (shuru) were especially popular in women's jewelry. The ancient tradition of decorating with carnelian in the territory of Kyrgyzstan is evidenced by finds from the Kenkol burial ground. Here, "silver
Abdallah's Campaigns Against Neighboring Countries While Abdallah's predecessors fought among themselves within Eastern Turkestan, he organized military campaigns against neighboring countries. In 1050/1640-41, the khan set out for Bolor (now Nuristan, a significant part of which is in Afghanistan) and Badakhshan for this purpose. In this campaign, Abdallah subdued Badakhshan and forced the ruler of Bolor, Shah-Babur, to pay a large ransom. The khan conducted a raiding campaign on
Zhenmomo (dough balls) The basis of various flour dishes is dough. The Kyrgyz people have long prepared hot dishes using dough. Here is another product made from dough Ingredients
The Idea of the Unity of Deities The storytellers of "Manas," like shamans and mullahs, also performed the functions of a healer. This is known from the biographical data of the storytellers Keldibek and Sagymbay. Can we conclude from all this that the storytellers of "Manas" inherited these customs from shamans or imitated mullahs? In our opinion, the reason lies deeper. Here, the same idea of selection is at play, which was wonderfully analyzed by the famous ethnographer,
Various Unions of the City of Osh The Union of Artists of Osh was established in 1977. The first members of the Union were artists U. Akhunov, I. Akimov, V. Shafeev, I. Toktosunov, A. Kim, Yu. Seleznev, A. Nafikov, and others. The first chairman of the Union of Artists was Aman Asrankulov, who led it for over 30 years, and all the activities of the Union were associated with his name. Art historian Tamara Kadyrbaeva, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in 1979, thoroughly
THE GOOD MAN AND THE ENVIOUS MAN Once upon a time, a good man and an envious man set off together on a long journey. They traveled and traveled, and soon ran out of food. Then the envious man said to the good man: — Kill your horse, and the next time I need to, I will kill mine.
TRADITIONAL UTENSILS The focus and nature of domestic crafts were determined by the nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the people and were mainly related to the processing of livestock products. They differed from those of settled peoples - the craft did not have a workshop organization of production. Typical were individual craftsmen working alone. Some of them did not even have a special room (Burkovsky 1954, p. 85). In the closed cycle of the domestic craft process, any able-bodied
Typology of Knuckles - Pendants. They can be conditionally divided into four types; 1. Knuckles, carved or cast from bronze or gold, with a loop at the end of the elbow or simply with a hole. 2. Knuckles, carved or cast from Egyptian faience with a tubular opening for subsequent attachment to a pointed object, specifically, a non-wooden rod.