Kurmanjan Datka

Waqf - One of the Original Forms of Land Ownership

When examining the documents regarding the waqf of the Alymbek madrasa, it is hard not to agree that the founders of such property were not only sedentary agriculturalists but also nomadic feudal lords. The representatives of the poor had a completely different attitude towards this form of land ownership. They viewed waqf as a tool of cruel exploitation. This traditional attitude was reflected in the preservation of certain rituals.

10.05.2022, 08:57

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Establishment of the Pishpek Branch of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz Party "Alash-Orda"

Soon A. Sydykov resigned, as the Provisional Government disappointed the expectations of the indigenous masses and did not stop the repressions. By its decree of March 14, 1917, it upheld all imperial decrees that protected colonial orders: "all acts of the supreme administration that occurred before February 27 are to be considered legal." On April 19, the Turkestan Committee of the Provisional Government adopted a resolution prohibiting Kyrgyz and Kazakh refugees from China from

07.05.2022, 08:18

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Difficult Situation with Electricity Supply in the First Period of World War II in Kyrgyzstan

On September 12, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz SSR established a new housing norm in cities — 5 square meters instead of the previously accepted 8.25 square meters. This allowed for the accommodation of only 1,200 families of evacuees and military personnel in Frunze through densification. Alongside this, residential buildings of simplified types — barracks, dormitories, and semi-earth houses — were being constructed everywhere. Workers and employees of relocated

05.05.2022, 21:15

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The 1916 Uprising - An Important Role in the Life of the Kyrgyz People

Speech by the residents of Uzgen On July 25, the residents of Uzgen spoke out. The protest lasted until July 29. Participants, armed with sickles, pitchforks, sticks, and other tools, threatened to kill the village elders and demanded the issuance of household lists. Fifteen police officers and a punitive detachment who arrived at the scene did not dare to use weapons and engage in battle with the rebels, and were forced to lock themselves in the office of the volost administration. The

02.05.2022, 20:05

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The future People's Commissar of Education of the Kirghiz ASSR, Tokchoro Joldoshev

“I AM A COMMUNIST!..”

01.05.2022, 20:01

Shabdan Baatyr

Report of Colonel Wittgenstein on the Battle with the Kyrgyz of the Shairchi Clan

REPORT OF THE COMMANDER OF THE FLYING DETACHMENT COLONEL WITTGENSTEIN TO THE COMMANDER OF THE FORCES OF THE FERGHANA REGION MAJOR GENERAL M. D. SKOBELEV ON THE BATTLE WITH THE KYRGYZ OF THE SHAIRCHI CLAN IN THE MAZAR AREA September 7, 1876. I have the honor to report to Your Excellency that on September 7, after spending the night at the Dussman bivouac, I divided the detachment entrusted to me into two parts: one, consisting of the 1st company of the 1st Turkestan Rifle Battalion, the

26.04.2022, 12:48

Kurmanjan Datka

The Establishment of Agricultural Legislation in Turkestan

Viability of Waqf Institutions As the volost manager and mutawalli of the Alymbek Datka madrasa, Hasanbek had numerous opportunities for various abuses, which he did not hesitate to exploit. The villagers who cultivated the waqf land until 1898 (according to other sources, until 1894) paid rent to the waqf institution. As a result, by the end of the 19th century, even the biased imperial court initiated a legal case against the abuses of volost manager Hasanbek based on complaints from the

25.04.2022, 09:16

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The Parties "Alash," "Turan," "Shuro-Islamiya," and Others in Kyrgyzstan in the Early 20th Century

Struggle for Power Among Individual Exploitative Groups With the overthrow of Tsarism (according to political scientist Zh. Medvedev, the February Revolution occurred without the participation of any parties or revolutionaries, driven by the spontaneous discontent of the residents of Petrograd and Moscow due to the sharp devaluation of the ruble, which caused hunger), the illusion revived in Kyrgyzstan that the new power would end mass repressions. The only desire of the Kyrgyz in this

23.04.2022, 13:44

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Reception, Placement, and Employment of Evacuated Population in Kyrgyzstan

Mobilization of All Internal Resources of the Kyrgyz SSR Speedy construction methods, which originated in the pre-war years, were particularly widely applied during the war and became one of the most important conditions for the rapid commissioning of evacuated enterprises and new industrial construction in deep rear areas. This gigantic work was accompanied by enormous difficulties. The volume of investments in the national economy of the republic decreased from 206 million rubles in 1940 to

21.04.2022, 21:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The State Structure of Mogulistan

State Structure In written sources, the state of Mogulistan or its regions, occupied by tribes and clan associations, were referred to as vilayet, bilad, mamlakat, yurt, ulus, and el (il). These terms were used in conjunction with the names of khans, rulers, or ethnonyms. The head of state was the khan, whose throne was inherited. He was elected by the emirs, leaders of tribes headed by the ulusbek of the country. The strength of the khan's power depended on the state of external and

19.04.2022, 23:53

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The 1916 Uprising in the Osh District

The Uprising of 1916 in Kyrgyzstan The Uprising of 1916 in Kyrgyzstan was an organic part of the movement of the peoples of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and some other national outskirts of Tsarist Russia, involving more than 10 million people. In Kyrgyzstan, especially in its northern regions, where the indigenous population was displaced from their settled lands, it took on an unprecedented scale and mass character. The protests here were marked by their duration and persistence. This uprising,

18.04.2022, 11:24

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The title translates to "Hymn to Stalin."

Poetic Wordplay In 1936, the best poetic talents of Kyrgyzstan wrote, approved by the highest body of the republican party organization, and published in mass circulation a poem. Different feelings arose while reading it. It is quite long, so we will provide only excerpts. Here it is: “Letter from the workers of Kyrgyzstan to the great leader of the peoples, the father of all workers, Comrade Stalin”: ~You are the spring of our life, Stalin. You are the fortress of our life, Our glorious

17.04.2022, 07:38

Shabdan Baatyr

Certificate of Awarding Shabdan Djantaev the First-Class Robe

CERTIFICATE OF AWARD FOR SPECIAL MERITS OF MANAP OF TOKMAK DISTRICT SHABDAN JANTAEV WITH A FIRST-CLASS ROBE City of Khojent, October 24, 1875. In consideration of your special merits, as certified by the authorities, I, by the power granted to me, award you a first-class robe and hope that you will always be distinguished by diligence. Given in the city of Khojent on the 24th day of October 1875. Turkestan General-Governor, General-Adjutant Von Kaufman, Head of the Office, Major General

14.04.2022, 13:49

Kurmanjan Datka

Preservation of the Waqf of Alimbek after the Fall of the Kokand Khanate

Attempts to Circumvent Legislation on the Expansion of Waqf The conversion of real estate into waqf, as noted above, served as a guarantee of the inviolability of property from encroachments by khans and other feudal lords. This inviolability extended to waqf property in the early years after the annexation of Fergana to Russia. A sufficient illustration of this is the following fact. The land in the Bash-Bulak area, which was owned by Abdullabek as a private owner, where peasants lived with

11.04.2022, 22:52

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Family tradition started by Baitik Kunaev

Explanation of A. Sydykov's Service in the Tsarist Administration The search for one's place in life — this can explain A. Sydykov's service in the colonial administration. Working in the administration, due to the lack of other significant cultural centers in Bishkek, opened up opportunities for A. Sydykov to engage in a more diverse civic life. As the son of very wealthy and influential parents, he was unlikely to be preoccupied with the desire for wealth. According to his

09.04.2022, 21:17

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Construction of Factories and Plants in the Rear of the USSR - Kyrgyzstan

Industrial Construction in All Rear Areas of the Soviet Union In the Kyrgyz SSR, as in all rear areas of the Soviet Union, industrial construction did not stop for a single day. Factories and plants, mines and quarries, power stations and railways were put into operation at an accelerated pace, contributing to the strengthening and expansion of the military-economic base of the country. In January 1942, the construction of the Aktuz lead mine, which had begun in the pre-war years, was

08.04.2022, 20:32

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Trade of the Population of Mogulistan and Moguliyah

Trade in Mogulistan Very little is mentioned in the sources about the trade of the population of Mogulistan and Moghulia, as well as about their crafts. Abd ar-Rashid, upon becoming khan, sent a decree to the troops in Tibet to return to Yarkand, stating that "those who refuse to comply with this order, their family members will be sold to the Kyrgyz in exchange for horses."

04.04.2022, 23:37

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Penetration of Revolutionary Ideas into the Masses of Turkestan

Propaganda of proletarian ideas in Turkestan by political exiles Political exiles, especially social democrats and other revolutionarily inclined individuals, despite their extreme scarcity and disorganization, engaged in political work even with their limited capabilities and called upon the local workers to fight against the tsarist autocracy. They sought, to some extent, to establish connections with social democratic organizations in the central industrial cities of the country, from which

03.04.2022, 11:21

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Arrest of O. Tyanaev

Victim of a Monstrous Accusation For his "right-opportunistic speech at the plenum of the Kirobkom of the party," O. Tynaev was expelled from the ranks of the party by the regional control commission of the VKP(b). However, the decision to expel O. Tynaev from the party was not approved by the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b).

02.04.2022, 23:30

Shabdan Baatyr

Report on the Arrival of Representatives of the Rebel Kokand Kyrgyz in the City of Verny and the Attitude of the Turkestan Administration Towards the Rebels

REPORT OF THE ACTING TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR, LIEUTENANT GENERAL G. A. KOLPAKOVSKY TO THE TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR K. P. KAUFMAN ON THE ARRIVAL OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REBELLIOUS KOKAND KYRGYZ IN THE CITY OF VERNY AND ON THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE REBELS BY THE TURKESTAN ADMINISTRATION November 15, 1873 These documents are not published.

01.04.2022, 15:15

Kurmanjan Datka

The Title of the Khan's Certificate of Exoneration: Inoyat-name

Certificates of Inoyat-name As seen from the land tax survey journal of the Fergana region for 1905 and the interrogation protocol from 1907, mutawaliya Hasan-bek (brother of Abdullabek) stated that each plot consisted of about seven tanaps of urban land. There were 161 trading shops on them. In the same year, 1875, Khudoyar-khan issued a special document freeing the mentioned lands, as well as the donated trading shops, from taxes. Abdullabek was issued the following exonerating Khan's

30.03.2022, 12:25

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Historical Perspective of the Kyrgyz People under Soviet Power

The Achievement of Greatness by A. Sydykov Thanks to the Soviet System The fate of A. Sydykov and many of his associates compels a reevaluation of the role of Kyrgyz civil servants. From the perspective of the Bolsheviks, all these people were initially "fellow travelers," "adaptors," "bloodsuckers." Later, these labels transformed into the specter of the "enemy of the people." The Bolsheviks hated the civil servants of the old regime. They were to

28.03.2022, 09:41

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Evacuation of Industry to the Territory of Kyrgyzstan

Placement and Restoration of Relocated Factories and Plants in Kyrgyzstan In the summer of 1942, due to the breakthrough of German-fascist troops in the southeast direction, it became necessary to evacuate the population, part of the industrial enterprises, collective farm property, and cultural values from the war zone to the East once again. From June to December 1942, equipment from the vegetable-canning plant in the city of Kharabali, Astrakhan region, the alcohol plant (city of Ertil) and

27.03.2022, 10:42

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Cities of Moghulistan

Cities of Mogulistan Before the Mongol invasion, there were many cities of various sizes in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan and Semirechye. The largest among them were Taraz, Balasagun, Almalyk, Kayalyk, and Ilibalyk. During the rule of the Chagatai khans and Haidu, they continued to exist but gradually began to lose their former economic and political significance.

24.03.2022, 20:44

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Political Exiles in Turkestan

Turkestan - A Place of Exile for Political Prisoners The penetration and spread of revolutionary ideas were facilitated by the friendly relations between the indigenous population and Russian labor migrants, which arose and developed through their everyday and long-term economic, domestic, and cultural interactions, despite the chauvinistic policies of the tsarist authorities and the nationalist actions of local exploiters. Moreover, the brutal oppressive policies of colonial authorities and

22.03.2022, 20:09

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The Accusation of O. Tyanaev in Antiparty Sins at the Second Plenary Session of the Kyarobkom of the VKP(b)

Accusation of Tynaev in Right-Opportunistic Sins After the abolition of the district, at the age of 26, Osmon was appointed as the secretary of the Jalal-Abad district party committee. However, he did not have long to work in his new position. Three months after his appointment, he was removed from office.

21.03.2022, 13:35

Shabdan Baatyr

Report by Kolpakovsky on the Arrival of Representatives of the Rebel Kokand Kyrgyz to the Russian Authorities

REPORT OF THE ACTING TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR LIEUTENANT GENERAL G. A. KOLPAKOVSKY TO THE TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR K. P. KAUFMAN ON THE ARRIVAL OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REBELLIOUS KOKAND KYRGYZ TO THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES November 12, 1873 The acting military governor of the Syrdarya region, Major General Eiler, informed me by telegram that deputies from the Kokand Kyrgyz, dissatisfied with Khudoyar Khan, had appeared before the district chief of Khojent and were asking him what position

19.03.2022, 11:27

Kurmanjan Datka

Evasion of Tax Payments by Waqf Founders

Waqf Documents Undoubtedly, the waqf madrasa of Alymbek is one of the largest agricultural estates of the feudal lord, but not the only one. The fact that Alymbek had, in addition to the waqf property, other plots of land in the same Fergana can be inferred from the repeatedly encountered mentions in waqf documents (waqf-nama) and purchase deeds (vasikas) regarding Alymbek's land parcels bordering other properties.

17.03.2022, 19:28

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The High Political Mission of A. Sydykov

City of Verny Years of Study in Verny At his father's insistence, from 1904 to 1911, Abdykerim studied at the Vernensky Men's Gymnasium — a privileged educational institution of European type. The only similar gymnasium in all of Turkestan was located in Tashkent; later, they were opened in Bishkek and Aulie-Ata. Applicants for admission were required to know prayers, be able to read and write in Russian, and perform arithmetic operations within a thousand. Mandatory subjects at the

10.03.2022, 12:45

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

The National Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic on Military Tracks

High Rates of Defense Production Industrial enterprises quickly adapted to the production of goods necessary to meet military needs. In July 1941, the Frunze Mechanical Plant was tasked with organizing the manufacture of special orders for the front. Workers, engineers, and technicians exerted all their efforts and mastered their production in the shortest possible time. Examples of selfless labor were shown by skilled workers: lathe operator Mavrin, who consistently produced four norms daily,

02.03.2022, 22:24

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Social Structure in Moghulistan

Social Structure The country had a feudal system and land grants. Sources mention the yurts of Kamar ad-Din in the Ili Valley, Enge-tora — Karatal (see above), and Jahan-shah Duglat from Jumgal to the San-Tash Pass. However, under the conditions of invasion (by Timur), conflicts, and internal strife, the feudal lords did not have permanent, clearly defined pastures. There is no data in the sources about other categories of land ownership—absolute property (milk), khan's (inju), waqf, and

28.02.2022, 18:27

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Rebellion Against the Colonial Foundations of Tsarist Autocracy

National Liberation Uprising The uprising we are interested in took on a religious guise; however, this did not significantly affect the nature of the uprising. The rebels fought against colonial oppression for national freedom, not for the religion of Islam. It is worth noting that the insurgents did not harm Russian peasants who practiced a different religion. They attacked the tsarist military personnel, seeing in them the enforcers of colonial power, not because they were Russian and

27.02.2022, 21:13

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Party Work of O. Tynaev

O. Tynaev's Resume Those who have delved into the history of the country during those years know that frequent shifts, reshuffles, and personnel changes were a favorite method of Stalin's cadre management. In Kyrgyzstan, the situation was complicated by a severe shortage of literate workers from the indigenous population. In an attempt to patch up all the gaps, available personnel were transferred from one position to another. O. Tynaev is no exception. Here is his resume. At the 3rd

26.02.2022, 13:03

Shabdan Baatyr

Report of the Chief of Khojent District Baron N. Nolde to the Military Governor of Syrdarya Region Major General P. K. Eiler

REPORT OF THE HEAD OF KHOJENT DISTRICT BARON N. NOLDE TO THE MILITARY GOVERNOR OF SYRDARYA REGION MAJOR GENERAL P. K. EILER ON THE APPEAL OF THE KOKAND KIRGIZS REQUESTING TO EXPRESS THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES' POSITION ON THEIR POSSIBLE REBELLION AGAINST THE KOKAND YOKE City of Khojent, November 2, 1873. Your Excellency Peter Konstantinovich!

24.02.2022, 23:39

Kurmanjan Datka

Waqf Medrese of Alymbek

Mutawalli of the Waqf Thus, from the mentioned documents, it is clear that Alimbek, having constructed the main canal, distributed land in small plots (in "cheks") to the population with the condition of fulfilling tax obligations in favor of the waqf. Apparently, initially only the household, or in modern terms, the homestead plot of two tanaps was exempt from taxes in the cheking economy. It can be assumed that these tax-exempt plots from each household were not merely a form of

23.02.2022, 14:30

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The Formation of Abdikerim's Personality

Master of Political Game Baitik, Uzbek, and Abdikerim were destined to become masters of the political game. While the first believed he should not yield to anyone in military valor, and the second fought primarily through propaganda, diplomacy, and even bribery, the third, being a subtle and observant psychologist, skillfully smoothed over all rough edges, supported friends, swayed the undecided to his side, attracted others with his external appearance and personal charm, sharp mind, and

21.02.2022, 09:56

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Mobilization National Economic Plan of 1941

First Wartime Plan On June 30, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the first wartime plan — the mobilization national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941. It envisaged an increase in military production by 26% compared to the quarterly plan of peacetime. Among the priority over-plan constructions for 1941 was the construction of the Tokmak Automobile Repair Plant of the People's Commissariat of Motor Transport of the Kyrgyz SSR and the completion of

19.02.2022, 10:58

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Cattle Breeding in Moghulistan

Horse Breeding and Sheep Farming Cattle breeding was the main occupation of the population of Mogulistan. Regarding its significance, Mahmud ibn Wali writes: “The everyday means of their existence, both in food and clothing, are horses and sheep, especially horse meat and horse milk, called kumis, (as well as) the wool and skin of these animals. The existence of the leaders of the tribes also depends on them.” From this account, it is evident that the main branches of cattle breeding were

18.02.2022, 18:32

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Who is Madali Ishan?

Military Prosecutor of the Turkestan Military District Court, Major General Dolinsky on Madali Ishan Madali Ishan was a representative of the working class. He was born in 1853 in the village of Min-Tyube in the Margilan district. The military prosecutor of the Turkestan Military District Court, Major General Dolinsky, who interrogated Madali Ishan and sentenced him to death by hanging in his report dated August 21, 1898, wrote: "His father (Madali Ishan's—K.U.) Muhammad Sabyr was a

17.02.2022, 11:25

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The Life and Tragedy of Osmon Tynaev

Russian-Indigenous School in Kyrgyzstan Osmon Tynaev It is known that alongside such political labels of Stalinist origin as "Abdrahmanovshchina" and "Silykovshchina," in the 1930s, the term "Tynaevshchina" was widely used, instilling fear in ideologically "virgin" communists. Osmon Tynaev was born in 1904 in the village of Kungey, Ak-Suu volost of the Karakol district (now the village of Temirovka in the Issyk-Kul region). "My parents," Osmon

16.02.2022, 23:31

Shabdan Baatyr

Report to the Governor of the Semirechye Region on the Extraordinary Congresses of Susamyr and Sonkul

REPORT OF THE SENIOR OFFICIAL FOR SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS OF ARTILLERY CAPTAIN REINTAL TO THE MILITARY GOVERNOR OF THE SEMIRECHYE REGION ON THE EXTRAORDINARY CONGRESSES OF SUSAMYR AND SON-KUL March 7, 1870 The deviation from the rules outlined in the project (Regulations on Extraordinary Congresses) at the Susamyr and Son-Kul congresses lies in the fact that the most significant decisions were made not by the bies, but by influential individuals with the worst intentions and selfish motives. The

14.02.2022, 21:02

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz Waqf of the 19th Century

Kyrgyz Vakf The so-called Kyrgyz vakf of the 19th century is not an exceptional phenomenon, although it is quite rare and has barely taken shape. Several types of such vakf are known. All of them are not characteristic of nomadic pastoralism, as they are exclusively related to agriculture. Having acquired such an uncharacteristic form of property for nomads, Alymbek and his heirs did not limit themselves to registering just one land parcel as a vakf. The Fergana regional administration

13.02.2022, 19:34

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Abdykerim Sydykov and His Ancestors

“Fathers and Sons” Remembering what has been said, let us try to determine the scale of the personality of the famous Kyrgyz politician of the 1920s and 1930s, Abdykerim Sydykov, and his associates, as their fates and the life of society are interconnected far from formally. The forty-nine years of Abdykerim Sydykov's life, whose personal contribution to the history of the Kyrgyz people was distorted and silenced by the Soviet system and its ideologized history for many decades, were

09.02.2022, 14:46

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Reconstruction of Industry and Transport in Kyrgyzstan for Military Purposes

Everything for the Defeat of Fascist Aggressors From the very first days of the war, the efforts of the party and the people, local councils, trade unions, the Komsomol, and other public organizations were focused on the main task and primary goal — the armed defense of the socialist homeland and the defeat of fascist aggressors. They persistently and purposefully implemented the transition of all sectors of the socialist economy of the republic to a military footing, mobilizing material,

08.02.2022, 07:59

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Agriculture in Eastern Turkestan

The Role of Melon and Fruit Cultivation in Eastern Turkestan. Agriculture in Eastern Turkestan was in a different state. Overall, it played a leading role, while livestock farming was in second place. In the oases of Chalysh, Turfan, Keriya, Yarkand, Aksu, Kuqa, Hotan, and Kashgar, wheat, barley, rice, and corn were cultivated. In the economic life of the region's population, melon and fruit cultivation played a significant role. Mahmud ibn Wali wrote: "In the vicinity of that city

06.02.2022, 12:15

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Heterogeneous Social Composition of the Performance of the Peoples of Central Asia in May 1898.

The Heterogeneous Social Composition of the Uprising of the Peoples of Central Asia in May 1898 In summarizing works such as "Essays on the History of the Communist Party of Turkestan," "History of the Kirghiz SSR," "History of the Tajik SSR," and "History of the Uzbek SSR," the uprising of the peoples of Central Asia in May 1898 is characterized as a national liberation uprising. The overwhelming majority of historians consider this uprising to be a

05.02.2022, 13:55

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The Beginning of a Wide Campaign to Identify the "Enemies" of the Party and the People

Organized Repressions in the Country One should not fall into extremes when addressing history and evaluating its figures. Both the ostracism of Bukharin, Rykov, Tomsky, Kamenev, and Zinoviev in previous years, and their excessive idealization in recent times distort historical truth. They sought their position along a different path of the country's development and fell victim to repressive policies, and they have been justifiably fully rehabilitated. Organized repressions in the country

03.02.2022, 18:18

Shabdan Baatyr

Report on the Behavior of Shabdan Djantaev During the Unrest

REPORT OF THE TOKMAK DISTRICT CHIEF TO THE ACTING MILITARY GOVERNOR OF THE REGION ON THE RIOTS COMMITTED BY THE KIRGIZS OF THE VERNE DISTRICT ON THE LANDS OF THE KIRGIZS OF THE TOKMAK DISTRICT, AND ON THE BEHAVIOR OF SHABDAN JANTAEV DURING THESE RIOTS Tokmak, June 7, 1869 Last year, the Kirgizs of the Verne district continuously crossed over to the summer pastures of the Tokmak Kirgizs and caused many disturbances. I communicated about this with the Verne District Chief, but could not achieve

18.01.2022, 03:30