Drinks of Kyrgyzstan

Ayran in Kyrgyz Style

Ayran Ayran is a fermented dairy product common in Central Asia. It is a thick mixture that tastes similar to yogurt. Ayran has been consumed for 15 centuries, and its invention is attributed to Turkic nomadic tribes. They spent their lives on the move and needed a drink that could quench their thirst and hunger on the road. They noticed that if they added a special starter culture to their favorite milk, it would sour, acquire a pleasant taste, and last a long time. Later, to their delight,

16.01.2021, 21:00

Kyrgyz heroic epic "Manas"

From Improvisation of the Manaschi to Narrative Activity

Common form of performance for storytellers of "Manas" When comparatively studying the biographical data of the storytellers of "Manas," one can establish common traits among all of them. Before the start of storytelling activities, all manaschi were, to some extent, improvisational singers. However, even after becoming storytellers, some of them continued to perform and compose songs in other genres. Almost everyone knows, besides "Manas," many other works of

16.01.2021, 17:00

Kurmanjan Datka

Alymbek - the Main Figure in the Khanate under Sha-Murad

The Removal of Malla-Khan by Alymbek Being a perceptive researcher, Duygamel, who closely observed the situation within the Kyrgyz tribes, understood that Alymbek, who openly opposed the Kokand khan, would attempt to become an independent ruler of Tian Shan and would therefore inevitably turn to the Russians. This intention, apparently, was present in Alymbek. Duygamel instructed the head of the Alatav district, G.A. Kolpakovsky, to treat Alymbek favorably if he attempted to establish

15.01.2021, 18:31

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of the Clever Peasant

THE CLEVER FARMER There lived a khan. One day he decided to amuse himself and ordered his loyal horsemen — Asan and Usen — to find and bring him a foolish person. The horsemen set off to fulfill the khan's command.

15.01.2021, 18:01

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Medieval Weapons from the Territory of Kyrgyzstan

The necessity of expanding the source base of medieval weapons. The medieval history of Kyrgyzstan is rich in events related to the military activity of nomads. Its territory was repeatedly subjected to devastating invasions by nomads during the Middle Ages and became a theater of military operations for nomadic armies. It was part of the changing nomadic states: the Western Turkic and Turkic khanates, the Karluk, Karakhanid, and Kara-Khitan states, and Mongolian uluses. However, almost all

15.01.2021, 17:31

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Dull Bitterling - Gray Bitterling

Dusky Darner - Sympycna fusca V. d. Lind. The body of this dragonfly is mainly brown-bronze in color, with a stripe on the thorax. The body length is up to 35 mm, and the wingspan is up to 45 mm. Adult dragonflies fly around water bodies from late June to October. The lifespan of dragonflies is up to 10 months. Darners fly poorly and therefore often sit on coastal plants. Females lay up to 350 eggs, placing them in dead tissues of sedges, reeds, bulrushes, and other plants directly at the

15.01.2021, 15:27

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Ultimatum of Colonel Skobelev to the Residents of Osh

The Transition of Feudal Nobility Representatives to the Side of the Tsar's Punishers. On August 29, the tsarist punishers led by Kaufman occupied the capital city of Kokand, attempting to force its residents into submission and to pay the kharaj, tanap, and other types of taxes for the year 1875. The collection of these taxes was entrusted to Mirza-Khakim. The residents of Margilan were punished for their active participation in the uprising. Despite the fact that on September 8,

15.01.2021, 10:20

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Establishment of New Decorative Nurseries and Fruit Trees in Frunze. Document No. 157 (March 1945)

FROM THE RESOLUTION OF THE BUREAU OF THE FRUNZE CITY COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY (B) OF KYRGYZSTAN AND THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FRUNZE CITY COUNCIL OF WORKERS' DEPUTIES “ON MEASURES FOR THE CONDUCT OF GREEN PLANTINGS IN THE SPRING OF 1945 AND THE LAYING OF NEW NURSERIES OF DECORATIVE AND FRUIT TREES IN THE CITY GREENHOUSE” Frunze, March 2, 1945 Having heard the report of the director of the City Greenhouse, Comrade Volkov, on the measures for conducting green plantings in the

22.10.2020, 21:12

Ethnography

Processing of Hides and Skins among the Nomadic Kyrgyz

Processing of Hides and Leathers Animal hides and the leather made from them were of significant importance in the daily life of the Kyrgyz in the past. They extensively used raw materials from domestic and wild animals (horses, cows, camels, yaks, sheep, and goats, as well as foxes, martens, otters, mountain goats, and roe deer). In addition to meeting the family's needs, a large number of hides were sold. They were sent to the markets of Central Asia and directed to Russia and Kashgar.

21.10.2020, 21:22

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic of "Manas". Mourning for Khan Koketey in the Karkyra Valley

Mourning for Khan Koketey in the Karkyra Valley Rich and glorious Koketey, By the will of God and fate, Reached his last days. He coughed and groaned loudly, The wise elder sensed: His years were over, That in a day, or maybe two, He would leave this life forever. To give his last will, He called his brother Baymurza. — I feel my death has come. I have one heir — Carefree, young Bokmurun. He didn’t wipe his nose in childhood — And that’s how the people named him. He is only fifteen years old.

21.10.2020, 21:06

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Mogul-Uzbek Forces Against the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz

The Murder of Abd ar-Rashid's Son. Mahmud ibn Wali and Shah-Mahmud Churas, authors of the works "Tazkireyi Khwaja Muhammad-Sharif" and "Tarikh-i Kashgar," reported with some differences about the subsequent advance of the Mogul-Uzbek troops against the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz in connection with the murder of Abd ar-Rashid's son. The latter appointed his eldest son Abd ar-Latif as governor in Aksu and Uch. This prince simultaneously monitored events in Moghulistan,

20.10.2020, 20:34

The epic "Manas" in prose

The Tale of Manas. Remembrance of Kyokyoktyu. Part - 3

Mourning for Kököktöy. Part - 3 Manas was placed in the yurt of the glorious and renowned girl Toorun. The entire people who had come to the ash, pushing each other, were eager to see Manas and crowded around his yurt. Chagyray, the skilled sonchi who served Khan Alooke, wanting to find out what Manas was like, peeked through the hole of the yurt. However, the fearsome appearance of Manas frightened him so much that his heart could not withstand such fear and burst.

19.10.2020, 11:45

Osh - 3000

Theaters of the City of Osh

Uzbek Musical and Dramatic Theater The city has notable achievements in the field of theatrical art. The Uzbek Musical and Dramatic Theater was established in 1929 based on a troupe of an amateur dramatic collective. In 1934, the theater toured Tashkent and Leningrad, where more than 70 actors were accepted by S. M. Kirov. Since 1937, the theater has been named after S. M. Kirov. The theater participated in the first (1939) and second (1958) decades of Kyrgyz art and literature in Moscow. The

19.10.2020, 11:27

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Eternal Memory of the Outstanding Commander M.V. Frunze. Documents No. 155 and No. 156 (January-February 1945)

DECISION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FRUNZE CITY COUNCIL OF WORKING DEPUTIES ON NAMING THE CITY CHILDREN'S LIBRARY AFTER M.V. FRUNZE Frunze, January 31, 1945. The Executive Committee of the Frunze City Council of Working Deputies decided:

18.10.2020, 13:34

Culture / Kyrgyz cuisine

The Food Culture of the Kyrgyz in the Second Half of the 19th Century.

The Food Culture of the Kyrgyz The formation of the traditional food culture of the Kyrgyz went through several stages, determined by the peculiarities of ethnic history, economic structure, and ethnocultural contacts with neighboring peoples. The first fragmentary information about the peculiarities of Kyrgyz food from the second half of the 19th century is found in reports, accounts, and works of travelers and scholars who visited Kyrgyz lands before and after its annexation to the Russian

18.10.2020, 13:16

Kyrgyz heroic epic "Manas"

Short Biographies of the Most Famous Manaschi

The Most Famous Manaschi The modern storyteller Shapak Urysmendiev was born in 1863 in what is now the Chuy region, in a family of farmers. In his childhood, he began working in agriculture and later lived off the income from it. The profession of a singer was a side endeavor for him as a lover of the art. Shapak did not receive formal education but can read. He became a true storyteller only as an adult, although he had known and performed separate excerpts from the epic before that.

16.10.2020, 17:30

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of the Clever Boy

HOW THE BOY SAVED HIS CITY In ancient times, there lived a warlike khan named Zhanibek. He became famous for his brutal raids on neighboring khanates. One day, the countless armies of Khan Zhanibek besieged the city of Khan Sultanmamyt. The inhabitants of the besieged city were told by the enemies: — If you do not surrender within three days, we will destroy your city!

16.10.2020, 17:16

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Karakurt - Black Spider

Karakurt - Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Rossi The Karakurt is the most venomous of spiders. Its Latin name means "13-spotted," which is associated with superstitious fear of it, supposedly having a warning of deadly toxicity on its body — the unfortunate and fateful number of bright spots. The female typically eats the male after mating, which is why the Karakurt is colloquially referred to as the "black widow." Female Karakurts can reach sizes of up to 2 cm, while males

16.10.2020, 16:57

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The High and Unique Culture of Southwestern Fergana in the 1st Millennium AD.

Culture of Southwestern Fergana In the southwestern foothills of Fergana, a multi-sector economy developed in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, largely due to the natural features of the region. There was an organic connection between the pastoral and agricultural populations, which determined the development of the area. There was a constant exchange of experience and economic skills, which ultimately led to the creation of a complex economy. Agriculture occupied a significant place in

16.10.2020, 16:33

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Battle of Mahram

Suppression of the Uprising On August 12, punitive troops began to suppress the uprising. There were a number of serious clashes between the punitive forces and the rebels. The insurgents, bravely fighting against the punitive troops, offered them strong resistance. Major General Bardovsky wrote about a clash that took place near Khojand in the 20s of August, stating that at the second crossing from Khojand, the punitive detachment was met by 7,000 rebels. The Cossacks under the command of

10.10.2020, 20:35

Kurmanjan Datka

Alimbek Datka - a Bey in Charge of the Administration of the Kyrgyz People

RISE AND FALL OF ALYMBEK Such was the state of affairs at the time of the rise of Kurmandzhan's husband, Alymbek, who was one of the major Kyrgyz feudal lords influencing the politics of the Kokand khans. He first appeared on the political scene in 1845 during the uprising of the Alai Kyrgyz. It was only thanks to the resourcefulness and decisiveness of his wife, the later famous Ailai Queen Kurmandzhan, that he was saved from the usurper Musulmanqul, who suppressed the uprising. In 1847,

09.10.2020, 11:04

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Organization of the Women's Pedagogical College in Frunze. Document No. 154 (December 1944).

FROM THE DECREE OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE KYRGYZ SSR "ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE WOMEN'S PEDAGOGICAL COLLEGE IN FRUNZE" Frunze, December 15, 1944. In order to prepare qualified teaching staff for Kyrgyz schools from Kyrgyz girls, the Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR decrees: 1. To mandate the People's Commissariat of Education of the Kyrgyz SSR (Comrade Ryskulbekova) to organize a women's pedagogical college for Kyrgyz girls and other local nationalities

09.10.2020, 10:36

Meat and offal dishes

Tandoor Samsa

Tandoor Samsa Of course, nothing compares to samsa from a tandoor! If you have the opportunity to use a tandoor, the samsa made at home will be incredibly delicious, aromatic, and appetizing. INGREDIENTS

06.10.2020, 16:16

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Union of Kyrgyz with Uzbeks and Kazakhs Against the Mongols

“The Campaign for the Sheep” In 1526, Rashid Sultan wintered in the Kochkor Valley, while Tahir Khan was among his tribesmen north of Balhash. For unknown reasons, that same year he invaded Moghulistan and approached Kochkorka, where part of the Kyrgyz sided with him. As a result, Rashid Sultan migrated to Atbashy. Upon learning of these events, Said Khan went to meet his son and met him at the end of winter (1527) near Atbashy. Then news arrived that part of the Kyrgyz had not left with the

06.10.2020, 15:46

The epic "Manas" in prose

The Tale of Manas. Remembrance of Kököktöy. Part - 2

Memorial for Kökötöy. Part - 2 The people rejoiced in the freedom of the new pasture. It was convenient for the livestock and suitable for memorial feasts. Then the people began to prepare for the noisy feast, searching the surroundings for sources of clean water and gathering fuel.

03.10.2020, 08:55

Decorative and applied arts

Southern Kyrgyz Embroidery

Embroidery of the Southern Kyrgyz Southern Kyrgyz embroidery is the result of centuries of artistic creativity. Its characteristic features are highly developed stylization and decorativeness. In recent years, there has been a more diverse technique here than among the northern Kyrgyz. Stitches such as "ilmidos," "duria," "mushkul," and "jormo" did not develop in northern Kyrgyz embroidery, while they are quite characteristic of the south. Among them,

03.10.2020, 08:38

Ballet

The Role of the Great October in the Development of Kyrgyz Ballet

CONCLUSION The Kyrgyz people, stepping from the world of feudal relations into the world of socialism as a result of the Great October Socialist Revolution, take pride in their achievements in all areas of the national economy and culture. The path that took the peoples of capitalist countries centuries, the Kyrgyz people, led by the Leninist party, traversed in half a century. In the development of education, healthcare, and other areas of culture, they significantly outpaced the wealthiest,

02.10.2020, 16:21

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic of "Manas". The Tale of How Manas's Relative Kozkaman Wanted to Poison Him with Poison

A tale of how Manas' relative Kozkaman wanted to poison him with poison Hey! The head of all khans, Esenkhan, Gave an order to the satraps: To go to Manas and kill him! To whoever accomplishes this, He promised publicly To reward them with a khanship. When the invader Alooke Drove the Kyrgyz from their homeland, The descendant of Orozdu — Usen Took the name Kozkaman for himself, And stayed hidden there. No Chinese knew That Kozkaman was Kyrgyz. And so Kozkaman decided With his elder son

02.10.2020, 15:59

Kyrgyz heroic epic "Manas"

The title translates to "Togolok Moldo and Sayakbay Karalaev."

Togolok Moldo and Sayakbay Karalaev Sayakbay Karalaev The most outstanding storyteller of our time is Sayakbay Karalaev from the Bugy clan. He was born in 1894 in what is now the Jeti-Oguz district of the Issyk-Kul region. His father was a poor man. From childhood, Sayakbay worked as a hired laborer. In 1916, the 22-year-old young man participated in the uprising of the Kyrgyz people and fled to China with some comrades, but was detained by tsarist soldiers on the way. Some of those detained

30.09.2020, 13:24

Osh - 3000

Osh Regional Hospital

Care for the Health of Osh Residents Founded in 1931. It was located in adobe buildings and combined adult and pediatric departments - (therapeutic, surgical, gynecological), and an operating room. Until 1946, the chief physician of the hospital was Efremov, then until 1951 - Kasymov, and from 1961 to 1964 - Vdovichenko. From 1964, for 30 years, the chief physician of the hospital was Vitaly Prokopyevich Sergeev. During this period, new hospital buildings were constructed, and departments were

30.09.2020, 12:55

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of the Clever Karachach

ZHÉERENCHÉ-CHÉCHEN AND KARACHACH In ancient times, there lived a man named Zhéerenché-chéchen. Chéchen means "eloquent." He was nicknamed this because he was wise and resourceful in conversation. He had a son named Telemyrza, about whom the wise Zhéerenché heard every day from the people: "He is such a deceiver, such a liar; he has never spoken a single word of truth in his life." Telemyrza would kill a crow and boast that he had killed a gazelle. In reality, he could do

29.09.2020, 22:37

Decorative and applied arts

Artistic Crafts

Artistic Crafts: Traditions and Modernity The decorative and applied arts of various territorial groups of Kyrgyz people have much in common, as well as some local peculiarities. The southern regions are characterized by pile and non-pile weaving with polychrome patterns on a light background and special stitches (on women's headwear and household decoration items). The southern Kyrgyz of the ichkilik group are almost unfamiliar with patterned felt, embroidered wall carpets (tush kiyiz);

29.09.2020, 21:14

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Black Thickhead - Big Head

Black Thickhead - Eresus collari Rossi The most beautiful spider on the planet — this is what most arachnologists believe. And it really is true! By the way, this is a rare, endangered species. The thickhead has eight eyes arranged in three rows. Males have an orange-red abdomen on top, with four round black spots and usually two small black dots. Females have a completely velvety black abdomen. The legs are thick and hairy; the front two pairs of legs in males are black with white rings,

28.09.2020, 15:36

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Forced Struggle of the Rebels Against the Tsarist Colonizers in 1875

The uprising was not for the religion of Islam, but for social and national freedom. After the expulsion of Khudoyar Khan, the temporary allies of the uprising, Abdurakhman Aftobachi, Isa-Aluie, and other representatives of the feudal nobility, who pursued personal selfish interests unrelated to the interests of the rebellious working masses, proclaimed the obedient Nasr-Eddin as Khan. Information about this can be found in an official archival document. It states: "The clergy and elders

28.09.2020, 12:58

Drinks of Kyrgyzstan

Bal - a Sweet Drink among the Kyrgyz

Bal (sweet drink) Popular among the Kyrgyz, bal is a sweet hot drink made from honey with the addition of black ground pepper, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, and bay leaves. Ingredients:

27.09.2020, 22:43

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Population of Fergana in the First Half of the 1st Millennium AD

Zhan Qian on the Ancient Ferganians Written sources vividly characterize the population of Fergana and neighboring countries. Zhan Qian, who visited Fergana in the 2nd century BC, describes the appearance of the ancient Ferganians as follows: "The inhabitants generally have sunken heads and thick beards" (Bichurin, 1950). A similar description of the Ferganians' appearance is found in later chronicles (Bichurin, 1950). Thus, Chinese chronicles testify to the Europoid nature of

27.09.2020, 22:15

Kurmanjan Datka

The Heavy Burden of the Double Oppression of the Kyrgyz People

Under the Yoke of Kokand The conquest of the northern part of the Kyrgyz settlement area by the Kokand khans changed the political situation in Central Asia. Its consequences for the Kyrgyz people were not unambiguous. Some representatives of the local nobility leaned towards cooperation, while others chose to fight against the conquerors. The situation for the common people, however, worsened drastically. They found themselves under the heavy burden of double oppression: from the Kokand

26.09.2020, 23:00

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Events upon the completion of the Alamedin Hydroelectric Power Station. Document No. 153 (December 1944)

RESOLUTION OF THE BUREAU OF THE FRUNZE CITY COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY (BOLSHEVIKS) OF KYRGYZSTAN "ON MEASURES FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION" Frunze, December 7, 1944 Considering the extreme tension with energy supply for industry, cultural and domestic institutions, and the working people of the city, and in order to practically implement the decision of the city party activist and the XIII plenum of the Frunze Regional Committee of

25.09.2020, 14:46

Foreign policy

Countries that Established Diplomatic Relations with the Kyrgyz Republic

List of Countries that Established Diplomatic Relations with the Kyrgyz Republic

25.09.2020, 14:22

The epic "Manas" in prose

The Tale of Manas. Remembrance of Kököktöy. Part - 1

Mourning for Kökötöy Kökötöy, the khan of Tashkent, had eleven daughters but no sons, and this saddened his heart. The daughter of the mergen, the beautiful Bektoru, fell in love with the batyr Töshtük and became pregnant by him. When Töshtük was about to leave, Bektoru asked him: - Tell me, what should I do with the child that lives in my womb, as your amanat?

24.09.2020, 21:07

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Sultan Said, Takhir-Khan and Others...

Sultan Said and Tahir-khan In 1520, Rashid-Sultan raided the Kalmyks, killed their prince named Yaran-taisha, and returned to the Kochkor valley, where he stopped for the winter. Sa'id-khan also arrived there from Yarkand. As previously noted, in 1517, under pressure from the Mangyts, two hundred thousand Uzbek-Kazakhs migrated to the borders of Moghulistan. Initially, they roamed north of Lake Balkhash (Kokcha-Tengiz), which, according to Muhammad Haidar, was the border between

24.09.2020, 03:00

Decorative and applied arts

The Placement of Patterns in Kyrgyz Embroidery

The Arrangement of Patterns in Kyrgyz Embroidery Among the other most commonly used patterns in embroidery, we can note the star (“jildyz”), the moon (“ai nuskа”, “ai keshtе”), and the pattern in the shape of a bracket divided in the middle (S. M. Andreev calls it sulёo-sun tyrmak — lynx claws). Among geometric patterns, typical are jagged and zigzag shapes (“iyrek”, “araa”), lines with steps (“kavyrga”), concentric circles with different names, a circle with a spot in the middle (“koy koz”),

23.09.2020, 19:39

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Dzhungarian Tarantula - Büyü

Dzhungarian Tarantula - Lycosa singoriensis L. Like most arthropods, the body structure of the tarantula, covered with the finest tiny hairs, is divided into two main parts: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. At the top of the cephalothorax, the tarantula has 8 eyes, four of which form a straight line, while the others, larger in size, are arranged in a trapezoid. Thanks to this arrangement of the visual organs, venomous tarantula spiders can observe their surroundings in a 360-degree view. In

23.09.2020, 00:56

Ballet

People's Artist of the Republic Reina Chokoeva

Reina Chokoeva's Roles After Giselle, Reina Chokoeva prepared the role of Marin in the ballet "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" by B. Astafiev (before her, this role was performed in the Kyrgyz theater by B. Beishenaliev and Ch. Djamanova). For Chokoeva-Marin, it is characteristic to strive not only for technical mastery of the role but also to infuse it with significant intellectual content, revealing the subtext of Pushkin.

22.09.2020, 23:00

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic of "Manas". The Marriage of Manas to Kanikey

The Marriage of Manas to Kanikei Hey! Manas, who had two wives, Lived in this world for thirty years. And he often began to grieve, That until now there were no children. And Karabork and Akylai Managed to get along with each other And share their husband at night, But they could not together Give Manas a son. Seeing how his friend was sorrowing, Almanbet said to Manas: — Although you have two wives, At thirty years old, you are still a bachelor. You did not court them at all, And did not go

21.09.2020, 23:15

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of the Foolish Khan

THE FOOLISH KHAN In ancient times, there lived a rich khan. He had plenty of livestock, but not much wisdom. One day, this khan called his son to him and said: — My son, I have heard that there lives a wise old woman in the neighboring aul. I want to hear her advice. You go and invite her to me, but do not tell anyone about this. The son agreed, but immediately told his companions about his father's request and ordered them to bring the old woman. The khan's son met her.

20.09.2020, 20:19

Osh - 3000

Osh Central Hospital

Healthcare in Osh Great attention was paid to the development of healthcare in Osh. Before the October Revolution, the residents of the city were deprived of medical assistance. In 1898, there were two small hospitals in the city, served by a doctor, a paramedic, and a midwife. There was one doctor for every 70,000 people. As a result of the lack of medical assistance, the population suffered from trachoma, malaria, and other diseases. During the years of Soviet power, a hospital was built

20.09.2020, 20:09

Ethnography

The Horse Tack of the Kyrgyz in the 18th-20th Centuries.

Horse Equipment. The horse harness kit, known as jabdyk (also abzel in southwestern regions, am abzeli), included: saddle (eer, eger), stirrups with straps (uzyongulor, boolorumenen), potfei, flanks or crupper (kuyushkan), girth or breastplate (komelduruk), girths with strings to secure the blanket or cushion to the saddle (basmayyldar, kyopchuk bastyrgych byshtandary menen), saddle pads or underlays for the saddle (zheldikter, zha-azdar), sweat cloth with a sweat cloth roof (terdik, ichmegi

19.09.2020, 22:09