In those years, the ideological processing of the public and the escalation of mass psychosis in the republic were fueled by "exposé" articles in the central printed organ of the party — "Pravda". Many, very many, had their fates broken and lives shortened by these articles. Here is a list of articles from the newspaper "Pravda" for the second half of 1937, after each of which a wave of repressions followed: on August 31, Kyrgyz correspondent of "Pravda"
The study of the past is good in that one can move freely through time — jumping forward and backward, which is convenient for a stereoscopic perception of life; otherwise, one cannot understand either the pathos of revolutionary transformations or the tragic end of figures about whom we knew almost nothing just recently, and now there is an imperative need to know everything about them. But even now we know too little, as the main archives and investigative files are hidden, in which
In August, a new wave of purges took place at the Institute: X. Karasaev, who was working on the Kyrgyz-Russian dictionary, was dismissed as an accomplice of the exposed counter-revolutionary nationalist Tynystanov, Yan-Shan-Sin was relieved from production work, and soon the Turkologist I. Batmanov was also removed from his position. Y. D. Polivanov was taken to Tashkent. Here, on April 25, 1938, a traveling session of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to
The scientists did not have the opportunity to participate in expeditions either. On August 1, 1937, both professors were arrested, and three days later, on August 3, 1937, an order was issued by the institute: Ҥ 1. K. Tynystanova, as someone who has not justified the trust and has not provided scientific output to the Institute for several years, is to be dismissed from work as of August 1 of this year.
Despite the heavy pressure, both E. Polivanov and K. Tynystanov are working actively. In the thematic plan of the scientific research works of the Institute for 1936 (otherwise known as the themes on which research was conducted), the following works were listed: — “Outline of the Syntax of the Kyrgyz Language.” — Tynystanov, 1 printed sheet, Kyrgyz language; — “Punctuation of the Kyrgyz Language.” — Tynystanov, 1 printed sheet, Kyrgyz language; — “Materials on the Grammar of the Dungan
E. D. Polivanov, in particular, supported the hypothesis of the Yenisei origin of the Kyrgyz, linking this to the absence in Central Asia of another Turkic language specifically close to Kyrgyz. At the same time, the author speaks of the numerous ethnic components of the Kyrgyz nationality—both migratory and local, from the Tian Shan region. The scholar clarifies: “When speaking here (and below) about the linguistic ancestors of the Kyrgyz (whom I assume to be the authors of the Yenisei
In the manuscript collections of the Institute of Kyrgyz Language and Literature (the successor of the former Institute of Cultural Construction and the Institute of Language and Writing), only the "Report on the Dungan Linguistic Expedition," written by Polivanov on August 15, 1936, was found. It began as follows: “Only thanks to the valuable qualities of my colleague Comrade Yak-Shan-Sin, whom I sincerely consider an excellent work partner, was the expedition able to accomplish
In the first year of work, it was not possible to go on an expedition. E. D. Polivanov and the young researcher Yusup Yan-Shan-Sin urgently had to engage in compiling a textbook of the Dungan language, while Tynystanov and Abdukaimov worked on the Kyrgyz language. That same year, together with Yasir Shivaza, E. D. Polivanov translated "The Internationale" into the Dungan language and often, as later recalled by the now-folk poet Shivaza, hummed it in Dungan.
In 1919, E. D. Polivanov joined the Communist Party (which alienated him from the university faculty) and actively engaged in practical work among foreign representatives of the Comintern, especially the Chinese and Japanese. Then he focused on fundamental scientific work in Eastern languages and comparative linguistics. He became a recognized specialist in comparative linguistics of the Indo-European direction. His works were published abroad. Polivanov was one of the first and most
Professor Polivanov came to Kyrgyzstan at the personal invitation of the then-disgraced researcher of the Institute of Cultural Construction, former People's Commissar of Education of the Kyrgyz ASSR K. Tynystanov. They were acquainted in Tashkent, and Tynystanov decided to lure the famous linguist, creator of textbooks for Uzbek schools, to scientifically strengthen his native institute and revive the work on creating Kyrgyz and Dungan textbooks. Order No. 22, issued on July 21, 1934, by
Dzholdoshev and a number of other comrades were vilified at the V Plenary of the Kirgiz Regional Committee of the Party, which took place in December 1935. The plenary session was dedicated to the results of the verification of party documents in the Kyrgyz party organization. From the report of the second secretary of the Kirgiz Regional Committee of the Party: “... expelled from the party for supporting the Akhvostiev-Sydykov counter-revolutionary nationalist organization. Dzholdoshev, being
Behind the dry lines of archival documents stands another tragically interrupted life. Let's imagine how it was. Tokchoro Joldoshev — the People's Commissar for Education of the Kirghiz ASSR — sat at his desk and could not understand the meaning of the phrase he had just read. The white sheet with a red stamp at the bottom seemed to him like a huge piece of mountain ice, growing at the edge of an abyss, hiding beneath its transparent purity an unfathomable chasm. His hands seemed to
Joldoshev became the head of the Academic Center under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Kyrgyz ASSR. Here began his creative collaboration with the philologist and poet Kasym Tynystanov. Together they participated in the work on preparing a new Kyrgyz alphabet based on Latin, replacing the old Arabic one. Together they promoted popular education — the school and political-educational network, theater, and artistic literature. From June 1929 to February 1931, Joldoshev served
After graduating from the institute, Joldoshev was assigned to the Department of Public Education of the Kara-Kyrgyz Oblast Executive Committee. Finally, he was going home! This coincided with Kyrgyzstan gaining the status of an autonomous region within the RSFSR. Young, full of hope, plans, and youthful enthusiasm, Tokchoro actively engaged in the process of socialist reconstruction of his homeland, where the positions of the old world were still strong, indeed, strong. And the feverish
Poetic Wordplay In 1936, the best poetic talents of Kyrgyzstan wrote, approved by the highest body of the republican party organization, and published in mass circulation a poem. Different feelings arose while reading it. It is quite long, so we will provide only excerpts. Here it is: “Letter from the workers of Kyrgyzstan to the great leader of the peoples, the father of all workers, Comrade Stalin”: ~You are the spring of our life, Stalin. You are the fortress of our life, Our glorious
Victim of a Monstrous Accusation For his "right-opportunistic speech at the plenum of the Kirobkom of the party," O. Tynaev was expelled from the ranks of the party by the regional control commission of the VKP(b). However, the decision to expel O. Tynaev from the party was not approved by the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b).
Accusation of Tynaev in Right-Opportunistic Sins After the abolition of the district, at the age of 26, Osmon was appointed as the secretary of the Jalal-Abad district party committee. However, he did not have long to work in his new position. Three months after his appointment, he was removed from office.
O. Tynaev's Resume Those who have delved into the history of the country during those years know that frequent shifts, reshuffles, and personnel changes were a favorite method of Stalin's cadre management. In Kyrgyzstan, the situation was complicated by a severe shortage of literate workers from the indigenous population. In an attempt to patch up all the gaps, available personnel were transferred from one position to another. O. Tynaev is no exception. Here is his resume. At the 3rd
Russian-Indigenous School in Kyrgyzstan Osmon Tynaev It is known that alongside such political labels of Stalinist origin as "Abdrahmanovshchina" and "Silykovshchina," in the 1930s, the term "Tynaevshchina" was widely used, instilling fear in ideologically "virgin" communists. Osmon Tynaev was born in 1904 in the village of Kungey, Ak-Suu volost of the Karakol district (now the village of Temirovka in the Issyk-Kul region). "My parents," Osmon
Organized Repressions in the Country One should not fall into extremes when addressing history and evaluating its figures. Both the ostracism of Bukharin, Rykov, Tomsky, Kamenev, and Zinoviev in previous years, and their excessive idealization in recent times distort historical truth. They sought their position along a different path of the country's development and fell victim to repressive policies, and they have been justifiably fully rehabilitated. Organized repressions in the country
SPINNING THE FLYWHEEL At the February-March Plenary of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) in 1937, in the report "On the Deficiencies of Party Work and Measures for the Liquidation of Trotskyist and Other Double Dealers," Stalin formulated three conclusions: "First, the sabotage and diversionary espionage work of agents of foreign states, among whom Trotskyists played a rather active role, affected to some extent all or almost all our organizations, both economic and
Analysis of Documents from 1937-38 from Today's Perspective The analysis of documents from today's perspective convinces us that Yu. Abdrakhmanov is one of many political and state figures devoted to socialism, who grew up in the early post-revolutionary years. Mastering Leninism, participating in the practical implementation of Lenin's course during the NEP and Lenin's national policy, overcoming the burden of national narrow-mindedness, he developed into a significant
Accusations of the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b) Against Abdrakhmanov On October 14, the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b) expelled Abdrakhmanov from the party "for non-party behavior, manifested in that he, under the influence of a group of Trotskyists, disagreed with the party's policy on many issues and, expressing his disagreement to the Trotskyists, insincerely defended the party's decisions, in fact distorting them." However, taking into account his
Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR On May 31, 1930 (i.e., at the time when Yu. Abdrakhmanov was sending his second letter to I. V. Stalin), based on the report of the Council of People's Commissars of the republic, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted the resolution "On Economic and Cultural Construction and Prospects for the Development of the Kyrgyz ASSR". Noting the successes and certain shortcomings in economic and
On the Distortion of the National Policy of the Party in Practical Work The ineffectiveness of the triple planning system, amid the gradual weakening and reduction of the role of the all-federal national governing body, was evident. All three planning and regulatory bodies (the USSR, the RSFSR, and the Central Asian) believed that the implementation of the planned activities in the republic should proceed along a different subordination line, "nodding to each other." The ECOCO of
Triple Subordination of the Kyrgyz ASSR Studying documents from the 1920s to the early 1930s, including those reflecting the activities of such a colorful figure as Yu. Abdrakhmanov, in his position as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic, one inevitably comes to the thought expressed by T. Yu. Krasovskaya in her publication "NEP and the Leadership of National Cultures Development." “Is it clear to us,” she writes, “to envision Stalin
Removal of Yu. Abdrakhmanov from the post of Chairman of the SNK of the Kirghiz ASSR The errors exposed and condemned at the June plenum of the regional committee characterize the presence of an unacceptable anti-state tendency within the bureau of the regional committee, opposing local interests to state interests, essentially reflecting the kulak-bai resistance to the tasks of the proletarian state and representing a rightward deviation from the general Bolshevik line... The bureau of the
Searches in Peasant Yards During Grain Procurement Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz ASSR Yu. Abdrakhmanov, carrying out the corresponding directive from the Central Asian Bureau, went on a long business trip to the cotton-growing regions of the Osh district. In the Bazar-Kurgan district, he met with I. Zelensky at a meeting held here regarding the issue of "cotton extraction." It was here that measures were developed that differed from previous ones
Pressure on Peasantry through Collectivization Y. Abdrakhmanov was a staunch opponent of administrative arbitrariness towards the peasantry. At the regional party conference in June 1930, when the negative consequences of collectivization "Stalin-style" became evident, especially in the outskirts of the country, in Kyrgyzstan, in the livestock zone, he said: "Cooperation is the highway to socialism... But how we have treated this highway, how we help cooperation to truly become
Horse threshing with stones in the village. 1914 Difficulties in Transforming the Social Psychology of Peasantry. A considerable amount of energy was also required in organizing "Chuystroy" within the framework of the union trust for new agricultural crops. This organization put an end to the artisanal irrigation construction in the Chui Valley and allowed for the most important work for the republic to be carried out on a broad scale, at a modern engineering level for those years.
The Contribution of Yu. Abdrakhmanov to the Economic Development of the Kirghiz ASSR Thanks to the ideological defeat of the supporters of group fighting, a turning point was achieved in the work of the party organization of the republic in 1925-1926. This led to a regrouping of forces and a search for new tactics. The regional party committee implemented significant personnel changes. The leaders of the factions—second secretary of the regional committee Babakhanov, head of the
Disagreements between Kamensky and Abdrakhmanov In the early 1920s, Yu. Abdrakhmanov worked as the secretary of the Almaty district-city committee of the Communist Party of Turkestan, a member of the Semirechensk regional party committee, and the secretary of the Kopal and Taldy-Kurgan district-city party committees. He was also a member of the local executive committees and a member of the presidiums of the Union of the Poor and Laborers in these districts. Later, he became the head of the
SOLDIER OF THE REVOLUTION He did not live to see forty years. The forces of lawlessness of Stalinism and unprecedented terror cut short his life at a time when the creative potential of a personality, especially that of a statesman, is approaching maximum self-realization. Yet this short life encompassed a tremendous amount of work in the name of the interests of his people and the realization of the ideals of socialism. Restoring the true role and place of Zh. Abdrakhmanov in the struggle for
Verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court On March 4, 1932, the significantly updated secretariat of the Kyrgyz Regional Committee of the Party adopted a resolution "On Kyrgyz Literature," which stated that "the letter from I. V. Stalin to the editorial office of the magazine 'Proletarian Revolution' served as a signal for a broad offensive by the party on the ideological front, strengthening the vigilance of party organizations in the struggle on two
The Struggle of Soviet Power Against Class Enemies The failure of Kyrgyzstan to meet the increased grain procurement plan in the drought year of 1932 and the refusal to "sweep away" the seed fund in the newly created collective farms were classified by the Central Committee of the VKP(b) and its Central Asian Bureau as "manifestations of localist tendencies." By the end of 1932, refugees from Kazakhstan and Siberia (more than 130,000 families) flooded into Kyrgyzstan—an
1937... For almost everyone alive today, this period in our history evokes a heavy sense of rejection, a national tragedy, and for the older generation, those who experienced the superstitious fear of the omnipotence of state punitive organs, a desire to explain that there were not so many "enemies," and that those who perished during this time were often not just good people, but also steadfast fighters for the ideals of October. Among the first victims in the republic, the
