Cities of Mogulistan Before the Mongol invasion, there were many cities of various sizes in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan and Semirechye. The largest among them were Taraz, Balasagun, Almalyk, Kayalyk, and Ilibalyk. During the rule of the Chagatai khans and Haidu, they continued to exist but gradually began to lose their former economic and political significance.
Turkestan - A Place of Exile for Political Prisoners The penetration and spread of revolutionary ideas were facilitated by the friendly relations between the indigenous population and Russian labor migrants, which arose and developed through their everyday and long-term economic, domestic, and cultural interactions, despite the chauvinistic policies of the tsarist authorities and the nationalist actions of local exploiters. Moreover, the brutal oppressive policies of colonial authorities and
Accusation of Tynaev in Right-Opportunistic Sins After the abolition of the district, at the age of 26, Osmon was appointed as the secretary of the Jalal-Abad district party committee. However, he did not have long to work in his new position. Three months after his appointment, he was removed from office.
REPORT OF THE ACTING TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR LIEUTENANT GENERAL G. A. KOLPAKOVSKY TO THE TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR K. P. KAUFMAN ON THE ARRIVAL OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REBELLIOUS KOKAND KYRGYZ TO THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES November 12, 1873 The acting military governor of the Syrdarya region, Major General Eiler, informed me by telegram that deputies from the Kokand Kyrgyz, dissatisfied with Khudoyar Khan, had appeared before the district chief of Khojent and were asking him what position
Waqf Documents Undoubtedly, the waqf madrasa of Alymbek is one of the largest agricultural estates of the feudal lord, but not the only one. The fact that Alymbek had, in addition to the waqf property, other plots of land in the same Fergana can be inferred from the repeatedly encountered mentions in waqf documents (waqf-nama) and purchase deeds (vasikas) regarding Alymbek's land parcels bordering other properties.
City of Verny Years of Study in Verny At his father's insistence, from 1904 to 1911, Abdykerim studied at the Vernensky Men's Gymnasium — a privileged educational institution of European type. The only similar gymnasium in all of Turkestan was located in Tashkent; later, they were opened in Bishkek and Aulie-Ata. Applicants for admission were required to know prayers, be able to read and write in Russian, and perform arithmetic operations within a thousand. Mandatory subjects at the
High Rates of Defense Production Industrial enterprises quickly adapted to the production of goods necessary to meet military needs. In July 1941, the Frunze Mechanical Plant was tasked with organizing the manufacture of special orders for the front. Workers, engineers, and technicians exerted all their efforts and mastered their production in the shortest possible time. Examples of selfless labor were shown by skilled workers: lathe operator Mavrin, who consistently produced four norms daily,
Social Structure The country had a feudal system and land grants. Sources mention the yurts of Kamar ad-Din in the Ili Valley, Enge-tora — Karatal (see above), and Jahan-shah Duglat from Jumgal to the San-Tash Pass. However, under the conditions of invasion (by Timur), conflicts, and internal strife, the feudal lords did not have permanent, clearly defined pastures. There is no data in the sources about other categories of land ownership—absolute property (milk), khan's (inju), waqf, and
National Liberation Uprising The uprising we are interested in took on a religious guise; however, this did not significantly affect the nature of the uprising. The rebels fought against colonial oppression for national freedom, not for the religion of Islam. It is worth noting that the insurgents did not harm Russian peasants who practiced a different religion. They attacked the tsarist military personnel, seeing in them the enforcers of colonial power, not because they were Russian and
O. Tynaev's Resume Those who have delved into the history of the country during those years know that frequent shifts, reshuffles, and personnel changes were a favorite method of Stalin's cadre management. In Kyrgyzstan, the situation was complicated by a severe shortage of literate workers from the indigenous population. In an attempt to patch up all the gaps, available personnel were transferred from one position to another. O. Tynaev is no exception. Here is his resume. At the 3rd
REPORT OF THE HEAD OF KHOJENT DISTRICT BARON N. NOLDE TO THE MILITARY GOVERNOR OF SYRDARYA REGION MAJOR GENERAL P. K. EILER ON THE APPEAL OF THE KOKAND KIRGIZS REQUESTING TO EXPRESS THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES' POSITION ON THEIR POSSIBLE REBELLION AGAINST THE KOKAND YOKE City of Khojent, November 2, 1873. Your Excellency Peter Konstantinovich!
Mutawalli of the Waqf Thus, from the mentioned documents, it is clear that Alimbek, having constructed the main canal, distributed land in small plots (in "cheks") to the population with the condition of fulfilling tax obligations in favor of the waqf. Apparently, initially only the household, or in modern terms, the homestead plot of two tanaps was exempt from taxes in the cheking economy. It can be assumed that these tax-exempt plots from each household were not merely a form of
Master of Political Game Baitik, Uzbek, and Abdikerim were destined to become masters of the political game. While the first believed he should not yield to anyone in military valor, and the second fought primarily through propaganda, diplomacy, and even bribery, the third, being a subtle and observant psychologist, skillfully smoothed over all rough edges, supported friends, swayed the undecided to his side, attracted others with his external appearance and personal charm, sharp mind, and
First Wartime Plan On June 30, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the first wartime plan — the mobilization national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941. It envisaged an increase in military production by 26% compared to the quarterly plan of peacetime. Among the priority over-plan constructions for 1941 was the construction of the Tokmak Automobile Repair Plant of the People's Commissariat of Motor Transport of the Kyrgyz SSR and the completion of
Horse Breeding and Sheep Farming Cattle breeding was the main occupation of the population of Mogulistan. Regarding its significance, Mahmud ibn Wali writes: “The everyday means of their existence, both in food and clothing, are horses and sheep, especially horse meat and horse milk, called kumis, (as well as) the wool and skin of these animals. The existence of the leaders of the tribes also depends on them.” From this account, it is evident that the main branches of cattle breeding were
Military Prosecutor of the Turkestan Military District Court, Major General Dolinsky on Madali Ishan Madali Ishan was a representative of the working class. He was born in 1853 in the village of Min-Tyube in the Margilan district. The military prosecutor of the Turkestan Military District Court, Major General Dolinsky, who interrogated Madali Ishan and sentenced him to death by hanging in his report dated August 21, 1898, wrote: "His father (Madali Ishan's—K.U.) Muhammad Sabyr was a
Russian-Indigenous School in Kyrgyzstan Osmon Tynaev It is known that alongside such political labels of Stalinist origin as "Abdrahmanovshchina" and "Silykovshchina," in the 1930s, the term "Tynaevshchina" was widely used, instilling fear in ideologically "virgin" communists. Osmon Tynaev was born in 1904 in the village of Kungey, Ak-Suu volost of the Karakol district (now the village of Temirovka in the Issyk-Kul region). "My parents," Osmon
REPORT OF THE SENIOR OFFICIAL FOR SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS OF ARTILLERY CAPTAIN REINTAL TO THE MILITARY GOVERNOR OF THE SEMIRECHYE REGION ON THE EXTRAORDINARY CONGRESSES OF SUSAMYR AND SON-KUL March 7, 1870 The deviation from the rules outlined in the project (Regulations on Extraordinary Congresses) at the Susamyr and Son-Kul congresses lies in the fact that the most significant decisions were made not by the bies, but by influential individuals with the worst intentions and selfish motives. The
Kyrgyz Vakf The so-called Kyrgyz vakf of the 19th century is not an exceptional phenomenon, although it is quite rare and has barely taken shape. Several types of such vakf are known. All of them are not characteristic of nomadic pastoralism, as they are exclusively related to agriculture. Having acquired such an uncharacteristic form of property for nomads, Alymbek and his heirs did not limit themselves to registering just one land parcel as a vakf. The Fergana regional administration
“Fathers and Sons” Remembering what has been said, let us try to determine the scale of the personality of the famous Kyrgyz politician of the 1920s and 1930s, Abdykerim Sydykov, and his associates, as their fates and the life of society are interconnected far from formally. The forty-nine years of Abdykerim Sydykov's life, whose personal contribution to the history of the Kyrgyz people was distorted and silenced by the Soviet system and its ideologized history for many decades, were
Everything for the Defeat of Fascist Aggressors From the very first days of the war, the efforts of the party and the people, local councils, trade unions, the Komsomol, and other public organizations were focused on the main task and primary goal — the armed defense of the socialist homeland and the defeat of fascist aggressors. They persistently and purposefully implemented the transition of all sectors of the socialist economy of the republic to a military footing, mobilizing material,
The Role of Melon and Fruit Cultivation in Eastern Turkestan. Agriculture in Eastern Turkestan was in a different state. Overall, it played a leading role, while livestock farming was in second place. In the oases of Chalysh, Turfan, Keriya, Yarkand, Aksu, Kuqa, Hotan, and Kashgar, wheat, barley, rice, and corn were cultivated. In the economic life of the region's population, melon and fruit cultivation played a significant role. Mahmud ibn Wali wrote: "In the vicinity of that city
The Heterogeneous Social Composition of the Uprising of the Peoples of Central Asia in May 1898 In summarizing works such as "Essays on the History of the Communist Party of Turkestan," "History of the Kirghiz SSR," "History of the Tajik SSR," and "History of the Uzbek SSR," the uprising of the peoples of Central Asia in May 1898 is characterized as a national liberation uprising. The overwhelming majority of historians consider this uprising to be a
Organized Repressions in the Country One should not fall into extremes when addressing history and evaluating its figures. Both the ostracism of Bukharin, Rykov, Tomsky, Kamenev, and Zinoviev in previous years, and their excessive idealization in recent times distort historical truth. They sought their position along a different path of the country's development and fell victim to repressive policies, and they have been justifiably fully rehabilitated. Organized repressions in the country
REPORT OF THE TOKMAK DISTRICT CHIEF TO THE ACTING MILITARY GOVERNOR OF THE REGION ON THE RIOTS COMMITTED BY THE KIRGIZS OF THE VERNE DISTRICT ON THE LANDS OF THE KIRGIZS OF THE TOKMAK DISTRICT, AND ON THE BEHAVIOR OF SHABDAN JANTAEV DURING THESE RIOTS Tokmak, June 7, 1869 Last year, the Kirgizs of the Verne district continuously crossed over to the summer pastures of the Tokmak Kirgizs and caused many disturbances. I communicated about this with the Verne District Chief, but could not achieve
Waqf Rights of the Madrasah "Alymbek-chek" According to archival documents, the madrasah was built from fired bricks and was distinguished by remarkable durability. It consisted of the following elements typical of similar architectural structures - a darshana, khanaka, 28 cells where three mudarris and from 80 to 100 student mullahs lived.
"When creative people cease to appear, revolution is inevitable." The concept of A. Camus is interesting, in which the individual occupies an important place. It goes beyond the traditional interpretation of the clash of "antagonistic contradictions." In his opinion, society constantly lives in a state of reaction, and therefore is regularly threatened by revolutions. Revolutions are halted by creative individuals who triumph over the spirit of reaction. Consequently,
Participant of the Great Patriotic War A. Barditsky shares combat experience with Komsomol members of the "Khun-Chi" collective farm in the Frunze region. Trade Unions and Komsomol during the War Years The most numerous organizations uniting the overwhelming majority of the working class and employees of Kyrgyzstan during the war years were trade unions. According to incomplete data, in 1943, the number of their members reached 72,694, united in 24 sectoral unions. They covered 2,409
Social and Economic Development of Mogulistan There is very little information in written sources about the social and economic development of Mogulistan. Nevertheless, some scattered data from Eastern authors on this issue raises a certain interest. The invasion of Genghis Khan into Central Asia brought great destruction and led to the decline of urban life and settled agricultural culture. However, it is not entirely correct to equate the consequences of the Mongol invasion for this region
Repression of the "Disobedient" Repressive measures related to the suppression of the uprising in question continued. Local feudal nobility, including the manaps who held the positions of volost administrators, took advantage of this situation. They extorted money, livestock, and valuables from the working people under the threat of arrest for allegedly participating in the "Andijan Uprising," and ruthlessly dealt with those representatives of the working class who showed
SPINNING THE FLYWHEEL At the February-March Plenary of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) in 1937, in the report "On the Deficiencies of Party Work and Measures for the Liquidation of Trotskyist and Other Double Dealers," Stalin formulated three conclusions: "First, the sabotage and diversionary espionage work of agents of foreign states, among whom Trotskyists played a rather active role, affected to some extent all or almost all our organizations, both economic and
LETTER FROM MOLDО ALYMKUL TO AMER UL AMIR, SON OF ASAN BIYA, AND PARVANACHI MINBAY, SON OF ASRAR ALI DZHANTAY TO KARABEKOV REGARDING THEIR INTENTION TO ACT AGAINST THE RUSSIANS. 1863 Esteemed Datkha Dzhantay-batyr! I testify to you many bows and the following speech: Praise be to Allah, the shameful deeds that were according to the will of the Almighty God have ceased, and all the nomadic peoples have unanimously submitted to the Kokand Government, united by ties of kinship, and there is not a
Alymbek's Madrasah The city of Osh in the 19th century, which we detailed in the previous chapter, has a direct connection to the story of the main heroine of our book, Kurmandzhan, for a very simple reason. This ancient city was viewed by the Alay tribal leaders as their stronghold in the Fergana Valley. Many of them owned lands, houses, and trading shops here. They built mosques and madrasahs. Such landowners were often granted a special form of property by the rulers - waqf. This
Personality and History Soviet scientific literature has always shown interest in the problem of the individual; however, it has not examined it thoroughly and deeply enough. The analysis of several of its aspects has been under an unspoken taboo. For example, issues of cannibalism, sexual attraction, or the significance of sexual selection in human origins, among others. Undoubtedly, other interests play a leading role in the spiritual life of a person, but this does not mean that the true
Activities of the Councils of Workers' Deputies in Military Conditions The Councils of Workers' Deputies also reorganized their work in accordance with military conditions. This reorganization brought some changes to the structure and methods of work of local government bodies, as well as their organizational forms, with the aim of maximizing the adaptation of the Councils' activities to the fulfillment of military mobilization and economic-organizational tasks dictated by the
Ethnic Self-Consciousness of the Kyrgyz People In 1517, the ruler of the Kyrgyz was Muhammad. Apparently, he became the ruler of the Kyrgyz after Mansur Khan's victory over his brothers. During Sultan Said Khan's campaign in 1517 against Mogulistan, Muhammad's base was located on the southern shore of Lake Issyk-Kul. Sultan Said Khan resettled the Kyrgyz from Jumgal and Kochkor to Atbashy. Based on this information, it can be asserted that in the first quarter of the 16th
Madali Ishan and other participants of the uprising before execution Colonial Authority Against the Rebels A larger uprising occurred in the mountainous region of Andijan County, populated by Kyrgyz people. The number of participants exceeded 1,000. The rebels did not have a single leader and consisted of several groups, each of which numbered 200-300 people. The participants of the uprising were armed with clubs (sticks), spears, and partially with rifles and pistols. As noted in an official
Analysis of Documents from 1937-38 from Today's Perspective The analysis of documents from today's perspective convinces us that Yu. Abdrakhmanov is one of many political and state figures devoted to socialism, who grew up in the early post-revolutionary years. Mastering Leninism, participating in the practical implementation of Lenin's course during the NEP and Lenin's national policy, overcoming the burden of national narrow-mindedness, he developed into a significant
LETTER FROM JANTAY KARABEKOV TO THE CHIEF OF THE ALATAV DISTRICT, THE OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF THE KAZAKHS OF THE SENIOR JUZ G.A. KOLPAKOVSKY February 1863 To the Chief of the District from Jantay, many bows and the following requests: I, along with my family and people, am healthy and prosperous, praying for your well-being.
B. L. Grombchevsky (1856-1926) Here is another figure, Bronislav Ludwigovich Grombchevsky (1856-1926), a descendant of the Polish nobility who faithfully served Russia. He was not only a combat officer who participated in the Alai campaign of 1876. Since 1880, he served in the so-called military-national administration in the Margelan district. In addition, he was a prominent researcher of Pamir, Tian Shan, and the countries of Central Asia. He was a recipient of the silver and gold medals of
Peculiarities of the Psychology of the Kyrgyz People One can find the key to explaining many phenomena conditioned by the peculiarities of the social behavior of the nomadic masses and their educated representatives in specific situations. For example, in the 1920s, a struggle against tax evasion unfolded in Kyrgyzstan, which was directly related to the policy of strict adherence to the austerity regime. There was a catastrophic lack of funds for industrialization, which is why this policy was
The Work of the Party Organization of Kyrgyzstan on the Front The war that the Soviet people waged against the German-fascist invaders was just and liberating from the very beginning. Its goal was not only to eliminate the danger looming over our socialist Motherland but also to provide international assistance to all the peoples of Europe and to save world civilization. At the same time, the Great Patriotic War is the most important component of the Second World War, which determined its
Formation of the Kyrgyz People The Kyrgyz people were formed on the basis of two ethnic masses: Central Asian, Southern Siberian, and local Central Asian. The ethnic composition of the Kyrgyz people itself confirms that the predominant component is of Central Asian and Southern Siberian origin. Written sources report that on the territory of Central Tian Shan and Semirechye, from ancient times until the 10th century, the following ethnic names of tribes or their groups are found: Saka, Usun,
Andijan Uprising In 1885, Dervish Khan made several attempts to incite the local population of the Margilan and Andijan districts to rise against the Russian colonizers. In 1893, a similar attempt was made in the Kokand district by Babur Khan. However, the uprisings led by Dervish Khan and Babur Khan could not gain widespread support and were relatively easily suppressed. In May 1898, an uprising arose in the Fergana Valley. In literature, it is referred to as the "Andijan Uprising."
Accusations of the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b) Against Abdrakhmanov On October 14, the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b) expelled Abdrakhmanov from the party "for non-party behavior, manifested in that he, under the influence of a group of Trotskyists, disagreed with the party's policy on many issues and, expressing his disagreement to the Trotskyists, insincerely defended the party's decisions, in fact distorting them." However, taking into account his
LETTER FROM THE BAILIFF AMONG THE KAZAKHS OF THE SENIOR ZHUZ M.M. KHOMENTOVSKY TO THE SARYBAGYSH MANAP JANTAY KARABEKOV ABOUT HIS ROLE AMONG THE SARYBAGYSH Fort Verney September 13, 1855 To the good in counsel, protector of friends, brave against enemies, with a lion's hand and a tiger's heart, the esteemed manap Jantay Batyr Karabekov, I send many bows, wishing you health, happiness, and prosperity.
Vasily Nikolaevich Zaitsev To be fair, it should be noted that among the first officials in the district-city administration were also some energetic administrators, widely knowledgeable, with diverse interests, such as Russian officers M.E. Ionov, B.L. Grombchevsky, and V.N. Zaitsev. To a reasonable extent and within their capabilities, they showed concern for the improvement of the city, especially its new part. And what is extremely important, they worked to maintain a stable situation in
“Who is not with us is against us” The traditional way of life of the Kyrgyz tribal society began to corrode and disintegrate since Kyrgyzstan joined Russia. One of the most educated people of his time, A. Sydykov, wrote that colonization and the strengthening of Russian influence “dealt a significant blow to tribal life, undermined the previous moral foundations on which the social and family life of the Kyrgyz rested.” In these words (and in his other works), one can sense the regret of a
