Mythological Type of Consciousness A person controls their own actions, accepts and bears full responsibility for them. The regulator of their behavior is ethics, legal norms, and ideology, expressed in a way that is understandable to all. This highest type of consciousness for our time was preceded by two lower types.
Mulla Iskak Asan oglu — Pulad-Khan The most loyal and consistent leader of the uprising of 1873–1876 was Mulla Iskak Asan oglu — Pulad-Khan (1844–1876). As evidenced by a number of archival documents and literary sources, Pulad-Khan was of common origin. The head of the Zaravshan department, A. Abramov, and military historian M. Terentyev emphasize that Pulad-Khan was a simple Kyrgyz. The ruler of Kashgar, Muhammad Yakubbek, and the Shah of Karategin, Muhammad Rahimbay, referred to Pulad-Khan
Itardji, Yarki, Kaluchi Itardji (Itarchi) have been known since the time of Khizr-Khodja-khan. According to Muhammad Haider, Emir Khudaydad Duglat hid the young Khizr-Khodja from the persecutions of Kamar ad-Din and sent twelve people with him, including the ancestor of the Itardji tribe, Ardižrak. Subsequently, Khizr-Khodja, having become the khan of Moghulistan, elevated all those who accompanied him in his flight. Itardji are mentioned in the army of Sultan Said-khan. Later, they became
LETTER FROM ATAKE BATYR TYNAY BI UULU TO THE COMMANDER OF THE SIBERIAN REGIMENTS GENERAL N. T. OGAREV August 23, 1785 To the esteemed state advisor, friend of the ruler of eternal happiness, equal to the batyr Sulayman and akin to the great padishah Iskender, possessing a four-sided space, the chief elder, serving and having access to the majestic emperor, radiating happiness and goodness, the great welcoming military leader, member of the government, victorious in battles, listening to the
The Contribution of Yu. Abdrakhmanov to the Economic Development of the Kirghiz ASSR Thanks to the ideological defeat of the supporters of group fighting, a turning point was achieved in the work of the party organization of the republic in 1925-1926. This led to a regrouping of forces and a search for new tactics. The regional party committee implemented significant personnel changes. The leaders of the factions—second secretary of the regional committee Babakhanov, head of the
Kyrgyzstan on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War In February 1941, the workers of Kyrgyzstan celebrated a significant date—the fifteenth anniversary of national socialist statehood. During the days of this glorious anniversary, the Kyrgyz people, with a sense of great pride, summarized the results of the difficult path of struggle and victories achieved under the leadership of the Communist Party within the fraternal family of free and equal peoples of the USSR. The main condition and starting
The Bukhara Invasion of Fergana The successful conquest of Kyrgyzstan's territory by the Khans of Kokand was facilitated by inter-clan and tribal feuds among Kyrgyz feudal lords, who refused to unite even in the face of a common enemy. Thus, in late summer 1821, Omar Khan sent Beknazar-biy - his loyal Kyrgyz feudal lord, who led the clan of Kutluk-Seyid and was simultaneously the hakim of the city of Kasana - to subjugate the Kyrgyz of the Sarybagysh clan, who were nomadic near the city
The evolution of consciousness - part of the overall process of historical development of humanity Human mental processes have characteristic historical features that arise from the peculiar conditions of life and social practice of each historical era. These features are determined by the system of social relations, under the influence of which a person exists from the very first steps of their life, and the system of language through which they express their thoughts and feelings. A whole
"Kyl-kuyruk" Abdurakhman Aftobachi, who had recently returned from Mecca, where he went on pilgrimage, Isa-Auliye, known for his religious fanaticism, and other representatives of the feudal nobility, in an attempt to use the workers' protests for their own interests and direct it along an anti-Russian path, declared a jihad, i.e., a holy war against the "infidels" in August 1875, at the beginning of the second stage of the uprising. These individuals and other
Bulghachi, Dolony, Duglaty, Dukhtui Bulghachi (bulghachi-dalkar, bulghachi-vilkar, bulghachi-saludji)—is identified with the Mongolian tribe of Bulghachin, which inhabited the region of Bargunjin — Tokum, east of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. S. M. Abramzon questions their ethnic connection. In the second half of the 14th century, the Bulghachi tribe roamed in the territory somewhere between Yulduz and Emil. Their emirs actively participated in the political life of Moghulistan. Some Bulghachi fled from
Madrasah for children, built by Shabdan Jantayev in 1907 - 1909. Hero, Demanded by the Era. Part -5 Perhaps, Shabdan hero was among the Muslim population of Turkestan the holder of, perhaps, the largest number of government awards: 5 first-class honorary robes, 1 second-class robe, two large gold medals on Stanislav and Annen ribbons for wearing around the neck, four medals: a) In memory of the conquest of the Kokand Khanate, b) In memory of all campaigns and expeditions in Central Asia from
Disagreements between Kamensky and Abdrakhmanov In the early 1920s, Yu. Abdrakhmanov worked as the secretary of the Almaty district-city committee of the Communist Party of Turkestan, a member of the Semirechensk regional party committee, and the secretary of the Kopal and Taldy-Kurgan district-city party committees. He was also a member of the local executive committees and a member of the presidiums of the Union of the Poor and Laborers in these districts. Later, he became the head of the
Agriculture during the War Period In writing the chapter and section on the agriculture of Kyrgyzstan during the war, materials from the consolidated annual reports of collective farms, stored in the Central State Archive of the National Economy of the USSR (fond 7486) and the Central State Archive of the Kyrgyz SSR (fond 1642—People's Commissariat of Land of the Republic) for the years 1941—1945 were used. A truthful analysis and in-depth examination of the simple yet illustrative
Events 200 Years Ago Let’s return to the events of 200 years ago. What was Osh primarily for the formidable rulers of Fergana at that time? A coveted point, the owner of which gained influence over a vast region - an important section of the Great Silk Road.
FEATURES OF HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE KYRGYZ IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY In addition to ideological, political, and socio-economic reasons, the crisis of historical science in Kyrgyzstan is also caused by the fact that our people, who lived before the Soviet era under a tribal system, did not have deep scientific traditions in studying their own history. On the other hand, take Russia, which had numerous scientific schools and directions, and outstanding titans of
Peasant Movement As the factual materials presented above show, the uprising of 1873-1876 was a joint performance of the working Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, and Karakalpaks, who suffered under the oppression of the Kokand feudal lords led by the khan. The commonality of their historical fate, the increasingly oppressive feudal burden, and the support of the tsarist authority united and raised the workers of these fraternal peoples to fight for popular freedom. National enmity and distrust among
Lake Bekchiks Bekchik (bikchik) — a Turkic tribe. V. P. Yudin and K. A. Pishulina identify them with the Kangly tribe. They concluded that among the military leaders sent by Tugluq-Timur near Tashkent in Mawarannahr was Bekchik from the Kangly clan. Expanding on this thought, K. A. Pishulina writes: “Throughout the history of Moghulistan, the Kangly (also referred to here as Bekchiks, granted this name due to the services rendered by Bekchik to the Kangly during the elevation of Tugluq-Timur
Letter from Abdullabek Alimbek uulu to General Skobelev The actions of Shabdan the Hero and his horsemen in southern Kyrgyzstan apparently did not exceed the limits of what was permissible, so as not to appear as servants of the Russian generals; their goal was precisely to prevent unnecessary mass bloodshed. This was vividly demonstrated during the Alai Expedition from July to October of the following year, 1876, under the command of the troops of the Fergana region, Major General M. D.
SOLDIER OF THE REVOLUTION He did not live to see forty years. The forces of lawlessness of Stalinism and unprecedented terror cut short his life at a time when the creative potential of a personality, especially that of a statesman, is approaching maximum self-realization. Yet this short life encompassed a tremendous amount of work in the name of the interests of his people and the realization of the ideals of socialism. Restoring the true role and place of Zh. Abdrakhmanov in the struggle for
Archives for 1941—1945 The first edition of the book "Soviet Kyrgyzstan in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945" received positive reviews in the Soviet press regarding its structure and content. In preparing the second edition, dedicated to the glorious fortieth anniversary of the world-historical Victory of the Soviet people and its Armed Forces over fascist Germany and militarist Japan, the author sought to take into account the comments and wishes of readers—veterans of the war
Beacon of Faith Thus, Osh, once a city of "infidels" - Zoroastrians and followers of local shamanic cults - gradually became a holy city for Muslims. It took centuries for new Islamic legends, tales, and myths to replace the pagan legends and rituals practiced on the slopes of the mountain. These stories recounted the life of Adam, as well as the assembly of Muslim prophets, such as Jibril, Muhammad, Sulayman, Asaf ibn Burhiya, and many others. This continued until the advent of
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Part - 3 With the beginning of perestroika and the proclamation of independence, a movement opposing the official course pursued by the political leadership of Kyrgyzstan, headed by President A. Akayev, regained strength. This, however, does not contradict the proclaimed democratic path of development for our country. This also defines the particular relevance of studying the proposed issues, political leaders of both formal and informal types, the history and
Support for the Rebels by the Local Population The uprising of 1873-1876 began and unfolded as an anti-feudal and national liberation movement. Its driving forces were the Kyrgyz, Uzbek, and Tajik laborers, ordinary herders, artisans, and impoverished peasants, who were devastated by the predatory policies of the Kokand khan and his officials. Representatives of the feudal nobility also participated in this uprising. The occupation of a large part of the khanate's territory by Tsarist
Baaryny (baarin, bayrin, bakhrin, naryn), balykchi (balikchi), baluki Baaryny (baarin, bayrin, bakhrin, naryn) — a Turkicized Mongolian tribe. They migrated from Mongolia to the Chagatai ulus after Genghis Khan divided their conquered lands among his sons. Baaryny are mentioned in the works of Eastern authors. Their emirs actively participated in the political life of Moghulistan. For example, they supported the candidacy of the eldest son of Veys-khan, Yunus, for the throne. Shah-Mahmud
...the Kyrgyz must live together like bees in one hive... The political influence of Shabdan was very significant not only among the Kyrgyz but also among the top leadership of the Russian administration in Turkestan. This is clearly evidenced by the removal in 1890 of the administrator of the Pishpek district, military elder Narbuga, and in 1911 of the incompetent volost manager of the Sarybagysh volost, M. Alpybaev, who were dismissed after Shabdan informed the Military Governor of the
Verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court On March 4, 1932, the significantly updated secretariat of the Kyrgyz Regional Committee of the Party adopted a resolution "On Kyrgyz Literature," which stated that "the letter from I. V. Stalin to the editorial office of the magazine 'Proletarian Revolution' served as a signal for a broad offensive by the party on the ideological front, strengthening the vigilance of party organizations in the struggle on two
Convoy with bread. Kyrgyz SSR 1942 Steps in the Study of Kyrgyzstan's History during the Great Patriotic War The participation of small nations in the nationwide struggle is addressed in one of the sections of "Essays on the History of Soviet Dungans" and more thoroughly in the work of I. Yusupov. These works examine the feats of Dungan warriors on the battlefields and the selfless labor of Dungan collective farmers in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in the rear, as well as their
"The Business Card" of the City of Osh When narrating the life of the Alaï queen, one cannot overlook the "pearl" of the Kokand Khanate - Osh. This city is closely connected to the matriarch, especially during the years of her brilliant political career. If a theater, as they say, begins with a coat rack, then it is best to start telling about the attractions of the "southern capital" with Sulaiman-Too. This mountain has always been a symbol of the ancient city.
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction. Part - 3 Among the works of predecessors that have directly and indirectly influenced the results of this historical research, it is important to highlight the writings of historians V. M. Ploskih, I. E. Semenov, Dzh. Dzhunushaliev, T. Ozhukeeva, A. Tuzov, and others, who have already dealt with the issues discussed in this book. The author disagrees with some of these researchers regarding the essence of how they unfold and interpret events, but does not
Forced Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate The tsarism, the patron of the Kokand khans, failed to restore either the power of Khudoyar Khan or Nasr-ed-Din Khan. The imperial government, which had previously refrained from accepting the Kyrgyz, who inhabited the southern regions of Kyrgyzstan, as its subjects for tactical reasons, was now forced to liquidate the Kokand Khanate and annex its territory, including the southern part of Kyrgyzstan, to Russia on February 19, 1876, frightened by the
Arkanuts, Arlats, Barlasses The problem being studied is one of the complex and poorly researched topics in the history of Mogulistan, as the uneven study of various aspects of socio-economic relations, cultural-economic life, and political structure is explained by the fragmentary nature or complete absence of written sources and cultural monuments. Population
The Influence of Shabdan Jantayev among the Kyrgyz of the Semirechye Region An analysis of the information from sources and the political situation in Kyrgyzstan from the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries convinces us that the personality of Baatyr Shabdan, as an intermediary for the colonial authorities of Russia in managing the new region, was demanded by the very time itself. And he fulfilled this role with honor. It is probably not coincidental that even his ardent opponent, the head of
The Struggle of Soviet Power Against Class Enemies The failure of Kyrgyzstan to meet the increased grain procurement plan in the drought year of 1932 and the refusal to "sweep away" the seed fund in the newly created collective farms were classified by the Central Committee of the VKP(b) and its Central Asian Bureau as "manifestations of localist tendencies." By the end of 1932, refugees from Kazakhstan and Siberia (more than 130,000 families) flooded into Kyrgyzstan—an
Industry and Collective Farm Production of Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War. The fourth chapter of N. S. Esipov's monograph is dedicated to the study of industrial development during the war, based primarily on factual material extracted from the Central Statistical Administration of the Kyrgyz SSR. Despite a certain one-sidedness in the source base, the author managed to recreate the picture of industrial development, illuminate the dynamics of gross product output, the size and
The Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate In the spring of 1873-1874, uprisings repeatedly broke out in the Kokand Khanate, but the khan managed to cope with them somehow. The rebels often sought help from the Russian authorities but always received a refusal. In the spring of 1875, even the Kokand nobility rose against Khudoyar: the conspiracy was led by the son of the once all-powerful regent Muslimqul, Abdurrahman Avtobachi, the mullah Issa-Auliye, and the khan's brother, the ruler of
Work on Restoring Historical Truth in Kyrgyzstan A certain shift in the study of our issue began to emerge during the years of Khrushchev's "thaw." However, this trend soon "choked" due to internal resistance, manifesting itself in the political rehabilitation of only a few "enemies of the people," who were not active participants in opposition activities. The work on restoring historical truth in Kyrgyzstan still requires significant efforts. However, it can
Execution of Pulat-khan The day after the defeat at Uch-Kurgan, the city nobility of Margilan, trying to please the victors and save their own skins, appeared before the commander of the punitive detachment, expressing submission, and handed over 15 weapons belonging to the rebels led by Pulat-khan. The commander of the punitive detachment, Major General Skobelev, concerned that the uprising could flare up again, urgently organized a special group that included representatives of the feudal
The Work of Muhammad-Qadiq (18th century) and an Anonymous Manuscript The written sources about the rulers of Eastern Turkestan at the end of the 17th century are fragmentary and contradictory. Among them, the work of Muhammad-Qadiq (18th century) and an anonymous manuscript acquired by V. V. Bartold in 1902 in Tashkent deserve more attention. Here is a brief summary of their content.
Baatyr, in demand by the era Every nation has individuals whose activities serve as a peculiar reflection of the era in which they lived. Through them, we study our history, compare our actions, thereby grasping the truth of national self-consciousness. The well-known Russian historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky expressed a remarkable thought on this matter at the end of the last century when he asserted that "self-consciousness is a difficult and slow process, crowning the work of a
1937... For almost everyone alive today, this period in our history evokes a heavy sense of rejection, a national tragedy, and for the older generation, those who experienced the superstitious fear of the omnipotence of state punitive organs, a desire to explain that there were not so many "enemies," and that those who perished during this time were often not just good people, but also steadfast fighters for the ideals of October. Among the first victims in the republic, the
New Research on the History of the Republic during the Great Patriotic War. A more comprehensive and systematic study of the history of Kyrgyzstan from 1941 to 1945 began after the end of the Great Patriotic War. In 1946, a work was published that highlighted the contribution of workers in the light industry of Kyrgyzstan to the victory effort based on factual material. Candidate dissertations on specific issues were prepared and defended. The authors of these studies attempted to demonstrate
Findings in the Tombs of Kurkata and Tashravata Findings of items with female characteristics in Ustrushana and Fergana are not isolated. Several years ago, in mound No. 31 of the Tashravat burial site, located 40-60 km southeast of Kurkata, a pendant depicting genitals was found, cast from Egyptian faience. In the absence of a genital amulet, the so-called "factory" production, which apparently was not accessible to everyone, its role could have been played by cowrie shells or
The Newly Minted Ruler of Kokand In 1862, there was a struggle for khan power in Kokand. Khudoyar emerged victorious. It is worth mentioning the circumstances under which this remarkable politician came to power. It is known that he ascended to the throne with the support of his regent, the Kipchak Muslimkul. The latter killed Murad Khan, who ruled in Kokand for only 11 days. At the time of his ascension, Khudoyar was only 16 years old. According to the biography of the newly minted ruler of
Battles of the Khans for the Throne After the departure of Abdallah, many emirs of Yarkand, Kashgar, and Hotan gathered in Aksu and sent a messenger to Eldan-taishi to bring Ismail Khan. The Kalmyk prince delivered him to Aksu and proclaimed him khan. Ismail, with his troops, headed for Yarkand. He was accompanied by Eldan-taishi's son, Elpa. However, the citizens of Yarkand began to defend themselves and sent a messenger to Yulbars Khan, who set out with an army from Kashgar. However, in
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction With the establishment of Soviet power, a political culture began to form and grow among the peoples now living in the new independent countries of the CIS, oriented towards a rigidly centralized state governance of society, with a pseudo-self-activity role of the public, as the Bolshevik-Communist party transformed into the backbone of a leaderist state system. It was then that the initiative and creativity of people were replaced by the self-activity of
The people of Kyrgyzstan will never forget Victory Day, May 9, 1945 Time has no power over the memory of the people. They will never forget Victory Day, May 9, 1945 — the greatest historical date. On this momentous day, the artillery salvos of the Moscow salute from a thousand guns announced to the peoples of the entire planet the end of the bloody war in Europe, the complete and crushing defeat of fascist Germany by the Soviet people and its valiant Armed Forces, and its unconditional
Amulets In ancient times, the connection between symbols was more natural, concrete, and motivated by the living conditions of people. This brings us back to the magical connection of fist-shaped amulets with an intimate female issue. According to elderly women from Leninabad, in the past, some families, especially those where women had difficult childbirths, kept pouches with fist-shaped amulets. These amulets were usually carved from hawthorn with branches that spread out, resembling fingers
Uch-Kurgan Defeat of Pulat Khan Nasr-Eddin Khan, who was eagerly following the events in the khanate and seeking a suitable moment, attempted once again to regain the khan's throne with the help of the Tsarist regime after the defeat of the rebels in Assaka. On January 22, he left the city of Khojent and stopped at the village of Kainar (according to some sources, the village of Naimancha—K.U.) located 9 versts from Kokand. Here, Nasr-Eddin was preparing to seize power in the Kokand
