The Important Political Role of the Kyrgyz in Fergana at the End of the 18th Century With the conquest of the surrounding Kazakhs in 1798, the Tashkent ruler Yunus-Khodja presumably temporarily subordinated the closest Talas Kyrgyz as well. There is evidence that these Kazakhs, and possibly the Kyrgyz of Talas and the upper reaches of the Chirchik, i.e., Chatkal, participated in Yunus-Khodja's campaign against the Kokand ruler who had risen against Tashkent in 1799. This information is
Haidu Jemal Karshi met with Haidu twice and received valuable gifts from him. The author speaks of him with great sympathy, calling him a wise and knowledgeable khan. Haidu's father (Kashi), the son of Ugedey, died from alcoholism in his youth, while his mother, named Sipkiné Zhebkina, was from the Bekrin (Mekrin) tribe. Later, when Haidu established an independent state, he incorporated the Bekrins, who became one of his supporters in the creation of his independent state. Haidu was
Multi-Step Politics of Kyrgyz Tribes in the Late 18th Century In the late 18th century, Kyrgyz biys Atake and Esengul, disheartened by internal conflicts with the Kazakhs, came to the conclusion that reconciliation was necessary. In 1786, deputies arrived from Kazakh Sultan Khan-Khodzha to the Kyrgyz to negotiate the terms of an agreement, who, while offering friendship, nevertheless... demanded amanats - noble hostages. As reported by the Omsk merchant Zakhar Penyevtov, who traded in Kazakh
Bernsham in the Popularization of the Epic "Manas" During the celebration of the glorious anniversary of the 1000th anniversary of the epic "Manas," one cannot help but recall the scholars who made significant contributions to the study of this masterpiece of world culture. Among such scholars is A.N. Bernsham - a prominent archaeologist, historian, and orientalist. Since the early 1930s, A.N. Bernsham has linked his scientific activity with the history and archaeology of
Chagatai Chagatai declared his grandson Khara-Khulagu, son of Mutugen, as his heir. In 1241, Ogedei died, and shortly thereafter, Chagatai also passed away. According to the will, the throne of the Chagatai ulus was taken by Khara-Khulagu. He appointed Masud-bek as the governor of Maverranahr. From 1241 to 1246, Ogedei's throne remained vacant, and the Mongol Empire was temporarily ruled by his widow Tura-Kina. The successor and son of Ogedei, Guyuk (1246–1248), deposed Khara-Khulagu,
The Defiance and Bravery of the Kyrgyz The ambitions of the Qing dynasty and their aggressive policies in Eastern Turkestan in the late 50s-60s of the 18th century tightened the alliance between the Kokand domain, Kyrgyz, and Kazakh tribes, which seriously concerned the Qing authorities, who did not lose hope of subjugating the northwestern border areas. In particular, in the second half of the 18th century, the Chinese made attempts to advance into Naryn, following the route: Terek Pass -
CHAGATAI ULUS AND THE STATE OF HAIDU According to Rashid ad-Din, Genghis Khan divided the countries he conquered among his sons in the spring of 1226. The eldest, Juchi, received lands from Koyalyga (a city in the Ili River valley) and Khorezm to the places where "the hooves of the Tatar horses reached," Chagatai — from the land of the Uighurs to Samarkand and Bukhara, Ogedei — the valleys of Emili and Bunak (i.e., Koyuk), and Tolui received the ancestral yurt. They were assigned
The Performance of Kyrgyz Tribes Against the Conquest Policy of Irdana. In the Sagymbaev version of the epic "Manas," in the chapter "The Campaign Against Beidzhin," there is a thought about the necessity of uniting the Kyrgyz tribes and replacing internal conflicts (in particular, the rebellion against Manas) with participation in the war against an external enemy - the Kalmyks and China under the leadership of a glorious leader. Hyperbolization of events, as a common
Works of Medieval Authors The work "Shajaray-i Turk va Mogul" ("Genealogy of the Turks and Mongols"), written in Khorezm, immediately gained widespread recognition. Its numerous copies have been translated into various languages, including Russian. The author of "Shajaray-i Turk" is the Khivan khan and historian Abul-Ghazi (1603—1664). However, he did not manage to complete his work, and at the request of his son, it was finished by a certain Mahmoud from Urgench.
“Tarikh-i Rashidi” and “Bahr al-Asrar” The work “Shaibani-name” (“Book about Shaibani”) provides a more detailed account than other written sources regarding the relationships between the Mongol rulers Mahmud and Ahmed Khan with Muhammad Shaibani Khan (Uzbek) and Burunduk Khan (Kazakh), who fought for the Syr Darya cities. The author of the work, Kamal ad-Din Bianni (1453—1512), served at the court of Muhammad Shaibani Khan. Based on personal observations and eyewitness accounts, he compiled
Armed Resistance of the Kyrgyz Against Chinese Troops At the same time, Eastern Turkestan became the target of the aggressive expansionist policy of Manchu-Qing China. With the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate, the Qing nearly exterminated its local Oirat population. A century later, A.N. Kuropatkin, who visited Eastern Turkestan, wrote: “The Chinese probably considered their power in Dzungaria to be unstable because this country was acquired without bloodshed.
Immortal Manuscripts of Medieval Authors “Zafar-name” (“Book of Victories”) is the first official history of Timur's reign. Its author, Nizam ad-Din Shami, came from the suburb of Tabriz. In 1393, he entered the service of Timur, who commissioned him to write the history of his rule. Nizam ad-Din Shami presented the political history of the Timurids, their campaigns based on official documents, records of scribes, diaries, and oral accounts from participants in the events, as well as
FATE CONNECTED THEM FOREVER The official history of the discovery of the burial site sounds like an exciting movie plot. In her memoirs, excerpts of which are presented in the exhibition of the Ata-Beyit Museum, Byubura Kydyralieva, the daughter of a guard at the favorite resort of NKVD employees in the village of Chon-Tash, recalls how as a child she, along with her brothers and sisters, was taken away from the village for a week. This happened around the same time that executions of
The History of Moghulistan from Eastern Written Sources We move on to the characteristics of Eastern written sources on the studied issue. Marco Polo (13th century), along with his uncle and father, traveled through the domains of the Chinggisids, visiting Karakorum and the camp of the all-Mongol Khan Kublai. In the book compiled by Marco Polo, there is very valuable information about the feuds among the Mongolian princes and the struggle of Haidu against Kublai. The author was a witness to
The Power of the Kyrgyz in the Mid-18th Century Traces of the political activity of the Kyrgyz in the second half of the 18th century can be found not only in Fergana but also in Eastern Turkestan. The most active military leader was the Kuschin feudal Kubad-biy. In this regard, the well-known orientalist P.P. Ivanov called him “one of the outstanding political figures of the second half of the 18th century.” In any case, it is undoubtedly true that Kubad-biy was the most significant of the
Authors of Works on the History of Moghulistan The article dedicated to the study of the mausoleum of Yunus Khan briefly outlines specific issues during the reign of Tugluq Timur, Khizr Khoja, Weis Khan, Esen Bukha, Yunus Khan, and other rulers of Moghulistan, as well as their relationships with Timur and his successors. In the work of S. A. Azimdzhanova, the struggle of Yunus Khan for the throne in Moghulistan against his younger brother Esen Bukha is presented. The author pays particular
The Struggle for Power Among the Political Elite of Kokand So, was the emergence of the future Alaï queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental? Of course not: from the very beginning of the existence of the khanate, a number of tribes of the southern Kyrgyz played a significant role in it, having become subjects of the khanate.
The Birth and Change of Dynasties of the Future Alay Queen Before delving into the era in which the Alay Queen was born and lived, it is worthwhile to trace the history of her country's emergence, while also recalling the birth and change of dynasties of its rulers. The emergence of the Kokand Khanate in the early 18th century is associated with the Uzbek feudal lord Shahrokh-biy. In 1709, he founded the royal Ming dynasty, displacing the initially ruling community of khojas,
History of the Chagatai Ulus (13th century), the state formations of Haidu (13th—14th centuries), and Moghulistan (14th—17th centuries) The book presents the history of the regions that existed within Eastern Turkestan, Dzungaria, modern Southern Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The formation and existence of the Chagatai Ulus, the states of Haidu, and Moghulistan had significant objective-historical consequences for the modern Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In particular,
Suleiman Yunusovich Kuchukov (1889-1932) Historically, it happened that the author of these lines learned to read at a time when all participants in the struggle against the basmachi, who survived it (and those who were killed for some reason in the following years) began to write memoirs. That is, they may have written them earlier. But in the late 50s and early 60s, they began to be published in large numbers, mainly in local publishing houses, but in mass (for those times and conditions)
Conveyor of Fabricated Cases In the morning, work was somewhat sluggish. The time difference was noticeable - in Moscow, good people were still asleep, while the workday had already begun here. Frunze, of course, is an interesting little town: the Asian color and the buildings of modern European architecture in the center created a strange combination. But all of this attracted attention, was memorable, and somewhere deep down, it was even liked after the noisy, bustling Moscow with its
ANNA AND ALEXANDRA Sergey Kashevarov was from the merchant class of Kazan. His father owned a bakery where the whole family worked. Sergey married at twenty-eight after serving in both the White and Red Armies. Alexandra was four years younger than him. The daughter of a well-known doctor in Kazan, Iosif Bogdanov, she buried her first husband and retained his rare surname, Ksu-Erbo, which was uncommon for Russian ears. In 1928, Sergey would arrive in Frunze, and Alexandra would come a year
White Terror Gave Rise to Red Terror Admiral Kolchak was executed on February 7, 1920, by the verdict of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee. His appointed commander of the Separate Semirechye Army, Ataman Annenkov, was sentenced seven years later in Semipalatinsk by a military tribunal: after fleeing to China in May 1920, he returned to the USSR.
Search for Father The telegram reached Ak-Olen immediately, and Aiganish-ezhe began to prepare for the journey. She put on her best dress, tied a scarf tightly, the most beautiful kerchief. The bus was moving quickly, and Issyk-Kul was gradually left behind, only the sun was blinding her eyes painfully, to tears. The telegram was from Klara, the daughter of her brother Omor: tomorrow, on July 31st, Aiganish Jumayeva is invited to meet with President Akayev.
QUESTIONS WITHOUT ANSWERS The morphological department of the medical institute is not a cheerful place. In the basement, there are two morgues; in the classrooms, students study anatomy. Having lost my way in the desolate labyrinths of the upper floors, I carelessly entered one of these classrooms...
The Mystery of the Mass Grave. For many years, Bubuyra Kydyralieva could not share her secret. No one wanted to listen; she was not taken seriously. Yet she wanted to find someone who could investigate the tragic story she had remembered since she was 10 years old. Everything changed with her acquaintance with a young careerist from the KGB. Bolot Abdrakhmanov knew how to listen to the end. "I met with Bubuyra-ezhe at a time when Gorbachev began to implement democratic reforms. She said
In this anonymous work from the 17th century, the spread of the Islamic religion among the Kyrgyz and Kalmyks is discussed. Translation from Persian by N. Vorozheikina. Text: And after this, His Excellency deigned to say: “In the name of serving Muslims, I have dedicated myself to this cause, and thanks to the sanctity of the souls of their best great khodjas — may mercy and blessings be upon them! — I have brought several thousand Kyrgyz and Kalmyks into the light of faith, (liberating them)
Hagiographic works can serve as a valuable supplement to historical sources for studying various aspects of the internal life and existence of the population. Relevant excerpts are included in the collection "Materials on the History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan." Vol. I. Moscow, 1973. “Ziya al-Qulub” (“The Radiance of Hearts”) This anonymous work from the 17th century contains information about the spread of Islam among the Kyrgyz. Translation from Persian by Z. N. Vorozheikina.
This work by Abu-l-Ghazi (1603—1664) is based on legends about the genealogy of tribes and the works of predecessors. Shah-Mahmud Churas. Chronicle. Critical text, translation, comments, research, and indexes by O. F. Akimushkin. Moscow, 1976 There is very little information about Shah-Mahmud. He was born in the 1620s into a noble family of the Churas clan and died in the late 17th century. He received a good education and was proficient in Arabic and Persian. His work "Chronicle"
Excerpt from the work of Abu-l-Ghazi (1603—1664) — almost a retelling from Rashid ad-Din's "Collection of Chronicles" and Muhammad Haidar's "Tarikh-i Rashidi." Text: Oghuz Khan had a grandson named Kyrgyz: the Kyrgyz descend from him; but in our time, very few people from this lineage remain. The Mongols and other tribes, having exterminated the Kyrgyz in fire and water, entered their land and, having settled here, took on the name of Kyrgyz. They themselves know
Muhammad Haider. "Tarikh-i Rashidi" ("The Rashid History"). Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Inv. No. 5176 The author came from a noble and influential Duglat tribe in Eastern Turkestan. In 1541, he managed to seize Kashmir and establish an independent principality there. Between 1541 and 1546, he wrote the book "Tarikh-i Rashidi," which is the main source of the history of
Seifi Chelebi. "Tavarikh" ("Chronicles"), Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Inv. No. 5176 Nothing is known about the biography of this Ottoman historian. His "Tavarikh" was composed somewhere at the end of the 16th century. In Seifi's work, there are original details about the beliefs, customs, and social structure of the Kyrgyz.
Mirkhond. "Rawzat as-Safa" ("The Garden of Purity"). Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Inventory No. 5176 Mirkhond (died in 1498) belonged to the school of courtly Timurid historiography in Herat. He came from a family of Bukhara sayyids and spent most of his life in Herat. The "Geographical Appendix" to "Rawzat" ... was fully included in "Bada'i
Rashid ad-Din. Collection of Chronicles. Vol. I. M.-L., 1952 Rashid ad-Din (1247—1318) was the vizier of several Mongol khans in Iran and had access to their treasury, where the official chronicle of the Mongols was kept. In addition to this source, his informants included experts on Mongolian traditions. The author and his colleagues also drew on data from many books in various languages. "Jami-atu-tawarikh" ("Collection of Chronicles") was completed in 1310—11.
Al-Marwazi. "Taba'i al-hayawan" ("The Nature of Animals"). Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Inv. No. 1820 There is very little information about the life and activities of the court physician of the Seljuk sultans, Al-Marwazi. By nisba, he was a native of the city of Merv and completed his book in 1120.
Gardizi. "Zayn al-Akhbar" ("The Ornament of Reports") V.V. Bartold. Collected Works. Vol. VIII. Moscow, 1973 The author hails from the village of Gardiz near Ghazni (Iran). He wrote his work "The Ornament of Reports" during the reign of the Ghaznavid Sultan Abd al-Rashid (1050-1053). It contains a chapter about the Turks, which includes new geographical information and interesting legends about the origins of various tribes. Translation from Persian by V.V.
Abu Dulaf. "Risale" ("Note") — Kitab asar al-bilad” al-Kazvini. Gottingen, 1848 The author came from Southern Arabia and, for some reason, ended up at the court of the Samanids in Central Asia. Abu Dulaf began his travels in 942 from Bukhara and traveled through the Tian Shan and Eastern Turkestan to China. His "Note" became known to us through the authors of the 13th century, Yakut and al-Kazvini. All of Abu Dulaf's reports about the Kyrgyz are confirmed by
«Hudud al-Alam». («Boundaries of the World»). Translation from Persian by N. Vorozheikina. This anonymous work was written in 372/982—83 in Persian. It was discovered in 1892 in Bukhara by A. G. Tumansky. The Orientalist V. F. Minorsky translated it into English with extensive scholarly commentary. The «Hudud al-Alam» («Boundaries of the World») contains very valuable information about the Kyrgyz and the geography of Kyrgyzstan. V. V. Bartold based his first writings on their information
Arab and Persian Sources of the IX—XVII Centuries Medieval Arab and Persian authors left us very valuable and quite rich information about the Kyrgyz. They were and remain the main basis for studying the history of the Kyrgyz people. Materials on the History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan, Vol. I. Moscow, 1973
Monument in honor of the "Kyrgyz Son" in Suji. It was found by G. I. Ramstedt in 1900 on the elevation of Sujin-davan south of Mongolia. Text: I, Yaglakhar-khan-ata(1), was a newcomer in the Uyghur land. I am Kyrgyz. I am Boila(2), the high judge. I am Ogya-buyuruk (the appointed) of the happy Baga-Tarkhan. Rumors and inquiries about me reached from sunrise to sunset. I was wealthy. I had ten enclosures for livestock. I had countless livestock. I had seven younger brothers, three
Epitaph in Honor of Bars-Beg This gravestone runic inscription in honor of the Kyrgyz khan Bars-Beg was found by a peasant from the village of Iudino (modern S. Bondarevo) Y. F. Korchakov near a small lake Altyn-Kul (in Khakassia) and is kept in the Minusinsk Historical Museum. We present a new, corrected translation by St. Petersburg Turkologist S. G. Klyashtorny: Ten moons bore (me), my mother! She brought (me) to my el (people). I established myself on the earth thanks to my valor. I
Monument to Kagan Mogilyan (Bilge. 716—734 AD) The monument to this kagan of the Eastern Turkic Kaganate was found in 1889 by N. M. Yadrintsev in the Koshoy-Tsai Dam valley on the banks of the Orkhon River. Its content is similar to that of the monument of Kültegin, the brother of Mogilyan, discovered in the same place. Text: When I was twenty-six years old, the Chik people(1) became my enemies along with the Kyrgyz. Crossing the Kem(2), I moved with my army against the Chiks, fought at Orpen,
Orkhon-Yenisei Turkic Monuments These runic inscriptions were mainly found in the territory of Yenisei, Mongolia, and the Talas Valley. They contain very valuable information about the Turkic peoples, including the Kyrgyz. The Orkhon-Yenisei runic alphabet was used by many Turkic peoples of Central Asia from the 6th to the 11th centuries. There are various opinions regarding the ownership of this writing system. It is not by chance that prominent Turkologists attribute them to the Yenisei
A. G. Malyavkin. Tang Chronicles of the States of Central Asia. Novosibirsk. 1989 Ouyan Xiu. Xin Tang Shu (New Chronicle of the Tang Dynasty). Beijing. 1958. Text: Administration of Dudu, Jianggun. Created on (the territory of settlement) of the tribe of Jegu (Kyrgyz).
A. G. Malyavkin. The Uyghur States in the IX—XII Centuries. Novosibirsk, 1983 Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government). Beijing. 1956. Text: The Kyrgyz sent General Tabu-khezu and others to the fortress of the Tian'de province... they also reported that they would be relocating to the Helo River(1) to live on the old territory of the Uyghur state; moreover, five tribes submitted to them — Anxi (Kucha), Beiting (Beshbalyk), Dada (Tatars), and others (2nd year
A. G. Malyavkin. Historical Geography of Central Asia. Novosibirsk, 1981 "Jiu Tanshu" ("New Chronicle of the Tang Dynasty"). Text: Initially, the czequ (Kyrgyz) were never in contact with the Central State, but upon learning that the Tele and others had all submitted, they immediately performed a bow to the ground and called themselves vassals(1).
A. G. Malyavkin. Materials on the History of the Uyghurs in the IX—XII Centuries. Vol. 2. Novosibirsk. 1974 In this book, A. G. Malyavkin translated and published with comprehensive comments all the information on the history of the Uyghurs in the IX—XII centuries from various sources written in Chinese. It contains very valuable information about the Yenisei Kyrgyz in connection with their defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate. Below are these excerpts with the corresponding comments. Text:
N. V. Kyuner. Chinese News about the Peoples of Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and the Far East. Moscow, 1961 N. V. Kyuner supplemented the translation of N. Bichurin's book "Collection of Information..." from Chinese sources. In doing so, he made appropriate corrections or clarifications to the translations of his predecessor and provided a parallel translation of texts from other works not used by N. Bichurin himself. The excerpt about the Hagas is translated from the
