Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Struggle for the Throne of the Descendants of Chagatai

The Struggle for Power in the Chagatai Ulus The successor of Durra-Timur, Ala ad-Din Tarmashirin (1326—1334), continued Kebek's policy of centralizing power. He moved the capital of the ulus to Bukhara. According to Ibn Battuta, the khan organized a plundering campaign into India. Tarmashirin was initially a shamanist but later converted to Islam, which he proclaimed the state religion. He began to neglect nomadic traditions, never traveled to the city of Almalyk, and did not invite the

13.12.2019, 04:26

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Burials of the Bronze Age from the Kyzyl-Say and Kulan-Say Burial Mounds

Kyzyl-Say and Kulan-Say Burial Mounds in the Talas Valley The systematic study of Bronze Age monuments in Kyrgyzstan is associated with the work of Alexander Natanovich Bernshtein in the late 1930s to early 1960s. He initiated the accumulation of material and its scientific interpretation. Archaeological supervision along the route of the Great Chui Canal in the early 1940s allowed him to make an important historical conclusion that "based on the development of the economy of pastoralist

10.12.2019, 00:19

Kurmanjan Datka

Expansion of the Military-Political Presence of the Russian Empire in Central Asia

The First Expeditions of the Russian Empire to Eastern Turkestan In exploring the biography of Kurmandzhan Datka, one should not forget that she and her people lived in a territory that was at that time at the forefront of the confrontation between two global superpowers - Britain and Russia. In short, the Kyrgyz, as subjects of the Kokand Khanate, found themselves at the end of the last century in the epicenter of a serious geopolitical game. Moreover, each of them had their own, quite

07.12.2019, 22:28

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Religious Macrosystem of Ancient Central Asia

Ideological and Practical Policy of Ancient Eastern Society A special attitude towards fire is evident not only in the monumental cult complexes uncovered at Toprak-Kala. There is a clear desire to specifically preserve the ashes of the sacred fire, for which special pits or wells were constructed, filled with such ashes. In smaller sanctuaries, small pits were made to collect the sacred ash. The symbolism and sign systems of the ancient era do not provide a clear solution for defining the

06.12.2019, 12:44

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Government of Quebec

Administrative and Monetary Reforms of Kebek Esen-Buka died around 1318. His throne was taken by Kebek. The new khan was a vivid representative of the Chagatai house and the Mongolian nobility, who supported the transition to settled life and urbanization. He and his supporters sought to take direct control over the cultural regions of Maverranahr. It is no coincidence that it was Kebek who implemented the monetary and administrative reform. Another group of Chagatai princes and the Mongolian

03.12.2019, 19:45

Kurmanjan Datka

Leader of the Rebels Iskhak Hasan Uulu

“THE KYRGYZ PUGACHEV” Thus, since 1873, the struggle of the Kyrgyz people against the tyranny of Khudoyar Khan escalated into a real war, which did not cease until the Kokand ruler left the throne and fled under the protection of the imperial authorities. The reason for this fateful uprising of 1873 was the additional taxation imposed on the Kyrgyz of the southern regions of the Fergana Valley and Alai. It was prompted by a simple reason. In 1865, due to the actions of large Russian military

02.12.2019, 22:50

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Burial Chambers of Bactria

From Ossuary Burials to Corpse Placement For historical reconstructions, burial rites are especially important as they reflect the mass public practice and a special relationship to fire, which can be traced through a whole range of manifestations. In Bactria, there are various types of burial rites. Long known are cemeteries consisting of single burials, where some of the buried had coins in their mouths, clearly following Hellenistic traditions (Tuphona). The movement of nomadic populations

28.11.2019, 18:11

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Reign of Esen-Buka

The Ascension of Esen-Buka to the Throne In 1309, at the initiative of Kebek, a kurultai was convened, during which his older brother Esen-Buka was ascended to the throne. Under him, the invasion of the great khan's troops began up to the Talas Valley. The "Yuan-shi" states: "In 1314, Zhuangur defeated the army of the rebellious khan Yesyan-Buhua at Itehhaimishi and sent a messenger to report the victory... In 1315, he defeated the generals Ebuhanya and Khudutemur, sent by

26.11.2019, 10:01

Kurmanjan Datka

The Reign of Khudoyar Khan

REVOLT THAT ESCALATED INTO A PEOPLE'S WAR After the defeat in the 1845 uprising, the Kyrgyz rose against the Kipchaks again in 1847. A major battle took place in Namangan in the area of Balikchy, but here too the Kyrgyz were defeated. The main forces opposing them were Kipchak troops led by feudal lords loyal to Muslimkula. Thus began the darkest period in the history of the khanate - the reign of Khudoyar Khan. He ruled three times, being deposed and then restoring his power. The periods

26.11.2019, 09:37

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Reconstruction of Ancient Ideological Systems of Ancient Central Asia

Archaeological Materials of Central Asia The reconstruction of ancient ideological systems based on material remains is one of the most complex issues in archaeology. Gordon Childe's biting remark that if something is unclear to an archaeologist, they declare it to be cultic is well known. In everyday archaeology, a simplified model of explanation predominates in the procedure: archaeological fact - primitively selected analogy - historical conclusion. The complexity lies in determining

24.11.2019, 05:54

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Return of the Throne by the Chagataiids

Civil Wars of the Princes, Descendants of Haidu As we can see, without bloodshed, the leadership in Central Asia and the possession of Haidu passed into the hands of a descendant of Chagatai—Duwe. According to Vassaf (14th century), all these events occurred within one year. V. V. Barthold called Duwe the true founder of the Chagatai state. However, he ruled for a short time—he died of paralysis in 1307. In the region of Sebkun-Kala near the city of Almalyk, the son of Duwe, Kunjek, was

22.11.2019, 03:30

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Struggle for the Throne of Haidu

Tokhta and Bayan against Haidu and Duva It should be emphasized once again that Chinese historians of that time tried to minimize the documentation of the victories of Khubilai's opponents and the successors of his brother Hulagu in Iran. Nevertheless, the overall context of written sources indicates that Haidu managed to expand his possessions in the east to Kara-Khodzha, and in the northeast to the western half of the Mongolian Altai. At times, his sphere of influence extended to the

19.11.2019, 21:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The Sphere of Spiritual Production in Ancient Central Asia

IDEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ANCIENT CENTRAL ASIA As is known, ideology represents a set of ideas and views that reflect, in a theoretical and more or less systematized form, people's attitudes towards the surrounding reality and each other, serving to consolidate, change, and develop social relations. Ideology manifests itself in the form of political, religious, ethical, aesthetic, and philosophical views and concepts. Usually, intertwining with one another, they together create a special

19.11.2019, 20:16

Kurmanjan Datka

The Uprising of the Alai Kyrgyz in 1845

OSH UPRISING OF 1845 In 1845, a major uprising of the Alai Kyrgyz broke out, soon spreading to Osh. The husband of Kurmandzhan, the Alai tribal leader Alymbek, also participated in the uprising. But he would not have lost his head if not for the wisdom of his wife. The future Alai queen, who fatefully crossed his path, became his wife - a life companion, a loyal friend, an advisor, and a support in his days of greatness and adversity. In Alymbek's surroundings in Osh, there were many

18.11.2019, 17:20

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

A.N. BERNSTEIN - Researcher of Ancient Cultures of Central Asia. Part - 3

The Brilliant Insights of the Talented Scholar - Alexander Natanovich Bernstein In his work "Historical and Archaeological Essays on Tian Shan and Pamir-Alai," A.N. Bernstein summarizes the results of all his studies, providing the history of each region - Tian Shan, Alai, Fergana, and Pamir from ancient times to the Middle Ages. By demonstrating the commonality of culture among these areas as cultures of pastoral tribes (except for Fergana), he highlights its local features and

16.11.2019, 03:57

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Battles for Eastern Turkestan

Stories of Rashid ad-Din In 1275, Duva and Busma surrounded the city of Kara-Khodja, near Turfan, with an army of 120,000. The idikut refused to surrender the city, and the siege lasted six months. Starving citizens handed over the idikut's daughter. The idikut apparently escaped but died at the border of China in a skirmish with enemies from the northern coalition. Family members of the idikut and some Uyghurs fled first to Hami (Komul), and then to Gansu and other regions of China,

15.11.2019, 02:10

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

A.N. BERNSTEIN - Researcher of Ancient Cultures of Central Asia. Part - 2

A.N. Bernstein's Interest in the Ethnogenesis of Turkic Peoples During the war years, A.N. Bernstein was in Frunze (due to a severe illness he suffered in his youth, he was not drafted into the ranks of the Red Army, where he actively engaged in the history of the Kyrgyz people, participated in the organization of the Kyrgyz branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, conducted extensive scientific and educational work, and prepared local scientific personnel). The result of this work was an

14.11.2019, 05:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

A.N. BERNSTEIN - Researcher of Ancient Cultures of Central Asia. Part - 1

A.N. Bernstein's Interest in the History and Ethnography of Turkic Peoples A.N. Bernstein - an orientalist, archaeologist, and ethnographer - was a scholar of broad profile, vast horizons, and extraordinary determination. He belonged to that brilliant cohort of young scholars whose scientific growth occurred during the formation of Soviet historical science. The turbulent discussions of the 1930s, the fascination with sociological constructs, the categorical nature and dogmatism of

12.11.2019, 22:27

Kurmanjan Datka

Popular Uprisings Involving Kyrgyz People

CLUSTERS OF WRATH For a researcher, it is not easy to classify the protests against the authorities that occurred at that time even in chronological order, as the Kokand period entered the history of Kyrgyzstan as a series of unending uprisings. However, they usually ended in defeats, followed by bloody reprisals against the vanquished, which sparked new outbreaks of popular anger and... new failures. Thus, the end of one rebellion prepared the ground for the beginning of another. This

12.11.2019, 19:22

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Inclusion of Eastern Tianshan into the State of Haidu

Kublai's Struggle Against Haidu The uprising of Shireki and Tuk-Timur is also mentioned in the biography of the Kipchak military leader Kublai Tutukh in Chinese: "In the 14th year of the Zhiyuan era (1276), the princes Totomu Tuk-Timur and Shilezi (Shireki) rebelled. They devastated all the tribes, plundered the great yurt governed by Xian-zong and left. Tutukh, leading the troops, subdued them, defeated their commander Torcziñyan and Nalanbula, restored order in the tribes, and

06.11.2019, 16:22

Kurmanjan Datka

The Significance of Kyrgyz in Kokand

DID THE KYRGYZ DOMINATE IN KOKAND? The supreme power among the Kokandis belonged to the khan, under whom a council appointed by him operated. This council included the atalyk (regent), minbashi (thousand-man - a military title), atabek, serker, dasturkanchy, risalachi, mekhtar, naib, udai, kozho-kalyan, kazi-askar, as well as shaykh-al-Islam and other responsible figures. According to one of the chroniclers, Mullah Alim, the second most important position after the khan was held by the amir-i

04.11.2019, 20:14

Kurmanjan Datka

The Deceit of the Kokand Rulers

In which country was born in 1811 the future "mother of the Kyrgyz nation," the ruler of the clan, Alai? Some of our domestic politicians sometimes idealize the past excessively. For example, some see in the Kokand Khanate an idyll of the triumph of patriarchal order.

30.10.2019, 14:48

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The First Kurultai in Central Asia "on the Meadows of Talas and Kendzhik"

Kurultai under the Leadership of Haidu. According to Rashid al-Din, in the spring of 1269, the Mongolian princes gathered for their first kurultai in Central Asia "on the meadows of Talas and Kendzhik". The latter city was mentioned as early as the 11th century by Mahmud of Kashgar. The kurultai was held under the leadership of Haidu. Among its participants were Barak, Mongu-Timur, Kipchak, and Berkecher. V. V. "Bartold questions the presence of Mengu-Timur, the head of the ulus

29.10.2019, 14:25

History

A Brief Chronology of Historical Events in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan - Chronology of Major Historical Events 400,000 years ago - The oldest Stone Age monuments found in the Tien Shan. 3rd millennium, late 2nd millennium BC - The spread of copper, then bronze in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. 7th-5th centuries BC - Widespread distribution of iron in Central Asia. 7th-8th centuries BC - The Saka tribal union in the Tien Shan. 329 BC - The invasion of Central Asia by Alexander the Great. 2nd century BC - 6th century AD - The Usun tribal union in

28.10.2019, 20:28

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz-Kokand Relations in the 18th Century

The Important Political Role of the Kyrgyz in Fergana at the End of the 18th Century With the conquest of the surrounding Kazakhs in 1798, the Tashkent ruler Yunus-Khodja presumably temporarily subordinated the closest Talas Kyrgyz as well. There is evidence that these Kazakhs, and possibly the Kyrgyz of Talas and the upper reaches of the Chirchik, i.e., Chatkal, participated in Yunus-Khodja's campaign against the Kokand ruler who had risen against Tashkent in 1799. This information is

24.10.2019, 14:09

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Beginning of Haidu's Political Career

Haidu Jemal Karshi met with Haidu twice and received valuable gifts from him. The author speaks of him with great sympathy, calling him a wise and knowledgeable khan. Haidu's father (Kashi), the son of Ugedey, died from alcoholism in his youth, while his mother, named Sipkiné Zhebkina, was from the Bekrin (Mekrin) tribe. Later, when Haidu established an independent state, he incorporated the Bekrins, who became one of his supporters in the creation of his independent state. Haidu was

28.09.2019, 11:39

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz Feudal Lords in Search of Allies

Multi-Step Politics of Kyrgyz Tribes in the Late 18th Century In the late 18th century, Kyrgyz biys Atake and Esengul, disheartened by internal conflicts with the Kazakhs, came to the conclusion that reconciliation was necessary. In 1786, deputies arrived from Kazakh Sultan Khan-Khodzha to the Kyrgyz to negotiate the terms of an agreement, who, while offering friendship, nevertheless... demanded amanats - noble hostages. As reported by the Omsk merchant Zakhar Penyevtov, who traded in Kazakh

28.09.2019, 10:48

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Bernshtam A. N. Architectural Monuments of Kyrgyzstan

Bernsham in the Popularization of the Epic "Manas" During the celebration of the glorious anniversary of the 1000th anniversary of the epic "Manas," one cannot help but recall the scholars who made significant contributions to the study of this masterpiece of world culture. Among such scholars is A.N. Bernsham - a prominent archaeologist, historian, and orientalist. Since the early 1930s, A.N. Bernsham has linked his scientific activity with the history and archaeology of

25.09.2019, 19:50

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Chagatai Khanate (13th Century)

Chagatai Chagatai declared his grandson Khara-Khulagu, son of Mutugen, as his heir. In 1241, Ogedei died, and shortly thereafter, Chagatai also passed away. According to the will, the throne of the Chagatai ulus was taken by Khara-Khulagu. He appointed Masud-bek as the governor of Maverranahr. From 1241 to 1246, Ogedei's throne remained vacant, and the Mongol Empire was temporarily ruled by his widow Tura-Kina. The successor and son of Ogedei, Guyuk (1246–1248), deposed Khara-Khulagu,

23.09.2019, 13:10

Kurmanjan Datka

Politics in Eastern Turkestan in the Late 50s-60s of the 18th Century.

The Defiance and Bravery of the Kyrgyz The ambitions of the Qing dynasty and their aggressive policies in Eastern Turkestan in the late 50s-60s of the 18th century tightened the alliance between the Kokand domain, Kyrgyz, and Kazakh tribes, which seriously concerned the Qing authorities, who did not lose hope of subjugating the northwestern border areas. In particular, in the second half of the 18th century, the Chinese made attempts to advance into Naryn, following the route: Terek Pass -

22.09.2019, 14:14

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Division of Countries Conquered by Genghis Khan Among His Sons

CHAGATAI ULUS AND THE STATE OF HAIDU According to Rashid ad-Din, Genghis Khan divided the countries he conquered among his sons in the spring of 1226. The eldest, Juchi, received lands from Koyalyga (a city in the Ili River valley) and Khorezm to the places where "the hooves of the Tatar horses reached," Chagatai — from the land of the Uighurs to Samarkand and Bukhara, Ogedei — the valleys of Emili and Bunak (i.e., Koyuk), and Tolui received the ancestral yurt. They were assigned

19.09.2019, 12:53

Kurmanjan Datka

The Joining of the Kyrgyz to Kokand in the Late 18th Century.

The Performance of Kyrgyz Tribes Against the Conquest Policy of Irdana. In the Sagymbaev version of the epic "Manas," in the chapter "The Campaign Against Beidzhin," there is a thought about the necessity of uniting the Kyrgyz tribes and replacing internal conflicts (in particular, the rebellion against Manas) with participation in the war against an external enemy - the Kalmyks and China under the leadership of a glorious leader. Hyperbolization of events, as a common

17.09.2019, 12:19

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Valuable Sources on the History of the Kyrgyz in the 16th-17th Centuries. Part - 6

Works of Medieval Authors The work "Shajaray-i Turk va Mogul" ("Genealogy of the Turks and Mongols"), written in Khorezm, immediately gained widespread recognition. Its numerous copies have been translated into various languages, including Russian. The author of "Shajaray-i Turk" is the Khivan khan and historian Abul-Ghazi (1603—1664). However, he did not manage to complete his work, and at the request of his son, it was finished by a certain Mahmoud from Urgench.

15.09.2019, 16:19

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Andijan Uprising of 1916 in Turkestan

Popular Movements. The Andijan Uprising is recorded in history as the largest popular movement of the late 19th century in the Turkestan region. The main causes of the uprising were the colonial policies of tsarism, the intensification of social and national oppression, and the arbitrariness imposed by the Russian administration on the local population. Various social strata from several nations participated in the uprising, including Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, as well as representatives of other

14.09.2019, 21:25

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Works of Muhammad Haider and Mahmoud ibn Wali. Part - 5

“Tarikh-i Rashidi” and “Bahr al-Asrar” The work “Shaibani-name” (“Book about Shaibani”) provides a more detailed account than other written sources regarding the relationships between the Mongol rulers Mahmud and Ahmed Khan with Muhammad Shaibani Khan (Uzbek) and Burunduk Khan (Kazakh), who fought for the Syr Darya cities. The author of the work, Kamal ad-Din Bianni (1453—1512), served at the court of Muhammad Shaibani Khan. Based on personal observations and eyewitness accounts, he compiled

12.09.2019, 13:27

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Industry of Kyrgyzstan within the Russian Empire

The Industry of Kyrgyzstan in the Territory of Turkestan In the early 1890s, intensive exploration and development of coal and oil deposits began in the southern part of the Turkestan region. Since 1898, coal seams were being developed in Kyzyl-Kiya. Coal and oil deposits were discovered in other regions as well, where they were gradually being developed. By the early 20th century, relatively large enterprises appeared in both the manufacturing and extractive industries. These included cotton

09.09.2019, 13:44

Kurmanjan Datka

Aggressive-Expansionist Policy of Manchu-Qing China in Eastern Turkestan

Armed Resistance of the Kyrgyz Against Chinese Troops At the same time, Eastern Turkestan became the target of the aggressive expansionist policy of Manchu-Qing China. With the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate, the Qing nearly exterminated its local Oirat population. A century later, A.N. Kuropatkin, who visited Eastern Turkestan, wrote: “The Chinese probably considered their power in Dzungaria to be unstable because this country was acquired without bloodshed.

08.09.2019, 22:06

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Encouragement of the Russian Administration for the Development of Fair and Stationary Trade

Flour Market of 1899. Trade. The Russian administration encouraged the development of both fair and stationary trade. The largest fairs were the Auliye-Ata, Atbash, and Karkara fairs. To enhance the trade significance of cities and attract livestock breeders, fairs were established in the cities as well. Thus, the Przhevalsk, Pishpek, and Tokmak city fairs were opened. Such fairs did not hinder the development of stationary trade; on the contrary, they gradually merged with it and transformed

07.09.2019, 11:06

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Manuscripts Narrating about Moghulistan. Part - 4

Immortal Manuscripts of Medieval Authors “Zafar-name” (“Book of Victories”) is the first official history of Timur's reign. Its author, Nizam ad-Din Shami, came from the suburb of Tabriz. In 1393, he entered the service of Timur, who commissioned him to write the history of his rule. Nizam ad-Din Shami presented the political history of the Timurids, their campaigns based on official documents, records of scribes, diaries, and oral accounts from participants in the events, as well as

06.09.2019, 11:15

Historical records

One Hundred Thirty-Seven Chon-Tash Victims of the NKVD

FATE CONNECTED THEM FOREVER The official history of the discovery of the burial site sounds like an exciting movie plot. In her memoirs, excerpts of which are presented in the exhibition of the Ata-Beyit Museum, Byubura Kydyralieva, the daughter of a guard at the favorite resort of NKVD employees in the village of Chon-Tash, recalls how as a child she, along with her brothers and sisters, was taken away from the village for a week. This happened around the same time that executions of

04.09.2019, 10:00

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Economic Transformations After the Region Joined the Russian Empire

Economic Transformations. In the second half of the 19th century, significant shifts occurred in the development of livestock breeding and agriculture; the population began to engage in gardening, viticulture, and beekeeping. Targeted breeding work was carried out to improve livestock breeds, and the variety of agricultural plants expanded. Internal and external trade reached a new level. After the region joined the Russian Empire, changes occurred in the social structure of the Kyrgyz. Based

03.09.2019, 21:46

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Characteristics of Eastern Written Sources on the History of Moghulistan. Part - 3

The History of Moghulistan from Eastern Written Sources We move on to the characteristics of Eastern written sources on the studied issue. Marco Polo (13th century), along with his uncle and father, traveled through the domains of the Chinggisids, visiting Karakorum and the camp of the all-Mongol Khan Kublai. In the book compiled by Marco Polo, there is very valuable information about the feuds among the Mongolian princes and the struggle of Haidu against Kublai. The author was a witness to

03.09.2019, 21:29

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Resettlement Movement of Russian Peasantry to Kyrgyz Lands

Population After 1861, the demographic picture of the region changed as a result of the migration movement of Russian peasantry (Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, and representatives of other nationalities), as well as Dungans and Uighurs from China - the Kashgar oasis. The influx of population from Russia was due to the measures taken by the Tsarist government for the economic development of the annexed territories. Peasant villages in the Chui Valley and the Issyk-Kul Basin appeared in the

01.09.2019, 21:27

Kurmanjan Datka

Traces of Political Activity of the Kyrgyz in the Second Half of the 18th Century.

The Power of the Kyrgyz in the Mid-18th Century Traces of the political activity of the Kyrgyz in the second half of the 18th century can be found not only in Fergana but also in Eastern Turkestan. The most active military leader was the Kuschin feudal Kubad-biy. In this regard, the well-known orientalist P.P. Ivanov called him “one of the outstanding political figures of the second half of the 18th century.” In any case, it is undoubtedly true that Kubad-biy was the most significant of the

01.09.2019, 20:07

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The History of Moghulistan in Soviet and Foreign Literature. Part - 2

Authors of Works on the History of Moghulistan The article dedicated to the study of the mausoleum of Yunus Khan briefly outlines specific issues during the reign of Tugluq Timur, Khizr Khoja, Weis Khan, Esen Bukha, Yunus Khan, and other rulers of Moghulistan, as well as their relationships with Timur and his successors. In the work of S. A. Azimdzhanova, the struggle of Yunus Khan for the throne in Moghulistan against his younger brother Esen Bukha is presented. The author pays particular

26.08.2019, 22:13

Kurmanjan Datka

Was the emergence of the future Alai Queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental?

The Struggle for Power Among the Political Elite of Kokand So, was the emergence of the future Alaï queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental? Of course not: from the very beginning of the existence of the khanate, a number of tribes of the southern Kyrgyz played a significant role in it, having become subjects of the khanate.

25.08.2019, 13:17

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Administrative System of Governance in Turkestan

Administrative Policy. The organization of governance in Turkestan, including the Kyrgyz lands, was initiated by the Russian Empire during the conquest. Administratively, the northern part of present-day Kyrgyzstan - the modern Chui, Issyk-Kul, Naryn, and Talas regions - was part of the Semirechensk and Syrdarya regions. The territory of the modern Jalal-Abad region was included in the Namangan and Andijan districts, the territory of the Osh region - in the Osh, Andijan, and Margilan

25.08.2019, 12:08

Kurmanjan Datka

How the Kyrgyz Entered the Kokand Khanate

The Birth and Change of Dynasties of the Future Alay Queen Before delving into the era in which the Alay Queen was born and lived, it is worthwhile to trace the history of her country's emergence, while also recalling the birth and change of dynasties of its rulers. The emergence of the Kokand Khanate in the early 18th century is associated with the Uzbek feudal lord Shahrokh-biy. In 1709, he founded the royal Ming dynasty, displacing the initially ruling community of khojas,

23.08.2019, 14:52