History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Findings Characterizing the Early Saxon Period

Central Asian Sakas and Central Asia (according to paleoanthropology) Regarding the origin of Saka monuments in the Tian Shan and Semirechye regions, which include not only Northern Kyrgyzstan but also the southeastern areas of Kazakhstan, there are currently two opposing viewpoints. According to one of them, the most widespread, the Saka cultural community formed here based on a local variant of the Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age. However, the actual continuity of such a transition is

17.02.2020, 08:23

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Fourth Campaign of Timur to Moghulistan Due to the Invasion of Kamar ad-Din in Fergana

Timur's Campaign to Moghulistan In 1376, before the campaign to Khwarezm, Timur sent an army of 30,000 led by several emirs to Moghulistan and instructed them to "diligently and earnestly search for Kamār al-Dīn and inform him where they find him." However, after their lord left for Khwarezm, the emirs Sary-Buga of the Kipchaks and Adil-Shah of the Yuzhalairs rebelled, captured the commanders Khitai-Bakhadur and Ilchi-Buga, and then, with the support of their tribesmen, besieged

14.02.2020, 19:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Campaigns of Timur in Moghulistan in 1370-1375.

Campaigns in Moghulistan in 1370-1375 Nizam ad-Din Shami reported on the raids of the Mongol emirs Uruq-Timur (or Uzbek-Timur) into the eastern regions of Mawarannahr. Timur, under the pretext of punishing them, set out with an army to the east in 772/1370-71 (or the following year). He passed through the regions of Fergana and Uzgend, conquered all of Moghulistan up to Kara-Khodja, and handed it over to Kepak-Timur (in Shami's account, Uruq-Timur). The Timurid historiographers (Shami,

13.02.2020, 06:00

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Excavations in the Territory of the Inner Tian Shan

Plan of the Djapyrik Burial Ground As a result of excavations at the Basqiya II and Keden burial grounds, we have identified another type of mound not noted by L.N. Bernshatam for Tien Shan, but widely spread in other regions of Kyrgyzstan. This is an earthen mound almost devoid of stones on the surface, sometimes reaching heights of up to 1.5-2 m, and in these cases with internal stone linings in one or two layers.

07.02.2020, 16:12

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Struggle of the Workers of Kyrgyzstan Against Social and National Oppression in the 19th Century.

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz People Against Feudal-Khan Oppression and Tsarist Colonizers in the 19th Century The struggle of the workers of Kyrgyzstan against social and national oppression in the 19th century deserves attention. During this period, the working masses of the region suffered under the oppression of the bai, manap, and Kokand feudal lords led by the khan, and from the 1870s, under the tsarist colonizers. The increasingly oppressive dual burden caused discontent and outrage among

05.02.2020, 18:28

Kurmanjan Datka

The Meeting of Gabriel Bonvalot with the Sons of Kurmandjan Datka

HOW THE SONS OF KURMANDZHAN DATKA HELPED GABRIEL BONVALOT Here is a story about another scholar. Unlike his Russian colleague, he became one of the few Western residents whose paths directly crossed with the fate of the Alay queen. A well-known figure from another continent became her esteemed guest.

02.02.2020, 15:18

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Contribution of the Kyrgyz to the Struggle of the Peoples of Eastern Tian Shan and Eastern Turkestan Against the Oirat-Dzungar Conquerors

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz Against the Oirats A particularly important role in the early stages of the struggle was played by the large tribe of the left wing of the Kyrgyz - the Kushchi, whose leader Kalcha-biy commanded the united Kyrgyz-Eastern Turkmen forces. His activities and the contribution of the Kyrgyz to the struggle of the peoples of Eastern Tian Shan and Eastern Turkestan against the Oirat-Dzungar conquerors were so significant that, speaking of them a century and a half later,

30.01.2020, 20:44

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The First Khans of Moghulistan. Ilyas-Khodja

Ilyas-Khodja In 764/1362—63, the emirs Shiraman, Khodja, Tunam, Kamar ad-Din, Shams ad-Din, and others elevated Ilyas-Khodja to the throne of Moghulistan. The following year, he set out with a large army to Maverranahr. In the area of Lai (Mud), located between Akhangaran and Chirchik, he was met by the emirs Hussein and Timur with their warriors. About their battle, Fasiq wrote: "The battle of Jang-i-Lai, which occurred between Hussein and the army of the Jats. The emir sahibkiran, emir

30.01.2020, 18:44

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Studies of the Kyrgyz Comprehensive Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition

Renewal of Archaeological Research in the Inner Tian Shan The continuation of A.N. Bernshtein's work in the region is represented by the research of the Kyrgyz Comprehensive Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition. One of the expedition's teams, led by A.K. Kibiriv, studied the monuments of ancient nomads from 1983 to 1985. The team surveyed all areas of the Inner Tian Shan, including those previously unvisited by archaeologists: Son-Kul, Susamyr, the upper reaches of the Naryn

25.01.2020, 22:07

Kurmanjan Datka

Biologist and Traveler Alexey Pavlovich Fedchenko in Turkestan

TRAVELER ALEXEY FEDCHENKO IN TURKESTAN It is not surprising that the phenomenon of Kurmandzhan Datka caused genuine amazement among Russian and European travelers who visited Kokand, as even educated Western residents of the 19th century knew little about Turkestan. Having explored almost everything on the planet, from New Zealand to Tierra del Fuego, geographers of the past century primarily drew information about Central Asia from ancient Chinese chronicles, only occasionally daring to

23.01.2020, 21:39

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Popular Movements in Central Asia in the 19th Century

The Kyrgyz people, defending their freedom and land, alongside other peoples of Eastern Tian Shan and Turkestan. The fraternal peoples of Central Asia have their own traditions of love for freedom and revolution. Their history is rich with facts of heroic and selfless struggle against "their own" and foreign oppressors. In a stubborn and harsh struggle that lasted for centuries, the peoples of Central Asia defended their rights to life, their native land, national culture, and

19.01.2020, 15:49

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Historical Periodization of the Monuments of Early Nomads of the Tian Shan

NEW ASPECTS IN THE CULTURE OF EARLY NOMADS OF THE TIEN SHAN On the territory of Inner Tien Shan, monuments from all ancient epochs are known to date: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and the Medieval period. As is known, the beginning of the documentation of monuments in this region was laid in the second half of the 19th century by the works of Russian scholars and local historians, such as Ch.Ch. Valikhanov, N.A. Severcev, V.V. Bartold, A.M. Fetisov, N.N. Pantusov, and others. They

19.01.2020, 13:47

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The First Khans of Moghulistan. Toghluk-Timur

The First Khans of Moghulistan After the assassination of Khan Kazan in the eastern part of the Chagatai ulus, centrifugal forces intensified. Mahmud Ibn Wali wrote about this: “Every Mongol emir began to claim independence and autocracy, raising the banner of opposition and discord.” In this situation, one of the Dughlat emirs, Puladchi (Buladji), decided to find a descendant of Chagatai and create a new independent state under his name. In 1348, he brought the prince Toghluk-Timur from the

18.01.2020, 21:55

Kurmanjan Datka

The Bet of the Alai Queen on the Defense of the "White Tsar"

Geopolitical Relations Between the Russian Empire and Central Asia It is characteristic that the wider Britain's penetration into Central Asia became, the more intensively the states of the region established diplomatic contacts with Russia. Thus, in 1841, the Khivan embassy of Ishniyaz Mamentniyazov was received in Orenburg, and in 1842, in St. Petersburg - Vaysbai Niyazov and Ishbay Babaev. In 1846, Klychmiyaz-bai Niyazmukhammedov and Shukurulla-bai Miskinov visited the Russian capital,

15.01.2020, 19:58

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Formation of the State of Moghulistan

THE STATE OF MOGULISTAN Since the formation of the empire of Genghis Khan, his descendants—the Mongolian feudal non-military clans—split into two opposing groups. One of them (e.g., Chagatai, Guyuk, Barak) defended the nomadic way of life, Mongolian customs, and traditions. They supported a policy of plunder and violence against the settled population, the townspeople, turning cultural regions into pastures. The other group (e.g., Munke, Masudbek, Kebek) believed that predatory actions would

21.12.2019, 04:47

Kurmanjan Datka

The Struggle of the Russian Empire and Britain for Central Asia

A New Surge of Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia was associated with the Russian conquest of Khiva, Bukhara, and Kokand during the reign of Alexander II. At that time, the process of incorporating Kyrgyz tribes into Russia began, and the question of the allegiance of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz to the Qing Empire arose, as in the cases of Khiva and Kokand, leading to the issue of territorial demarcation. To this end, the Beijing Treaty was signed in 1860, which outlined the border between the

20.12.2019, 20:42

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Symbolism and Sign Systems of the Early Medieval Era in Ancient Asia

Ancient Bactrian Glyptics of the Bronze Age The symbolism and sign systems of the early medieval era represent a rich material and are actively researched by specialists. The analysis of artistic reliefs on ossuaries of the Biyanymen type is particularly indicative in this regard. The attributes of the depicted characters and a number of other specific features allow us to convincingly conclude that we are dealing with iconography related to the ufological layer of the Zoroastrian circle,

20.12.2019, 18:23

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Ideological Block of Ancient Central Asian Civilizations

The Complex Picture of Coexistence and Interweaving of Various Ideological Systems The ideological block of ancient Central Asian civilizations is in close interaction (through a system of direct and reverse connections) with the historical, cultural, and socio-political processes occurring in society. I have expressed the opinion that the widespread adoption of Buddhism in Bactria is linked to the establishment of urban lifestyles as a standard of the era (Masson, 1974). Buddhist ideology,

16.12.2019, 21:07

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Struggle for the Throne of the Descendants of Chagatai

The Struggle for Power in the Chagatai Ulus The successor of Durra-Timur, Ala ad-Din Tarmashirin (1326—1334), continued Kebek's policy of centralizing power. He moved the capital of the ulus to Bukhara. According to Ibn Battuta, the khan organized a plundering campaign into India. Tarmashirin was initially a shamanist but later converted to Islam, which he proclaimed the state religion. He began to neglect nomadic traditions, never traveled to the city of Almalyk, and did not invite the

13.12.2019, 04:26

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Burials of the Bronze Age from the Kyzyl-Say and Kulan-Say Burial Mounds

Kyzyl-Say and Kulan-Say Burial Mounds in the Talas Valley The systematic study of Bronze Age monuments in Kyrgyzstan is associated with the work of Alexander Natanovich Bernshtein in the late 1930s to early 1960s. He initiated the accumulation of material and its scientific interpretation. Archaeological supervision along the route of the Great Chui Canal in the early 1940s allowed him to make an important historical conclusion that "based on the development of the economy of pastoralist

10.12.2019, 00:19

Kurmanjan Datka

Expansion of the Military-Political Presence of the Russian Empire in Central Asia

The First Expeditions of the Russian Empire to Eastern Turkestan In exploring the biography of Kurmandzhan Datka, one should not forget that she and her people lived in a territory that was at that time at the forefront of the confrontation between two global superpowers - Britain and Russia. In short, the Kyrgyz, as subjects of the Kokand Khanate, found themselves at the end of the last century in the epicenter of a serious geopolitical game. Moreover, each of them had their own, quite

07.12.2019, 22:28

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Religious Macrosystem of Ancient Central Asia

Ideological and Practical Policy of Ancient Eastern Society A special attitude towards fire is evident not only in the monumental cult complexes uncovered at Toprak-Kala. There is a clear desire to specifically preserve the ashes of the sacred fire, for which special pits or wells were constructed, filled with such ashes. In smaller sanctuaries, small pits were made to collect the sacred ash. The symbolism and sign systems of the ancient era do not provide a clear solution for defining the

06.12.2019, 12:44

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Government of Quebec

Administrative and Monetary Reforms of Kebek Esen-Buka died around 1318. His throne was taken by Kebek. The new khan was a vivid representative of the Chagatai house and the Mongolian nobility, who supported the transition to settled life and urbanization. He and his supporters sought to take direct control over the cultural regions of Maverranahr. It is no coincidence that it was Kebek who implemented the monetary and administrative reform. Another group of Chagatai princes and the Mongolian

03.12.2019, 19:45

Kurmanjan Datka

Leader of the Rebels Iskhak Hasan Uulu

“THE KYRGYZ PUGACHEV” Thus, since 1873, the struggle of the Kyrgyz people against the tyranny of Khudoyar Khan escalated into a real war, which did not cease until the Kokand ruler left the throne and fled under the protection of the imperial authorities. The reason for this fateful uprising of 1873 was the additional taxation imposed on the Kyrgyz of the southern regions of the Fergana Valley and Alai. It was prompted by a simple reason. In 1865, due to the actions of large Russian military

02.12.2019, 22:50

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Burial Chambers of Bactria

From Ossuary Burials to Corpse Placement For historical reconstructions, burial rites are especially important as they reflect the mass public practice and a special relationship to fire, which can be traced through a whole range of manifestations. In Bactria, there are various types of burial rites. Long known are cemeteries consisting of single burials, where some of the buried had coins in their mouths, clearly following Hellenistic traditions (Tuphona). The movement of nomadic populations

28.11.2019, 18:11

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Reign of Esen-Buka

The Ascension of Esen-Buka to the Throne In 1309, at the initiative of Kebek, a kurultai was convened, during which his older brother Esen-Buka was ascended to the throne. Under him, the invasion of the great khan's troops began up to the Talas Valley. The "Yuan-shi" states: "In 1314, Zhuangur defeated the army of the rebellious khan Yesyan-Buhua at Itehhaimishi and sent a messenger to report the victory... In 1315, he defeated the generals Ebuhanya and Khudutemur, sent by

26.11.2019, 10:01

Kurmanjan Datka

The Reign of Khudoyar Khan

REVOLT THAT ESCALATED INTO A PEOPLE'S WAR After the defeat in the 1845 uprising, the Kyrgyz rose against the Kipchaks again in 1847. A major battle took place in Namangan in the area of Balikchy, but here too the Kyrgyz were defeated. The main forces opposing them were Kipchak troops led by feudal lords loyal to Muslimkula. Thus began the darkest period in the history of the khanate - the reign of Khudoyar Khan. He ruled three times, being deposed and then restoring his power. The periods

26.11.2019, 09:37

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Reconstruction of Ancient Ideological Systems of Ancient Central Asia

Archaeological Materials of Central Asia The reconstruction of ancient ideological systems based on material remains is one of the most complex issues in archaeology. Gordon Childe's biting remark that if something is unclear to an archaeologist, they declare it to be cultic is well known. In everyday archaeology, a simplified model of explanation predominates in the procedure: archaeological fact - primitively selected analogy - historical conclusion. The complexity lies in determining

24.11.2019, 05:54

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Return of the Throne by the Chagataiids

Civil Wars of the Princes, Descendants of Haidu As we can see, without bloodshed, the leadership in Central Asia and the possession of Haidu passed into the hands of a descendant of Chagatai—Duwe. According to Vassaf (14th century), all these events occurred within one year. V. V. Barthold called Duwe the true founder of the Chagatai state. However, he ruled for a short time—he died of paralysis in 1307. In the region of Sebkun-Kala near the city of Almalyk, the son of Duwe, Kunjek, was

22.11.2019, 03:30

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Struggle for the Throne of Haidu

Tokhta and Bayan against Haidu and Duva It should be emphasized once again that Chinese historians of that time tried to minimize the documentation of the victories of Khubilai's opponents and the successors of his brother Hulagu in Iran. Nevertheless, the overall context of written sources indicates that Haidu managed to expand his possessions in the east to Kara-Khodzha, and in the northeast to the western half of the Mongolian Altai. At times, his sphere of influence extended to the

19.11.2019, 21:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The Sphere of Spiritual Production in Ancient Central Asia

IDEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ANCIENT CENTRAL ASIA As is known, ideology represents a set of ideas and views that reflect, in a theoretical and more or less systematized form, people's attitudes towards the surrounding reality and each other, serving to consolidate, change, and develop social relations. Ideology manifests itself in the form of political, religious, ethical, aesthetic, and philosophical views and concepts. Usually, intertwining with one another, they together create a special

19.11.2019, 20:16

Kurmanjan Datka

The Uprising of the Alai Kyrgyz in 1845

OSH UPRISING OF 1845 In 1845, a major uprising of the Alai Kyrgyz broke out, soon spreading to Osh. The husband of Kurmandzhan, the Alai tribal leader Alymbek, also participated in the uprising. But he would not have lost his head if not for the wisdom of his wife. The future Alai queen, who fatefully crossed his path, became his wife - a life companion, a loyal friend, an advisor, and a support in his days of greatness and adversity. In Alymbek's surroundings in Osh, there were many

18.11.2019, 17:20

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

A.N. BERNSTEIN - Researcher of Ancient Cultures of Central Asia. Part - 3

The Brilliant Insights of the Talented Scholar - Alexander Natanovich Bernstein In his work "Historical and Archaeological Essays on Tian Shan and Pamir-Alai," A.N. Bernstein summarizes the results of all his studies, providing the history of each region - Tian Shan, Alai, Fergana, and Pamir from ancient times to the Middle Ages. By demonstrating the commonality of culture among these areas as cultures of pastoral tribes (except for Fergana), he highlights its local features and

16.11.2019, 03:57

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Battles for Eastern Turkestan

Stories of Rashid ad-Din In 1275, Duva and Busma surrounded the city of Kara-Khodja, near Turfan, with an army of 120,000. The idikut refused to surrender the city, and the siege lasted six months. Starving citizens handed over the idikut's daughter. The idikut apparently escaped but died at the border of China in a skirmish with enemies from the northern coalition. Family members of the idikut and some Uyghurs fled first to Hami (Komul), and then to Gansu and other regions of China,

15.11.2019, 02:10

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

A.N. BERNSTEIN - Researcher of Ancient Cultures of Central Asia. Part - 2

A.N. Bernstein's Interest in the Ethnogenesis of Turkic Peoples During the war years, A.N. Bernstein was in Frunze (due to a severe illness he suffered in his youth, he was not drafted into the ranks of the Red Army, where he actively engaged in the history of the Kyrgyz people, participated in the organization of the Kyrgyz branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, conducted extensive scientific and educational work, and prepared local scientific personnel). The result of this work was an

14.11.2019, 05:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

A.N. BERNSTEIN - Researcher of Ancient Cultures of Central Asia. Part - 1

A.N. Bernstein's Interest in the History and Ethnography of Turkic Peoples A.N. Bernstein - an orientalist, archaeologist, and ethnographer - was a scholar of broad profile, vast horizons, and extraordinary determination. He belonged to that brilliant cohort of young scholars whose scientific growth occurred during the formation of Soviet historical science. The turbulent discussions of the 1930s, the fascination with sociological constructs, the categorical nature and dogmatism of

12.11.2019, 22:27

Kurmanjan Datka

Popular Uprisings Involving Kyrgyz People

CLUSTERS OF WRATH For a researcher, it is not easy to classify the protests against the authorities that occurred at that time even in chronological order, as the Kokand period entered the history of Kyrgyzstan as a series of unending uprisings. However, they usually ended in defeats, followed by bloody reprisals against the vanquished, which sparked new outbreaks of popular anger and... new failures. Thus, the end of one rebellion prepared the ground for the beginning of another. This

12.11.2019, 19:22

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Inclusion of Eastern Tianshan into the State of Haidu

Kublai's Struggle Against Haidu The uprising of Shireki and Tuk-Timur is also mentioned in the biography of the Kipchak military leader Kublai Tutukh in Chinese: "In the 14th year of the Zhiyuan era (1276), the princes Totomu Tuk-Timur and Shilezi (Shireki) rebelled. They devastated all the tribes, plundered the great yurt governed by Xian-zong and left. Tutukh, leading the troops, subdued them, defeated their commander Torcziñyan and Nalanbula, restored order in the tribes, and

06.11.2019, 16:22

Kurmanjan Datka

The Significance of Kyrgyz in Kokand

DID THE KYRGYZ DOMINATE IN KOKAND? The supreme power among the Kokandis belonged to the khan, under whom a council appointed by him operated. This council included the atalyk (regent), minbashi (thousand-man - a military title), atabek, serker, dasturkanchy, risalachi, mekhtar, naib, udai, kozho-kalyan, kazi-askar, as well as shaykh-al-Islam and other responsible figures. According to one of the chroniclers, Mullah Alim, the second most important position after the khan was held by the amir-i

04.11.2019, 20:14

Kurmanjan Datka

The Deceit of the Kokand Rulers

In which country was born in 1811 the future "mother of the Kyrgyz nation," the ruler of the clan, Alai? Some of our domestic politicians sometimes idealize the past excessively. For example, some see in the Kokand Khanate an idyll of the triumph of patriarchal order.

30.10.2019, 14:48

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The First Kurultai in Central Asia "on the Meadows of Talas and Kendzhik"

Kurultai under the Leadership of Haidu. According to Rashid al-Din, in the spring of 1269, the Mongolian princes gathered for their first kurultai in Central Asia "on the meadows of Talas and Kendzhik". The latter city was mentioned as early as the 11th century by Mahmud of Kashgar. The kurultai was held under the leadership of Haidu. Among its participants were Barak, Mongu-Timur, Kipchak, and Berkecher. V. V. "Bartold questions the presence of Mengu-Timur, the head of the ulus

29.10.2019, 14:25

History

A Brief Chronology of Historical Events in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan - Chronology of Major Historical Events 400,000 years ago - The oldest Stone Age monuments found in the Tien Shan. 3rd millennium, late 2nd millennium BC - The spread of copper, then bronze in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. 7th-5th centuries BC - Widespread distribution of iron in Central Asia. 7th-8th centuries BC - The Saka tribal union in the Tien Shan. 329 BC - The invasion of Central Asia by Alexander the Great. 2nd century BC - 6th century AD - The Usun tribal union in

28.10.2019, 20:28

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz-Kokand Relations in the 18th Century

The Important Political Role of the Kyrgyz in Fergana at the End of the 18th Century With the conquest of the surrounding Kazakhs in 1798, the Tashkent ruler Yunus-Khodja presumably temporarily subordinated the closest Talas Kyrgyz as well. There is evidence that these Kazakhs, and possibly the Kyrgyz of Talas and the upper reaches of the Chirchik, i.e., Chatkal, participated in Yunus-Khodja's campaign against the Kokand ruler who had risen against Tashkent in 1799. This information is

24.10.2019, 14:09

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Beginning of Haidu's Political Career

Haidu Jemal Karshi met with Haidu twice and received valuable gifts from him. The author speaks of him with great sympathy, calling him a wise and knowledgeable khan. Haidu's father (Kashi), the son of Ugedey, died from alcoholism in his youth, while his mother, named Sipkiné Zhebkina, was from the Bekrin (Mekrin) tribe. Later, when Haidu established an independent state, he incorporated the Bekrins, who became one of his supporters in the creation of his independent state. Haidu was

28.09.2019, 11:39

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz Feudal Lords in Search of Allies

Multi-Step Politics of Kyrgyz Tribes in the Late 18th Century In the late 18th century, Kyrgyz biys Atake and Esengul, disheartened by internal conflicts with the Kazakhs, came to the conclusion that reconciliation was necessary. In 1786, deputies arrived from Kazakh Sultan Khan-Khodzha to the Kyrgyz to negotiate the terms of an agreement, who, while offering friendship, nevertheless... demanded amanats - noble hostages. As reported by the Omsk merchant Zakhar Penyevtov, who traded in Kazakh

28.09.2019, 10:48

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Bernshtam A. N. Architectural Monuments of Kyrgyzstan

Bernsham in the Popularization of the Epic "Manas" During the celebration of the glorious anniversary of the 1000th anniversary of the epic "Manas," one cannot help but recall the scholars who made significant contributions to the study of this masterpiece of world culture. Among such scholars is A.N. Bernsham - a prominent archaeologist, historian, and orientalist. Since the early 1930s, A.N. Bernsham has linked his scientific activity with the history and archaeology of

25.09.2019, 19:50

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Chagatai Khanate (13th Century)

Chagatai Chagatai declared his grandson Khara-Khulagu, son of Mutugen, as his heir. In 1241, Ogedei died, and shortly thereafter, Chagatai also passed away. According to the will, the throne of the Chagatai ulus was taken by Khara-Khulagu. He appointed Masud-bek as the governor of Maverranahr. From 1241 to 1246, Ogedei's throne remained vacant, and the Mongol Empire was temporarily ruled by his widow Tura-Kina. The successor and son of Ogedei, Guyuk (1246–1248), deposed Khara-Khulagu,

23.09.2019, 13:10

Kurmanjan Datka

Politics in Eastern Turkestan in the Late 50s-60s of the 18th Century.

The Defiance and Bravery of the Kyrgyz The ambitions of the Qing dynasty and their aggressive policies in Eastern Turkestan in the late 50s-60s of the 18th century tightened the alliance between the Kokand domain, Kyrgyz, and Kazakh tribes, which seriously concerned the Qing authorities, who did not lose hope of subjugating the northwestern border areas. In particular, in the second half of the 18th century, the Chinese made attempts to advance into Naryn, following the route: Terek Pass -

22.09.2019, 14:14