History

A Brief Chronology of Historical Events in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan - Chronology of Major Historical Events 400,000 years ago - The oldest Stone Age monuments found in the Tien Shan. 3rd millennium, late 2nd millennium BC - The spread of copper, then bronze in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. 7th-5th centuries BC - Widespread distribution of iron in Central Asia. 7th-8th centuries BC - The Saka tribal union in the Tien Shan. 329 BC - The invasion of Central Asia by Alexander the Great. 2nd century BC - 6th century AD - The Usun tribal union in

28.10.2019, 20:28

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz-Kokand Relations in the 18th Century

The Important Political Role of the Kyrgyz in Fergana at the End of the 18th Century With the conquest of the surrounding Kazakhs in 1798, the Tashkent ruler Yunus-Khodja presumably temporarily subordinated the closest Talas Kyrgyz as well. There is evidence that these Kazakhs, and possibly the Kyrgyz of Talas and the upper reaches of the Chirchik, i.e., Chatkal, participated in Yunus-Khodja's campaign against the Kokand ruler who had risen against Tashkent in 1799. This information is

24.10.2019, 14:09

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Beginning of Haidu's Political Career

Haidu Jemal Karshi met with Haidu twice and received valuable gifts from him. The author speaks of him with great sympathy, calling him a wise and knowledgeable khan. Haidu's father (Kashi), the son of Ugedey, died from alcoholism in his youth, while his mother, named Sipkiné Zhebkina, was from the Bekrin (Mekrin) tribe. Later, when Haidu established an independent state, he incorporated the Bekrins, who became one of his supporters in the creation of his independent state. Haidu was

28.09.2019, 11:39

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz Feudal Lords in Search of Allies

Multi-Step Politics of Kyrgyz Tribes in the Late 18th Century In the late 18th century, Kyrgyz biys Atake and Esengul, disheartened by internal conflicts with the Kazakhs, came to the conclusion that reconciliation was necessary. In 1786, deputies arrived from Kazakh Sultan Khan-Khodzha to the Kyrgyz to negotiate the terms of an agreement, who, while offering friendship, nevertheless... demanded amanats - noble hostages. As reported by the Omsk merchant Zakhar Penyevtov, who traded in Kazakh

28.09.2019, 10:48

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Bernshtam A. N. Architectural Monuments of Kyrgyzstan

Bernsham in the Popularization of the Epic "Manas" During the celebration of the glorious anniversary of the 1000th anniversary of the epic "Manas," one cannot help but recall the scholars who made significant contributions to the study of this masterpiece of world culture. Among such scholars is A.N. Bernsham - a prominent archaeologist, historian, and orientalist. Since the early 1930s, A.N. Bernsham has linked his scientific activity with the history and archaeology of

25.09.2019, 19:50

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Chagatai Khanate (13th Century)

Chagatai Chagatai declared his grandson Khara-Khulagu, son of Mutugen, as his heir. In 1241, Ogedei died, and shortly thereafter, Chagatai also passed away. According to the will, the throne of the Chagatai ulus was taken by Khara-Khulagu. He appointed Masud-bek as the governor of Maverranahr. From 1241 to 1246, Ogedei's throne remained vacant, and the Mongol Empire was temporarily ruled by his widow Tura-Kina. The successor and son of Ogedei, Guyuk (1246–1248), deposed Khara-Khulagu,

23.09.2019, 13:10

Kurmanjan Datka

Politics in Eastern Turkestan in the Late 50s-60s of the 18th Century.

The Defiance and Bravery of the Kyrgyz The ambitions of the Qing dynasty and their aggressive policies in Eastern Turkestan in the late 50s-60s of the 18th century tightened the alliance between the Kokand domain, Kyrgyz, and Kazakh tribes, which seriously concerned the Qing authorities, who did not lose hope of subjugating the northwestern border areas. In particular, in the second half of the 18th century, the Chinese made attempts to advance into Naryn, following the route: Terek Pass -

22.09.2019, 14:14

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Division of Countries Conquered by Genghis Khan Among His Sons

CHAGATAI ULUS AND THE STATE OF HAIDU According to Rashid ad-Din, Genghis Khan divided the countries he conquered among his sons in the spring of 1226. The eldest, Juchi, received lands from Koyalyga (a city in the Ili River valley) and Khorezm to the places where "the hooves of the Tatar horses reached," Chagatai — from the land of the Uighurs to Samarkand and Bukhara, Ogedei — the valleys of Emili and Bunak (i.e., Koyuk), and Tolui received the ancestral yurt. They were assigned

19.09.2019, 12:53

Kurmanjan Datka

The Joining of the Kyrgyz to Kokand in the Late 18th Century.

The Performance of Kyrgyz Tribes Against the Conquest Policy of Irdana. In the Sagymbaev version of the epic "Manas," in the chapter "The Campaign Against Beidzhin," there is a thought about the necessity of uniting the Kyrgyz tribes and replacing internal conflicts (in particular, the rebellion against Manas) with participation in the war against an external enemy - the Kalmyks and China under the leadership of a glorious leader. Hyperbolization of events, as a common

17.09.2019, 12:19

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Valuable Sources on the History of the Kyrgyz in the 16th-17th Centuries. Part - 6

Works of Medieval Authors The work "Shajaray-i Turk va Mogul" ("Genealogy of the Turks and Mongols"), written in Khorezm, immediately gained widespread recognition. Its numerous copies have been translated into various languages, including Russian. The author of "Shajaray-i Turk" is the Khivan khan and historian Abul-Ghazi (1603—1664). However, he did not manage to complete his work, and at the request of his son, it was finished by a certain Mahmoud from Urgench.

15.09.2019, 16:19

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Andijan Uprising of 1916 in Turkestan

Popular Movements. The Andijan Uprising is recorded in history as the largest popular movement of the late 19th century in the Turkestan region. The main causes of the uprising were the colonial policies of tsarism, the intensification of social and national oppression, and the arbitrariness imposed by the Russian administration on the local population. Various social strata from several nations participated in the uprising, including Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, as well as representatives of other

14.09.2019, 21:25

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Works of Muhammad Haider and Mahmoud ibn Wali. Part - 5

“Tarikh-i Rashidi” and “Bahr al-Asrar” The work “Shaibani-name” (“Book about Shaibani”) provides a more detailed account than other written sources regarding the relationships between the Mongol rulers Mahmud and Ahmed Khan with Muhammad Shaibani Khan (Uzbek) and Burunduk Khan (Kazakh), who fought for the Syr Darya cities. The author of the work, Kamal ad-Din Bianni (1453—1512), served at the court of Muhammad Shaibani Khan. Based on personal observations and eyewitness accounts, he compiled

12.09.2019, 13:27

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Industry of Kyrgyzstan within the Russian Empire

The Industry of Kyrgyzstan in the Territory of Turkestan In the early 1890s, intensive exploration and development of coal and oil deposits began in the southern part of the Turkestan region. Since 1898, coal seams were being developed in Kyzyl-Kiya. Coal and oil deposits were discovered in other regions as well, where they were gradually being developed. By the early 20th century, relatively large enterprises appeared in both the manufacturing and extractive industries. These included cotton

09.09.2019, 13:44

Kurmanjan Datka

Aggressive-Expansionist Policy of Manchu-Qing China in Eastern Turkestan

Armed Resistance of the Kyrgyz Against Chinese Troops At the same time, Eastern Turkestan became the target of the aggressive expansionist policy of Manchu-Qing China. With the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate, the Qing nearly exterminated its local Oirat population. A century later, A.N. Kuropatkin, who visited Eastern Turkestan, wrote: “The Chinese probably considered their power in Dzungaria to be unstable because this country was acquired without bloodshed.

08.09.2019, 22:06

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Encouragement of the Russian Administration for the Development of Fair and Stationary Trade

Flour Market of 1899. Trade. The Russian administration encouraged the development of both fair and stationary trade. The largest fairs were the Auliye-Ata, Atbash, and Karkara fairs. To enhance the trade significance of cities and attract livestock breeders, fairs were established in the cities as well. Thus, the Przhevalsk, Pishpek, and Tokmak city fairs were opened. Such fairs did not hinder the development of stationary trade; on the contrary, they gradually merged with it and transformed

07.09.2019, 11:06

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Manuscripts Narrating about Moghulistan. Part - 4

Immortal Manuscripts of Medieval Authors “Zafar-name” (“Book of Victories”) is the first official history of Timur's reign. Its author, Nizam ad-Din Shami, came from the suburb of Tabriz. In 1393, he entered the service of Timur, who commissioned him to write the history of his rule. Nizam ad-Din Shami presented the political history of the Timurids, their campaigns based on official documents, records of scribes, diaries, and oral accounts from participants in the events, as well as

06.09.2019, 11:15

Historical records

One Hundred Thirty-Seven Chon-Tash Victims of the NKVD

FATE CONNECTED THEM FOREVER The official history of the discovery of the burial site sounds like an exciting movie plot. In her memoirs, excerpts of which are presented in the exhibition of the Ata-Beyit Museum, Byubura Kydyralieva, the daughter of a guard at the favorite resort of NKVD employees in the village of Chon-Tash, recalls how as a child she, along with her brothers and sisters, was taken away from the village for a week. This happened around the same time that executions of

04.09.2019, 10:00

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Economic Transformations After the Region Joined the Russian Empire

Economic Transformations. In the second half of the 19th century, significant shifts occurred in the development of livestock breeding and agriculture; the population began to engage in gardening, viticulture, and beekeeping. Targeted breeding work was carried out to improve livestock breeds, and the variety of agricultural plants expanded. Internal and external trade reached a new level. After the region joined the Russian Empire, changes occurred in the social structure of the Kyrgyz. Based

03.09.2019, 21:46

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Characteristics of Eastern Written Sources on the History of Moghulistan. Part - 3

The History of Moghulistan from Eastern Written Sources We move on to the characteristics of Eastern written sources on the studied issue. Marco Polo (13th century), along with his uncle and father, traveled through the domains of the Chinggisids, visiting Karakorum and the camp of the all-Mongol Khan Kublai. In the book compiled by Marco Polo, there is very valuable information about the feuds among the Mongolian princes and the struggle of Haidu against Kublai. The author was a witness to

03.09.2019, 21:29

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Resettlement Movement of Russian Peasantry to Kyrgyz Lands

Population After 1861, the demographic picture of the region changed as a result of the migration movement of Russian peasantry (Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, and representatives of other nationalities), as well as Dungans and Uighurs from China - the Kashgar oasis. The influx of population from Russia was due to the measures taken by the Tsarist government for the economic development of the annexed territories. Peasant villages in the Chui Valley and the Issyk-Kul Basin appeared in the

01.09.2019, 21:27

Kurmanjan Datka

Traces of Political Activity of the Kyrgyz in the Second Half of the 18th Century.

The Power of the Kyrgyz in the Mid-18th Century Traces of the political activity of the Kyrgyz in the second half of the 18th century can be found not only in Fergana but also in Eastern Turkestan. The most active military leader was the Kuschin feudal Kubad-biy. In this regard, the well-known orientalist P.P. Ivanov called him “one of the outstanding political figures of the second half of the 18th century.” In any case, it is undoubtedly true that Kubad-biy was the most significant of the

01.09.2019, 20:07

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The History of Moghulistan in Soviet and Foreign Literature. Part - 2

Authors of Works on the History of Moghulistan The article dedicated to the study of the mausoleum of Yunus Khan briefly outlines specific issues during the reign of Tugluq Timur, Khizr Khoja, Weis Khan, Esen Bukha, Yunus Khan, and other rulers of Moghulistan, as well as their relationships with Timur and his successors. In the work of S. A. Azimdzhanova, the struggle of Yunus Khan for the throne in Moghulistan against his younger brother Esen Bukha is presented. The author pays particular

26.08.2019, 22:13

Kurmanjan Datka

Was the emergence of the future Alai Queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental?

The Struggle for Power Among the Political Elite of Kokand So, was the emergence of the future Alaï queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental? Of course not: from the very beginning of the existence of the khanate, a number of tribes of the southern Kyrgyz played a significant role in it, having become subjects of the khanate.

25.08.2019, 13:17

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Administrative System of Governance in Turkestan

Administrative Policy. The organization of governance in Turkestan, including the Kyrgyz lands, was initiated by the Russian Empire during the conquest. Administratively, the northern part of present-day Kyrgyzstan - the modern Chui, Issyk-Kul, Naryn, and Talas regions - was part of the Semirechensk and Syrdarya regions. The territory of the modern Jalal-Abad region was included in the Namangan and Andijan districts, the territory of the Osh region - in the Osh, Andijan, and Margilan

25.08.2019, 12:08

Kurmanjan Datka

How the Kyrgyz Entered the Kokand Khanate

The Birth and Change of Dynasties of the Future Alay Queen Before delving into the era in which the Alay Queen was born and lived, it is worthwhile to trace the history of her country's emergence, while also recalling the birth and change of dynasties of its rulers. The emergence of the Kokand Khanate in the early 18th century is associated with the Uzbek feudal lord Shahrokh-biy. In 1709, he founded the royal Ming dynasty, displacing the initially ruling community of khojas,

23.08.2019, 14:52

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

O. Karaev. The Chagatai Ulus. The State of Haidu. Moghulistan

History of the Chagatai Ulus (13th century), the state formations of Haidu (13th—14th centuries), and Moghulistan (14th—17th centuries) The book presents the history of the regions that existed within Eastern Turkestan, Dzungaria, modern Southern Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The formation and existence of the Chagatai Ulus, the states of Haidu, and Moghulistan had significant objective-historical consequences for the modern Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In particular,

23.08.2019, 06:32

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Kyrgyz in the Russian Empire

The Conquest of the Kyrgyz by Russia. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the southern tribes were part of the Kokand Khanate, while the northern tribes were under the authority of their tribal leaders. With the emergence of the Kokand possession in 1709, alongside the settled groups of Uzbeks and Tajiks known as sarts, there were also representatives of the ilatiya (partly settled by that time, and mainly semi-nomadic Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Kipchaks, Turks, and other ethnicities), whose

23.08.2019, 04:38

Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Ethnic Situation in the Tian Shan in the Second Half of the 15th Century to the First Half of the 18th Century

Ethnic Situation in the Tian Shan in the Middle Ages A comparative analysis of sources and early genealogical traditions of the Kyrgyz allows us to state that the movement of Altai Kyrgyz from remote areas of Moghulistan to the Pre-Tian Shan region dates back to the second half of the 15th century, and the dual ethnopolitical organization of Kyrgyz tribes - the "Right Wing" and the "Left Wing" - was formed by the beginning of the 16th century. As the territory of Tian Shan

19.08.2019, 18:28

Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Ethnopolitical Connections of the Altai Kyrgyz in the 13th to 15th Centuries

Movement of the Altai Kyrgyz to the Western Regions of Mogolistan In the study of the ethnopolitical history of Southern Siberia at the beginning of the 13th century, an important place is occupied by the question of the conquest of the Kyrgyz and the forest peoples of Southern Siberia by Genghis Khan. However, the issues of the relationship between the Mongols and the Kyrgyz during this period remain insufficiently developed in the scientific literature due to the fragmentary and

16.08.2019, 14:50

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Common Ancestry of the Modern Kyrgyz People and the Ancient Kyrgyz of Yenisei and Altai

Ethnocultural Connections Between the Kyrgyz and the Kipchaks The significance and political role of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in the formation of a new ethnic community in Altai and the Irtysh region are reflected in "Ta-bai al-hayavan" by al-Marwazi (12th century), "Nuzhat al-mushtak" by al-Idrisi (12th century), and "Behjat at-tavarikh" by Shukrallah (15th century). According to the information from these sources, the rite of cremation, initially characteristic only

13.08.2019, 01:07

Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Formation of the Kyrgyz People in the IX-XVIII Centuries

Ethnic Processes in Southern Siberia in the IX-XII Centuries After the defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate by the State of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in 840, a diverse movement of the latter is noted across Central Asia. Their settlement in Northwest Mongolia, Tuva, Altai, and Dzhungaria was primarily due to political reasons, namely the subjugation of the Uyghurs. Pursuing the retreating Uyghurs, the Kyrgyz penetrated into the Baikal region in the east and into Eastern Turkestan in the southwest between

12.08.2019, 15:11

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Era of "Kyrgyz Great Power"

The Flourishing of Medieval Kyrgyz Culture The era of "Kyrgyz Great Power" became a time of the greatest spread and flourishing of medieval Kyrgyz culture. The monuments of their culture - burial mounds with rounded and ring-shaped stone embankments, next to which stone steles with clan tamga signs and runic inscriptions-epitaphs are installed, under which the cremated remains of the deceased are buried in shallow pits and at the horizon - are widespread in the territory of the

11.08.2019, 04:33

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Kyrgyz Khaganate: The Leading Nomadic State in Central Asia from the Mid-9th to the First Quarter of the 10th Century

Kyrgyz Great Power During the VI-VIII centuries, when the Kyrgyz state existed only in the territory of the Minusinsk Basin, it had to constantly defend its independence from the leading military powers: the Khaganates of the Jujans, the ancient Turks, the Seyanto, and the Uyghurs. The military coalitions that the Kyrgyz entered were aimed at opposing the most powerful adversary in the nomadic world. At the same time, they managed to keep the dependent tribes of the Kyshtym in subjugation, who

09.08.2019, 14:38

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Kyrgyz Khan Bars-Beg

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz Against the Uyghur Kaganate After the eastern Turks, who rose up against the Chinese, restored their state, the Yenisei Kyrgyz became one of their serious opponents. They joined a coalition of nomadic tribes supported by the Tang Empire. Following this, the eastern Turks defeated the Teleuts led by Baz-kagan, and it was then that the Kyrgyz kagan Bars-beg became their main adversary in Central Asia. In 693, the army of the eastern Turks, led by Kapagan-kagan,

07.08.2019, 18:22

Kyrgyz in antiquity

What Do Ancient Kyrgyz Kurgans Speak Of?

What do Kyrgyz burial sites tell us? At the turn of the early Middle Ages, the Kyrgyz found themselves in the Yenisei River valley in Southern Siberia. They migrated or were relocated to this area by the Juzhans during the Juzhan-Gaoguy wars in the mid-1st millennium AD for political reasons. The ancient Turks were moved by the Juzhans from Turfan "to the southern side of the Altai Mountains," and one of the representatives of the Turkic ruling clan, named Tsigu, i.e.,

04.08.2019, 09:15

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Ancient Kyrgyz in the 1st-2nd Centuries AD

Gyan-gun and Dinlins In the sources of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, the gyan-gun are not mentioned, but there is information about their northern neighbors, the dinlins, who were among the tribes that attacked the northern Huns at the end of the 1st century AD (Bichurin, 1998, p. 129). As a result, in 91 AD, the shanyu of the northern Hun horde "fled, unknown where," and the steppes of Central Asia were occupied by the Xianbei (Bichurin, 1998, pp. 131, 153, 154, 157). The ancient

02.08.2019, 18:59

Kyrgyz in antiquity

The Yenisei Kyrgyz in Antiquity

Kyrgyz-Gyangu The earliest mention of the Kyrgyz under the Chinese name “gyan-gun”, “heguni”, or “jianggun”, dates back to 201 BC. The ancient tribes of heguni are listed among other nomads conquered in Central Asia by the Xiongnu chanyu Modu (Bichurin, 1998, p. 51). In other Chinese sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the first half of the 1st millennium AD, they were referred to by various names: “gegu”, “zegu”, “juyou”, and others (Kyuner, 1961, p. 55). The ancient Kyrgyz are

31.07.2019, 20:25

History

Questions of the Ethnic History of the Kyrgyz

Disputes about the origin of the Kyrgyz are still relevant Among the variety of data available in ethnography, S. M. Abramzon paid special attention to the testimonies of ethnonymy and folk traditions to address this issue. Using this new methodology, S. M. Abramzon convincingly demonstrated for the first time, based on ethnographic and folklore materials, that the ethnic and ethnogenetic connections of the Kyrgyz of the Tian Shan, alongside local roots, have their original territory in Altai

30.07.2019, 16:23

History

Concepts of Notable Historians on the Ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz People

Key Milestones in the Ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz People An important stage in the study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Kyrgyz was a special Scientific Session held in 1956 in Frunze. The joint session summarized a long period of research on this issue, initiated by the works of Academician V. V. Bartold and continued by a whole array of historians, ethnographers, linguists, archaeologists, anthropologists, and art historians. The key element of the resolution of this conference

29.07.2019, 12:25

History

Ethnocultural Connections of the Kyrgyz of Tian Shan with the Population of the Priirtysh and Altai Regions

Versions on the Origin of the Central Asian Component of the Kyrgyz Ethnos A more substantiated version regarding the origin of the Central Asian component of the Kyrgyz ethnos and the approximate chronology of its movement to Tian Shan was proposed by archaeologist D. G. Savinov. According to him, the penetration of the main Kyrgyz tribes from the Sayan-Altai region to Tian Shan began only in the 13th century, when another powerful wave of migration of nomadic tribes from Central Asia to the

28.07.2019, 10:37

History

Disputes about the Resettlement of Kyrgyz from Yenisei to Tian Shan

How did the Kyrgyz appear in Tian Shan? A special place in the study of the monuments of oral folk art, religion, and social structure of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia and Central Asia is held by academician V. V. Radlov, whose work marked an era in the history of world Turkology (Kononov, 1972, p. 103). He expressed his views on the history of the Kyrgyz and valuable information about their clan-tribal composition in the article "On the Kirghiz" (Radloff, 1863). Noting the

24.07.2019, 14:54

History

The History of the Study of the Origins of the Kyrgyz People

Discussion Problems on the Origin of the Kyrgyz People In recent years, professional historians have been attempting to present a verified history of Kyrgyzstan based on a comprehensive set of historical sources, using new methodological approaches to the study of political, socio-economic, cultural, and ethnic processes. Historical figures whose names were forgotten during the Soviet period for ideological reasons have found a worthy place in monographs and textbooks. New objective

21.07.2019, 09:31

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

State Symbols of the Kyrgyz SSR

State Anthem of the Kyrgyz SSR Lyrics: K. Malikova, T. Sydykbekova, M. Tokobaev, A. Tokombaev Music: V. Vlasov, A. Maldybaev, V. Fere Literal translation from Kyrgyz: T. Askarova, E. Kolesnikova, M. Ronkina, S. Tokombaeva Kyrgyz people yearned for freedom's dawn, October illuminated us with the light of Ala-Too, The great Russian people warmed us with friendship, Lenin opened the path to happiness for all of us.

07.07.2019, 20:26

Historical records

Suleiman Kuchukov: Cavalier, Basmach, Kraskom

Suleiman Yunusovich Kuchukov (1889-1932) Historically, it happened that the author of these lines learned to read at a time when all participants in the struggle against the basmachi, who survived it (and those who were killed for some reason in the following years) began to write memoirs. That is, they may have written them earlier. But in the late 50s and early 60s, they began to be published in large numbers, mainly in local publishing houses, but in mass (for those times and conditions)

02.09.2018, 15:51

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. ...And Eternal Fear

Conveyor of Fabricated Cases In the morning, work was somewhat sluggish. The time difference was noticeable - in Moscow, good people were still asleep, while the workday had already begun here. Frunze, of course, is an interesting little town: the Asian color and the buildings of modern European architecture in the center created a strange combination. But all of this attracted attention, was memorable, and somewhere deep down, it was even liked after the noisy, bustling Moscow with its

27.05.2018, 18:04

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. The Daughter and Niece of the "Enemies of the People"

ANNA AND ALEXANDRA Sergey Kashevarov was from the merchant class of Kazan. His father owned a bakery where the whole family worked. Sergey married at twenty-eight after serving in both the White and Red Armies. Alexandra was four years younger than him. The daughter of a well-known doctor in Kazan, Iosif Bogdanov, she buried her first husband and retained his rare surname, Ksu-Erbo, which was uncommon for Russian ears. In 1928, Sergey would arrive in Frunze, and Alexandra would come a year

25.05.2018, 20:23

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. The Case of Kashevarov and Lvov

White Terror Gave Rise to Red Terror Admiral Kolchak was executed on February 7, 1920, by the verdict of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee. His appointed commander of the Separate Semirechye Army, Ataman Annenkov, was sentenced seven years later in Semipalatinsk by a military tribunal: after fleeing to China in May 1920, he returned to the USSR.

23.05.2018, 20:38

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. A Daughter Searches for Her Father

Search for Father The telegram reached Ak-Olen immediately, and Aiganish-ezhe began to prepare for the journey. She put on her best dress, tied a scarf tightly, the most beautiful kerchief. The bus was moving quickly, and Issyk-Kul was gradually left behind, only the sun was blinding her eyes painfully, to tears. The telegram was from Klara, the daughter of her brother Omor: tomorrow, on July 31st, Aiganish Jumayeva is invited to meet with President Akayev.

07.05.2018, 19:48