February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917 in Osh. The overthrow of the tsarist autocracy on February 27 (March 12), 1917, in Petrograd, and soon in Moscow, by the uprising workers and soldiers — mostly peasants dressed in soldiers' overcoats — led to the widespread victory of the second Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution across the country by March. The most characteristic feature of this revolution, both in the center of the country and in the national outskirts, including
The Uprising of 1916 in Southern Kyrgyzstan Deep dissatisfaction with the tsarist government and its anti-people foreign and domestic policies manifested itself, in particular, in spontaneous anti-war protests in Central Russia and the Central Asian outskirts of the country immediately after the first mobilizations of reserve soldiers. Among these was the protest on July 21-22, 1914, at the Andijan assembly point of peasants and townspeople called up to the army, who left behind unprotected
The revolutionary protests of workers, townspeople, and peasants in southern Kyrgyzstan in 1905-1907 were an integral part of the first popular revolution in Russia during the period of imperialism. After the events of Bloody Sunday—January 9, 1905, in St. Petersburg, influenced by the revolutionary upsurge sweeping the country, the growing national liberation movement flowed into the overall stream of democratic forces. Together with their Russian brothers, the workers and peasants of Central
The uprisings of the townspeople of Osh and the rural residents of the district in the 1880s and 1890s were part of the popular unrest in the Fergana region. They were caused everywhere by the same socio-economic reasons, directed against the intensification of colonial oppression and the oppression of the local exploitative elite. The religious coloring or involvement of some feudal elements in leading them did not change their overall anti-colonial and anti-feudal orientation. Following the
Cult Structures of the City Pre-revolutionary Osh was not very rich in historical and architectural monuments; nevertheless, some of them, even those that have not survived to this day, deserve at least a mention, if not a description. Mainly, these are cult structures. We can name the dome of Kurbandzhan-dakhi, built at the foot of Suleiman Mountain in 1907; the mosque of Muhammad Yusupa-Baykhodji, erected in 1909-1910, next to which was the domed mosque of Sydykbay from the 19th century, the
Tax Exploitation in Pre-Revolutionary Osh After the fall of the Kokand Khanate on February 17, 1876, the Turkestan administration established the "Commission for Clarifying Tax Obligations and State Property of Fergana," which presented a report with its proposals on March 11 of the same year "on the method of revenue collection and the abolition of certain revenue items that do not comply with our laws." Lieutenant General Kolpakovsky imposed a resolution on the report:
Coat of Arms of the City of Osh Agriculture and farming have always played an important role in the economy of Osh during the pre-revolutionary period. This is similar to other late feudal cities in Central Asia, whose populations were equally closely tied to the land. Most of the Osh farmers were residents of the old ("indigenous") part of the city, which was even designated as a separate tax district within the Osh county. Its lands were located around the city. In 1903-1905, the
Growth of the Population of Osh “Although the colonial path of development that Central Asia took after its annexation to Russia and its transformation into a raw material appendage of the metropolis hindered industrial development, during this period, more favorable conditions were created than before for the deepening of social division of labor, increasing the commodity nature of the economy, and developing economic specialization in certain areas, which led to significant urban growth,”
Police Administration in the City City management particularly vividly reflects the discriminatory and exploitative orientation of the tsarist government's policy in Turkestan towards the local, non-Russian population. Unlike other county centers in the Fergana region, where city management and its economy, including budget preparation, were entrusted to county chiefs with symbolic participation from city deputies, in Osh, where the majority of the city's residents were indigenous to
Descriptions of Osh by Russian and Foreign Travelers After the dissolution of the Kokand Khanate, the Fergana region was established in its territory as part of the Turkestan General Governorship. The sizes of the new administrative units—districts—were initially determined by the borders of the former vilayets with their bekstans and sarkerstans. In the Osh district, the Bulak-Bashinsk bekstan and the Osh sarkerstans initially remained, but later they were replaced by volosts. The city of Osh
Mass Popular Movements in the Kokand Khanate Particularly significant events took place in Osh in the first half of the 1870s. They are associated with the largest popular movement — the Kokand Uprising and the liquidation of the khanate itself. In a brief official note titled "Regarding the Disturbances in the Kokand Khanate," the Orientalist N. F. Petrovsky noted that the cause of the uprising boiled down to "the cruel, extremely despotic rule of the khanate by its former
Tax Burdens on the Working Population of the City Taxes were levied on grain crops from the townspeople — kharaj, on melons — tanap, on livestock — zyaket, on trade — also zyaket, taxes were collected from handicraft production, for legal transactions, for inheritance of property, for gathering firewood, etc. It is no wonder that the Russian orientalist A. L. Kun, who collected tax records after the fall of the Kokand Khanate, wrote about the tax burden: “It seemed that only air remained, for
Cult Monuments of Osh It is particularly difficult to characterize the culture of the population of Osh during the Kokand period, not only due to the scarcity of sources. The Kokand Khanate was at such a stage of development that there are no grounds to speak of cultural progress: the culture of the preceding Timurid period was much higher. Moreover, very few sources on the history of culture from the Kokand period have survived. We can only affirmatively speak about those architectural and
Archives of Unknown Documents on the History of Osh Having become a prominent Kokand dignitary, Datka Alay, the hakim of the Andijan province, and finally, for a short time, the chief vizier of the Kokand Khanate, Alymbek continued to regard the Alay pastures almost as his ancestral estate, while the city of Osh became the base for the Kyrgyz nomads. It was in Osh that Alymbek built a madrasah at his own expense, which, according to contemporaries, rivaled the khan's madrasah in Kokand in
The Transfer of Land Relations Practices from the Kokand Khanate to Southern Kyrgyzstan The majority of Osh's residents were engaged in agriculture, many in transportation and trade, and a significant portion in crafts. The branches of agricultural production remained traditional from the late 18th century until 1875: irrigated farming ("the city is surrounded by fertile land," "the fields are watered by canals," reported Murtaza Faizulin and other informants of G. F.
Stories of Individual Traders and Other Russian People about Osh Documentary sources from the time of Kyrgyzstan's dependence on the feudal despotic Kokand Khanate, both Kokand and Russian, contain very few factual and reliable details for describing the city of Osh, as well as other settlements in Eastern Fergana. However, from the sparse accounts of individual traders and other Russian people — "involuntary travelers," like F. Efremov, notes sent to Kokand by representatives
The Emir of Bukhara Appoints Kurbandzhan as Datka — Ruler of Alay After the death of Alymbek, political power and the leadership of the clan were inherited by his widow, Kurbandzhan-datka. In 1862, Khudoyar Khan, with the help of the Bukharan army, once again occupied Kokand and seized the throne. However, the eastern regions of Fergana, the Kyrgyz and Kipchaks, remained the most rebellious. A Bukharan detachment sent by Emir Muzaffar reached Osh and besieged the fortress of Mady. There is a
Alymbek — ruler of Alai. The city of Osh and the village of Kara-Suu were considered by the southern Kyrgyz feudal lords as their own stronghold. Here they owned real estate, and through Osh maintained contact with the Kokand governors and the central authorities of the khanate. The largest feudal lords who left a significant mark in the history of the city were Alymbek-datka and his wife Kurbandzhan, who outlived him by almost half a century. Therefore, we will briefly focus on their
In the Struggle Against the Kokand Rulers Starting from the 1760s, the rulers of the Kokand feudal domain (later a khanate), seeking to expand its territory at the expense of southern Kyrgyz lands, turned their greedy eyes towards the city of Osh. Even at that time, Osh played a significant role in the political history of the Kokand Khanate. Narrative sources briefly mention that its ruler was the feudal lord Hadji-biy, considered the head of the large Kyrgyz clan Adygene within the tribe of
Osh at the End of the 17th — Beginning of the 18th Century In 1638, Abdallah Khan seized supreme power in Moghulistan (with its center in Yarkand) and, in order to strengthen his position in the state, decided to conquer the neighboring mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan adjacent to Eastern Turkestan. After campaigns to Pamir (in Bolor and Badakhshan), Abdallah Khan directed his troops to raid the city of Osh. The Kyrgyz successfully repelled the invasion twice but were soon forced to surrender
A First-Class Source — "Babur-nama". The author of these notes (memoirs), Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur (1483—1530), was one of the representatives of the Timurid dynasty, who tasted the sweetness of power in Andijan, then the bitterness of exile, and finally became a fortunate conqueror and the founder of the vast Mughal Empire, which included India and Afghanistan. However, it was not for his military exploits and conquests that the Timurid heir was celebrated; UNESCO recognized the
In the early 15th century, Osh is mentioned in eastern chronicles in connection with the campaign of Timur's grandson — Ulugh Beg against the Ferghana ruler Ahmed. Driven out of Ferghana by Ulugh Beg, Emir Ahmed returned with an army obtained from the Mongols and, after Ulugh Beg left with his main forces, defeated the troops he had left behind at Osh. Later mentions of the city can be found in "Tarikh-i Rashidi" — the chronicle of Rashid's history by Mirza Muhammad Haidar,
The Influence of Mongol Rule All the devastating hordes of Genghis Khan's army played their negative role in the life of the Fergana Valley and Eastern ("Kyrgyz") Pre-Fergana. The number of cities and settlements significantly decreased after their invasion in the early 13th century. If Arabic-speaking authors of the 9th to 12th centuries counted 40 Fergana cities (including Osh) and large settlements with congregational mosques, then by the 15th century, sources mention fewer
By the end of the 9th and in the 10th century, Osh already occupied a prominent place among the cities and large settlements of Eastern Fergana. Contemporaries considered it the third largest city in the Fergana domain of the Samanids — after the capital city of Ahsikent and the large (in size) city of Kuba (now Kuva). Rabad, like in other Fergana cities of the 9th—12th centuries, was the center of trade and craft activity in Osh. Pottery production held a leading position in the urban crafts,
First Mentions of Osh Osh is mentioned as a "city" of Fergana by the first Arab geographer whose works have survived to this day — Abul-Qasim Khordadbeh (820—912/13 AD). In his "Book of Roads and Kingdoms," compiled in 232 AH (846/47), it is reported: from the city of Osh to Uzgen (Uzgend — in medieval authors) is seven farsakhs or one long journey (1 farsakh equals 6—7 km). Following him, another Arab geographer Abu-Bakr Ishaq al-Hamadani (nicknamed Ibn al-Faqih) — the
In the Darkness of the Ages The more scholars refer to the works of the founder of scientific archaeology in Kyrgyzstan, A. N. Bernshtam, the more they are amazed by his "foresight," his retrospective insight. With only exploratory materials and relatively scant specific data, he managed to largely reconstruct the archaeological past of the Tian Shan, Fergana, and Pamir-Alai regions accurately. His periodization and the stages of their culture retain their scientific significance to
It is known that the Bronze Age in Fergana was universally replaced by the time of the dominance of early nomads — the Saka-Haomavarka.A vivid testament to the presence of the latter in the vicinity of Osh is the burial ground of Tuleyken, which was partially studied by A.N. Bernshtein. This is one of the connecting links between the Chust culture and the Davan kingdom — one of the ancient slaveholding states in the Fergana Valley. In the suburban areas of modern Osh (in particular, on the
Productive Work of Yu.A. Zadneprovsky and E.V. Druzhinina The city of Osh is undoubtedly the oldest in Kyrgyzstan and one of the ancient urban centers of Central Asia. Its written history spans over a millennium, while archaeological finds date back to three millennia ago. However, the question of the time of the city's founding remains open in scientific literature. There have been no specific excavations of the ancient substratum of modern Osh (including its former old town part)
Legends of Mount Takhte-Suleiman Osh ... Debating the etymology of this name, scholars still cannot reach a consensus — its roots go back so far into the depths of centuries. Equally ancient is its centuries-old history, intertwined with legends about the famous Mount Takhte-Suleiman (translated from Arabic as "Throne of Solomon").
Osh — the regional center of the republic, the oldest city in Kyrgyzstan. Through publications of archaeological excavations and written sources, readers will become acquainted with the ancient settlements in the territory of Osh and the medieval city, witnessing the turbulent events of the restless feudal era, the participation of the townspeople in repelling invasions by conquerors, and the uprisings of the Kyrgyz population against the khanate-feudal oppression during the dominance of the
Recent studies have shown that the city with this name is not about two thousand years old, as was believed until recently, but much older — three thousand. Osh is a contemporary of Rome. This fact alone speaks volumes about the interest this city holds for tourists.
