Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

O. Karaev. The Chagatai Ulus. The State of Haidu. Moghulistan

History of the Chagatai Ulus (13th century), the state formations of Haidu (13th—14th centuries), and Moghulistan (14th—17th centuries) The book presents the history of the regions that existed within Eastern Turkestan, Dzungaria, modern Southern Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The formation and existence of the Chagatai Ulus, the states of Haidu, and Moghulistan had significant objective-historical consequences for the modern Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In particular,

23.08.2019, 06:32

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Kyrgyz in the Russian Empire

The Conquest of the Kyrgyz by Russia. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the southern tribes were part of the Kokand Khanate, while the northern tribes were under the authority of their tribal leaders. With the emergence of the Kokand possession in 1709, alongside the settled groups of Uzbeks and Tajiks known as sarts, there were also representatives of the ilatiya (partly settled by that time, and mainly semi-nomadic Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Kipchaks, Turks, and other ethnicities), whose

23.08.2019, 04:38

Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Ethnic Situation in the Tian Shan in the Second Half of the 15th Century to the First Half of the 18th Century

Ethnic Situation in the Tian Shan in the Middle Ages A comparative analysis of sources and early genealogical traditions of the Kyrgyz allows us to state that the movement of Altai Kyrgyz from remote areas of Moghulistan to the Pre-Tian Shan region dates back to the second half of the 15th century, and the dual ethnopolitical organization of Kyrgyz tribes - the "Right Wing" and the "Left Wing" - was formed by the beginning of the 16th century. As the territory of Tian Shan

19.08.2019, 18:28

Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Ethnopolitical Connections of the Altai Kyrgyz in the 13th to 15th Centuries

Movement of the Altai Kyrgyz to the Western Regions of Mogolistan In the study of the ethnopolitical history of Southern Siberia at the beginning of the 13th century, an important place is occupied by the question of the conquest of the Kyrgyz and the forest peoples of Southern Siberia by Genghis Khan. However, the issues of the relationship between the Mongols and the Kyrgyz during this period remain insufficiently developed in the scientific literature due to the fragmentary and

16.08.2019, 14:50

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Common Ancestry of the Modern Kyrgyz People and the Ancient Kyrgyz of Yenisei and Altai

Ethnocultural Connections Between the Kyrgyz and the Kipchaks The significance and political role of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in the formation of a new ethnic community in Altai and the Irtysh region are reflected in "Ta-bai al-hayavan" by al-Marwazi (12th century), "Nuzhat al-mushtak" by al-Idrisi (12th century), and "Behjat at-tavarikh" by Shukrallah (15th century). According to the information from these sources, the rite of cremation, initially characteristic only

13.08.2019, 01:07

Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Formation of the Kyrgyz People in the IX-XVIII Centuries

Ethnic Processes in Southern Siberia in the IX-XII Centuries After the defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate by the State of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in 840, a diverse movement of the latter is noted across Central Asia. Their settlement in Northwest Mongolia, Tuva, Altai, and Dzhungaria was primarily due to political reasons, namely the subjugation of the Uyghurs. Pursuing the retreating Uyghurs, the Kyrgyz penetrated into the Baikal region in the east and into Eastern Turkestan in the southwest between

12.08.2019, 15:11

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Era of "Kyrgyz Great Power"

The Flourishing of Medieval Kyrgyz Culture The era of "Kyrgyz Great Power" became a time of the greatest spread and flourishing of medieval Kyrgyz culture. The monuments of their culture - burial mounds with rounded and ring-shaped stone embankments, next to which stone steles with clan tamga signs and runic inscriptions-epitaphs are installed, under which the cremated remains of the deceased are buried in shallow pits and at the horizon - are widespread in the territory of the

11.08.2019, 04:33

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Kyrgyz Khaganate: The Leading Nomadic State in Central Asia from the Mid-9th to the First Quarter of the 10th Century

Kyrgyz Great Power During the VI-VIII centuries, when the Kyrgyz state existed only in the territory of the Minusinsk Basin, it had to constantly defend its independence from the leading military powers: the Khaganates of the Jujans, the ancient Turks, the Seyanto, and the Uyghurs. The military coalitions that the Kyrgyz entered were aimed at opposing the most powerful adversary in the nomadic world. At the same time, they managed to keep the dependent tribes of the Kyshtym in subjugation, who

09.08.2019, 14:38

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Kyrgyz Khan Bars-Beg

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz Against the Uyghur Kaganate After the eastern Turks, who rose up against the Chinese, restored their state, the Yenisei Kyrgyz became one of their serious opponents. They joined a coalition of nomadic tribes supported by the Tang Empire. Following this, the eastern Turks defeated the Teleuts led by Baz-kagan, and it was then that the Kyrgyz kagan Bars-beg became their main adversary in Central Asia. In 693, the army of the eastern Turks, led by Kapagan-kagan,

07.08.2019, 18:22

Kyrgyz in antiquity

What Do Ancient Kyrgyz Kurgans Speak Of?

What do Kyrgyz burial sites tell us? At the turn of the early Middle Ages, the Kyrgyz found themselves in the Yenisei River valley in Southern Siberia. They migrated or were relocated to this area by the Juzhans during the Juzhan-Gaoguy wars in the mid-1st millennium AD for political reasons. The ancient Turks were moved by the Juzhans from Turfan "to the southern side of the Altai Mountains," and one of the representatives of the Turkic ruling clan, named Tsigu, i.e.,

04.08.2019, 09:15

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Ancient Kyrgyz in the 1st-2nd Centuries AD

Gyan-gun and Dinlins In the sources of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, the gyan-gun are not mentioned, but there is information about their northern neighbors, the dinlins, who were among the tribes that attacked the northern Huns at the end of the 1st century AD (Bichurin, 1998, p. 129). As a result, in 91 AD, the shanyu of the northern Hun horde "fled, unknown where," and the steppes of Central Asia were occupied by the Xianbei (Bichurin, 1998, pp. 131, 153, 154, 157). The ancient

02.08.2019, 18:59

Kyrgyz in antiquity

The Yenisei Kyrgyz in Antiquity

Kyrgyz-Gyangu The earliest mention of the Kyrgyz under the Chinese name “gyan-gun”, “heguni”, or “jianggun”, dates back to 201 BC. The ancient tribes of heguni are listed among other nomads conquered in Central Asia by the Xiongnu chanyu Modu (Bichurin, 1998, p. 51). In other Chinese sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the first half of the 1st millennium AD, they were referred to by various names: “gegu”, “zegu”, “juyou”, and others (Kyuner, 1961, p. 55). The ancient Kyrgyz are

31.07.2019, 20:25

History

Questions of the Ethnic History of the Kyrgyz

Disputes about the origin of the Kyrgyz are still relevant Among the variety of data available in ethnography, S. M. Abramzon paid special attention to the testimonies of ethnonymy and folk traditions to address this issue. Using this new methodology, S. M. Abramzon convincingly demonstrated for the first time, based on ethnographic and folklore materials, that the ethnic and ethnogenetic connections of the Kyrgyz of the Tian Shan, alongside local roots, have their original territory in Altai

30.07.2019, 16:23

History

Concepts of Notable Historians on the Ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz People

Key Milestones in the Ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz People An important stage in the study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Kyrgyz was a special Scientific Session held in 1956 in Frunze. The joint session summarized a long period of research on this issue, initiated by the works of Academician V. V. Bartold and continued by a whole array of historians, ethnographers, linguists, archaeologists, anthropologists, and art historians. The key element of the resolution of this conference

29.07.2019, 12:25

History

Ethnocultural Connections of the Kyrgyz of Tian Shan with the Population of the Priirtysh and Altai Regions

Versions on the Origin of the Central Asian Component of the Kyrgyz Ethnos A more substantiated version regarding the origin of the Central Asian component of the Kyrgyz ethnos and the approximate chronology of its movement to Tian Shan was proposed by archaeologist D. G. Savinov. According to him, the penetration of the main Kyrgyz tribes from the Sayan-Altai region to Tian Shan began only in the 13th century, when another powerful wave of migration of nomadic tribes from Central Asia to the

28.07.2019, 10:37

History

Disputes about the Resettlement of Kyrgyz from Yenisei to Tian Shan

How did the Kyrgyz appear in Tian Shan? A special place in the study of the monuments of oral folk art, religion, and social structure of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia and Central Asia is held by academician V. V. Radlov, whose work marked an era in the history of world Turkology (Kononov, 1972, p. 103). He expressed his views on the history of the Kyrgyz and valuable information about their clan-tribal composition in the article "On the Kirghiz" (Radloff, 1863). Noting the

24.07.2019, 14:54

History

The History of the Study of the Origins of the Kyrgyz People

Discussion Problems on the Origin of the Kyrgyz People In recent years, professional historians have been attempting to present a verified history of Kyrgyzstan based on a comprehensive set of historical sources, using new methodological approaches to the study of political, socio-economic, cultural, and ethnic processes. Historical figures whose names were forgotten during the Soviet period for ideological reasons have found a worthy place in monographs and textbooks. New objective

21.07.2019, 09:31

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

State Symbols of the Kyrgyz SSR

State Anthem of the Kyrgyz SSR Lyrics: K. Malikova, T. Sydykbekova, M. Tokobaev, A. Tokombaev Music: V. Vlasov, A. Maldybaev, V. Fere Literal translation from Kyrgyz: T. Askarova, E. Kolesnikova, M. Ronkina, S. Tokombaeva Kyrgyz people yearned for freedom's dawn, October illuminated us with the light of Ala-Too, The great Russian people warmed us with friendship, Lenin opened the path to happiness for all of us.

07.07.2019, 20:26

Historical records

Suleiman Kuchukov: Cavalier, Basmach, Kraskom

Suleiman Yunusovich Kuchukov (1889-1932) Historically, it happened that the author of these lines learned to read at a time when all participants in the struggle against the basmachi, who survived it (and those who were killed for some reason in the following years) began to write memoirs. That is, they may have written them earlier. But in the late 50s and early 60s, they began to be published in large numbers, mainly in local publishing houses, but in mass (for those times and conditions)

02.09.2018, 15:51

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. ...And Eternal Fear

Conveyor of Fabricated Cases In the morning, work was somewhat sluggish. The time difference was noticeable - in Moscow, good people were still asleep, while the workday had already begun here. Frunze, of course, is an interesting little town: the Asian color and the buildings of modern European architecture in the center created a strange combination. But all of this attracted attention, was memorable, and somewhere deep down, it was even liked after the noisy, bustling Moscow with its

27.05.2018, 18:04

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. The Daughter and Niece of the "Enemies of the People"

ANNA AND ALEXANDRA Sergey Kashevarov was from the merchant class of Kazan. His father owned a bakery where the whole family worked. Sergey married at twenty-eight after serving in both the White and Red Armies. Alexandra was four years younger than him. The daughter of a well-known doctor in Kazan, Iosif Bogdanov, she buried her first husband and retained his rare surname, Ksu-Erbo, which was uncommon for Russian ears. In 1928, Sergey would arrive in Frunze, and Alexandra would come a year

25.05.2018, 20:23

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. The Case of Kashevarov and Lvov

White Terror Gave Rise to Red Terror Admiral Kolchak was executed on February 7, 1920, by the verdict of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee. His appointed commander of the Separate Semirechye Army, Ataman Annenkov, was sentenced seven years later in Semipalatinsk by a military tribunal: after fleeing to China in May 1920, he returned to the USSR.

23.05.2018, 20:38

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash. A Daughter Searches for Her Father

Search for Father The telegram reached Ak-Olen immediately, and Aiganish-ezhe began to prepare for the journey. She put on her best dress, tied a scarf tightly, the most beautiful kerchief. The bus was moving quickly, and Issyk-Kul was gradually left behind, only the sun was blinding her eyes painfully, to tears. The telegram was from Klara, the daughter of her brother Omor: tomorrow, on July 31st, Aiganish Jumayeva is invited to meet with President Akayev.

07.05.2018, 19:48

Historical records

The Secret of Chon-Tash

QUESTIONS WITHOUT ANSWERS The morphological department of the medical institute is not a cheerful place. In the basement, there are two morgues; in the classrooms, students study anatomy. Having lost my way in the desolate labyrinths of the upper floors, I carelessly entered one of these classrooms...

02.05.2018, 19:17

Historical records

Repressions of the 1930s in Kyrgyzstan

The Mystery of the Mass Grave. For many years, Bubuyra Kydyralieva could not share her secret. No one wanted to listen; she was not taken seriously. Yet she wanted to find someone who could investigate the tragic story she had remembered since she was 10 years old. Everything changed with her acquaintance with a young careerist from the KGB. Bolot Abdrakhmanov knew how to listen to the end. "I met with Bubuyra-ezhe at a time when Gorbachev began to implement democratic reforms. She said

29.04.2018, 23:17

Historical records

"Jalis-i Mushtakin" ("The Conversant of the Thirsty")

In this anonymous work from the 17th century, the spread of the Islamic religion among the Kyrgyz and Kalmyks is discussed. Translation from Persian by N. Vorozheikina. Text: And after this, His Excellency deigned to say: “In the name of serving Muslims, I have dedicated myself to this cause, and thanks to the sanctity of the souls of their best great khodjas — may mercy and blessings be upon them! — I have brought several thousand Kyrgyz and Kalmyks into the light of faith, (liberating them)

10.12.2017, 19:05

Historical records

Hagiographic Works. Materials on the History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan

Hagiographic works can serve as a valuable supplement to historical sources for studying various aspects of the internal life and existence of the population. Relevant excerpts are included in the collection "Materials on the History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan." Vol. I. Moscow, 1973. “Ziya al-Qulub” (“The Radiance of Hearts”) This anonymous work from the 17th century contains information about the spread of Islam among the Kyrgyz. Translation from Persian by Z. N. Vorozheikina.

10.12.2017, 18:55

Historical records

The Genealogy of the Turks. A Work by Abul-Ghazi, Khan of Khiva

This work by Abu-l-Ghazi (1603—1664) is based on legends about the genealogy of tribes and the works of predecessors. Shah-Mahmud Churas. Chronicle. Critical text, translation, comments, research, and indexes by O. F. Akimushkin. Moscow, 1976 There is very little information about Shah-Mahmud. He was born in the 1620s into a noble family of the Churas clan and died in the late 17th century. He received a good education and was proficient in Arabic and Persian. His work "Chronicle"

10.12.2017, 17:50

Historical records

Generations of Kyrgyz and Kemkemchut

Excerpt from the work of Abu-l-Ghazi (1603—1664) — almost a retelling from Rashid ad-Din's "Collection of Chronicles" and Muhammad Haidar's "Tarikh-i Rashidi." Text: Oghuz Khan had a grandson named Kyrgyz: the Kyrgyz descend from him; but in our time, very few people from this lineage remain. The Mongols and other tribes, having exterminated the Kyrgyz in fire and water, entered their land and, having settled here, took on the name of Kyrgyz. They themselves know

10.12.2017, 15:36

Historical records

Stories about the Kyrgyz in the Work of Muhammad Haider

Muhammad Haider. "Tarikh-i Rashidi" ("The Rashid History"). Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Inv. No. 5176 The author came from a noble and influential Duglat tribe in Eastern Turkestan. In 1541, he managed to seize Kashmir and establish an independent principality there. Between 1541 and 1546, he wrote the book "Tarikh-i Rashidi," which is the main source of the history of

05.12.2017, 04:00

Historical records

Seifi Chelebi. An Excerpt on the Beliefs, Customs, and Social Structure of the Kyrgyz People

Seifi Chelebi. "Tavarikh" ("Chronicles"), Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Inv. No. 5176 Nothing is known about the biography of this Ottoman historian. His "Tavarikh" was composed somewhere at the end of the 16th century. In Seifi's work, there are original details about the beliefs, customs, and social structure of the Kyrgyz.

04.12.2017, 21:36

Historical records

Excerpt from "The Garden of Purity" by Mirkhond

Mirkhond. "Rawzat as-Safa" ("The Garden of Purity"). Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Inventory No. 5176 Mirkhond (died in 1498) belonged to the school of courtly Timurid historiography in Herat. He came from a family of Bukhara sayyids and spent most of his life in Herat. The "Geographical Appendix" to "Rawzat" ... was fully included in "Bada'i

04.12.2017, 17:02

Historical records

The Collection of Chronicles of Rashid ad-Din

Rashid ad-Din. Collection of Chronicles. Vol. I. M.-L., 1952 Rashid ad-Din (1247—1318) was the vizier of several Mongol khans in Iran and had access to their treasury, where the official chronicle of the Mongols was kept. In addition to this source, his informants included experts on Mongolian traditions. The author and his colleagues also drew on data from many books in various languages. "Jami-atu-tawarikh" ("Collection of Chronicles") was completed in 1310—11.

04.12.2017, 16:51

Historical records

Information about the Religious Beliefs and Territory Occupied by the Kyrgyz from Al-Marwazi

Al-Marwazi. "Taba'i al-hayawan" ("The Nature of Animals"). Materials from the fund of the Institute of Literature and Art of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Inv. No. 1820 There is very little information about the life and activities of the court physician of the Seljuk sultans, Al-Marwazi. By nisba, he was a native of the city of Merv and completed his book in 1120.

04.12.2017, 16:40

Historical records

The work of Gardizi "The Ornament of Histories" - a chapter on the Turks

Gardizi. "Zayn al-Akhbar" ("The Ornament of Reports") V.V. Bartold. Collected Works. Vol. VIII. Moscow, 1973 The author hails from the village of Gardiz near Ghazni (Iran). He wrote his work "The Ornament of Reports" during the reign of the Ghaznavid Sultan Abd al-Rashid (1050-1053). It contains a chapter about the Turks, which includes new geographical information and interesting legends about the origins of various tribes. Translation from Persian by V.V.

04.12.2017, 16:23

Historical records

Abu Dulaf - an Author from Southern Arabia on the Kyrgyz

Abu Dulaf. "Risale" ("Note") — Kitab asar al-bilad” al-Kazvini. Gottingen, 1848 The author came from Southern Arabia and, for some reason, ended up at the court of the Samanids in Central Asia. Abu Dulaf began his travels in 942 from Bukhara and traveled through the Tian Shan and Eastern Turkestan to China. His "Note" became known to us through the authors of the 13th century, Yakut and al-Kazvini. All of Abu Dulaf's reports about the Kyrgyz are confirmed by

04.12.2017, 15:58

Historical records

"Khudud al-Alam" - "The Boundaries of the World"

«Hudud al-Alam». («Boundaries of the World»). Translation from Persian by N. Vorozheikina. This anonymous work was written in 372/982—83 in Persian. It was discovered in 1892 in Bukhara by A. G. Tumansky. The Orientalist V. F. Minorsky translated it into English with extensive scholarly commentary. The «Hudud al-Alam» («Boundaries of the World») contains very valuable information about the Kyrgyz and the geography of Kyrgyzstan. V. V. Bartold based his first writings on their information

03.12.2017, 02:45

Historical records

Medieval Arab and Persian Authors on the Kyrgyz

Arab and Persian Sources of the IX—XVII Centuries Medieval Arab and Persian authors left us very valuable and quite rich information about the Kyrgyz. They were and remain the main basis for studying the history of the Kyrgyz people. Materials on the History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan, Vol. I. Moscow, 1973

03.12.2017, 01:32

Historical records

Talas Stones

Monument in honor of the "Kyrgyz Son" in Suji. It was found by G. I. Ramstedt in 1900 on the elevation of Sujin-davan south of Mongolia. Text: I, Yaglakhar-khan-ata(1), was a newcomer in the Uyghur land. I am Kyrgyz. I am Boila(2), the high judge. I am Ogya-buyuruk (the appointed) of the happy Baga-Tarkhan. Rumors and inquiries about me reached from sunrise to sunset. I was wealthy. I had ten enclosures for livestock. I had countless livestock. I had seven younger brothers, three

02.12.2017, 21:04

Historical records

Steles of the Golden Lake

Epitaph in Honor of Bars-Beg This gravestone runic inscription in honor of the Kyrgyz khan Bars-Beg was found by a peasant from the village of Iudino (modern S. Bondarevo) Y. F. Korchakov near a small lake Altyn-Kul (in Khakassia) and is kept in the Minusinsk Historical Museum. We present a new, corrected translation by St. Petersburg Turkologist S. G. Klyashtorny: Ten moons bore (me), my mother! She brought (me) to my el (people). I established myself on the earth thanks to my valor. I

02.12.2017, 20:44

Historical records

Monuments of Ancient Turkic Writing in Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan

Monument to Kagan Mogilyan (Bilge. 716—734 AD) The monument to this kagan of the Eastern Turkic Kaganate was found in 1889 by N. M. Yadrintsev in the Koshoy-Tsai Dam valley on the banks of the Orkhon River. Its content is similar to that of the monument of Kültegin, the brother of Mogilyan, discovered in the same place. Text: When I was twenty-six years old, the Chik people(1) became my enemies along with the Kyrgyz. Crossing the Kem(2), I moved with my army against the Chiks, fought at Orpen,

02.12.2017, 20:28

Historical records

Monuments of Ancient Turkic Writing

Orkhon-Yenisei Turkic Monuments These runic inscriptions were mainly found in the territory of Yenisei, Mongolia, and the Talas Valley. They contain very valuable information about the Turkic peoples, including the Kyrgyz. The Orkhon-Yenisei runic alphabet was used by many Turkic peoples of Central Asia from the 6th to the 11th centuries. There are various opinions regarding the ownership of this writing system. It is not by chance that prominent Turkologists attribute them to the Yenisei

02.12.2017, 20:18

Historical records

The Tansky Chronicles on the States of Central Asia

A. G. Malyavkin. Tang Chronicles of the States of Central Asia. Novosibirsk. 1989 Ouyan Xiu. Xin Tang Shu (New Chronicle of the Tang Dynasty). Beijing. 1958. Text: Administration of Dudu, Jianggun. Created on (the territory of settlement) of the tribe of Jegu (Kyrgyz).

29.11.2017, 03:36

Historical records

The Confrontation of the Kyrgyz with the Uyghur Khaganate in the 9th—12th Centuries

A. G. Malyavkin. The Uyghur States in the IX—XII Centuries. Novosibirsk, 1983 Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government). Beijing. 1956. Text: The Kyrgyz sent General Tabu-khezu and others to the fortress of the Tian'de province... they also reported that they would be relocating to the Helo River(1) to live on the old territory of the Uyghur state; moreover, five tribes submitted to them — Anxi (Kucha), Beiting (Beshbalyk), Dada (Tatars), and others (2nd year

29.11.2017, 03:24

Historical records

Historical Geography of Central Asia

A. G. Malyavkin. Historical Geography of Central Asia. Novosibirsk, 1981 "Jiu Tanshu" ("New Chronicle of the Tang Dynasty"). Text: Initially, the czequ (Kyrgyz) were never in contact with the Central State, but upon learning that the Tele and others had all submitted, they immediately performed a bow to the ground and called themselves vassals(1).

29.11.2017, 02:58

Historical records

Materials on the History of the Uyghurs in the 9th—12th Centuries

A. G. Malyavkin. Materials on the History of the Uyghurs in the IX—XII Centuries. Vol. 2. Novosibirsk. 1974 In this book, A. G. Malyavkin translated and published with comprehensive comments all the information on the history of the Uyghurs in the IX—XII centuries from various sources written in Chinese. It contains very valuable information about the Yenisei Kyrgyz in connection with their defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate. Below are these excerpts with the corresponding comments. Text:

29.11.2017, 02:51

Historical records

Chinese News about the Peoples of Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and the Far East

N. V. Kyuner. Chinese News about the Peoples of Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and the Far East. Moscow, 1961 N. V. Kyuner supplemented the translation of N. Bichurin's book "Collection of Information..." from Chinese sources. In doing so, he made appropriate corrections or clarifications to the translations of his predecessor and provided a parallel translation of texts from other works not used by N. Bichurin himself. The excerpt about the Hagas is translated from the

25.11.2017, 03:20

Historical records

Collection of Information about the Peoples Inhabiting Central Asia in Ancient Times

Chinese Written Sources The first historical information about the Kyrgyz appears in the early Chinese source "Shiji" ("Historical Records," compiled in the 1st century BC) by Sima Qian, where it discusses the expansion of the Xiongnu chanyu Maodun's state borders to the east up to Korea and to the west up to modern Xinjiang, around 201 BC.

22.11.2017, 19:35