Kurmanjan Datka

The Significance of Kyrgyz in Kokand

DID THE KYRGYZ DOMINATE IN KOKAND? The supreme power among the Kokandis belonged to the khan, under whom a council appointed by him operated. This council included the atalyk (regent), minbashi (thousand-man - a military title), atabek, serker, dasturkanchy, risalachi, mekhtar, naib, udai, kozho-kalyan, kazi-askar, as well as shaykh-al-Islam and other responsible figures. According to one of the chroniclers, Mullah Alim, the second most important position after the khan was held by the amir-i

04.11.2019, 20:14

Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Ismanov Khusain

Ismanov Khusain Gunner of the 76-mm gun of the 86th separate guards anti-tank artillery division (82nd Guards Rifle Division, 8th Guards Army, 1st Belorussian Front), Guards Sergeant. Born on January 24, 1924, in the village of Orok, now in the Sokuluk District of the Chuy Region of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, in a peasant family. Kyrgyz. Completed 7 grades of school. Worked as the secretary of the village council of the "Djal" collective farm in the Alamedin District of the same

04.11.2019, 19:46

Ballet

Choreography and Design in the Ballet "Kuyruchuk"

Disagreements Between the Artist and Choreographer in the Ballet "Kuyruchuk" In evaluating the music of the ballet "Kuyruchuk" as a whole, it should be emphasized that it is quite distinctive. K. Moldobasanov and G. Okunev use well-known motifs from Kyrgyz folk songs (for example, the romantic song by D. Sheraliyev "Tushumdo" ("In a Dream")). At the same time, the composers boldly tackle the problem of creating original melodies that reflect national

04.11.2019, 12:31

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

On the Construction of a Monument to Lenin in Frunze. Document No. 95 (January 1935)

EXTRACT FROM THE PROTOCOL OF THE MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE KYRGYZ ASSR ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MONUMENT TO V.I. LENIN IN FRUNZE Frunze, January 23, 1935. Heard: §15. On the construction of the Lenin monument. (City Council, Comrades Tereshchenko and Prorabstroy). Resolved: To send a telegram to Comrade Isakeev requesting to secure the inclusion in the title list of capital construction for 1935 in the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for the

02.11.2019, 15:39

Fauna of Kyrgyzstan / Birds of Kyrgyzstan

Sparrowhawk - Common Sparrowhawk

Sparrowhawk. The name comes from the fact that this bird has long been used to hunt quails. Sometimes the sparrowhawk is referred to as the small hawk. It looks very similar to the Goshawk, but is much smaller, about the size of a pigeon or slightly larger. The male has a bluish-gray back, with reddish, brown, or chestnut transverse stripes on a light background below. The female is significantly larger than the male, with a gray-brown back and gray stripes on a white background below. The

02.11.2019, 15:09

Myths and legends

The Legend of the Akchi Battle

THE AKCHIY MASSACRE A dozen horsemen descend a steep path to the river. While the horses drink greedily, snorting and shaking their sides, the dismounted warriors also quench their thirst, scooping icy water with their palms. The Ak-chiy River at this time of year is not particularly turbulent, but to cross to the other bank, one must find a ford. The path leading to it is about two hundred steps from here — there, the bushes lean over the waters, and a wide shoal glistens in the sun. The

02.11.2019, 14:11

Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Sarybulun Bead

Little Guest Such finds are not anticipated. They come from a fairy-tale land and are always unexpected, especially under underwater conditions with a muddy bottom — almost unbelievable. This is about a beautiful large black chalcedony bead. The bead was so well polished that no sediment could accumulate on it. It seemed as if it had just recently been dropped into the lake. In reality, its age is measured in millennia. The bead is a long cylinder with a slight thickening towards the middle.

02.11.2019, 13:41

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Report of the Industrial Partnership "Intergelpo." Document No. 93-94 (1925-1934)

FROM THE REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY "INTERGELPO" FOR 1925-1934 Frunze, 1935 ... We move on to the coverage of production activities, which is a pioneer of industry in northern Kyrgyzstan, as at this moment in the capital of Kyrgyzstan itself and in the outskirts there was only one brewery and several artisanal workshops.

01.11.2019, 16:33

Agriculture

Agriculture among the Kyrgyz

AGRICULTURE Agriculture was an important area of economic activity for the Kyrgyz, ranking second after livestock breeding. This was facilitated by the climatic conditions: the amount of precipitation in most of the country exceeds the minimum of 400 mm per year necessary for agricultural activities, and this culture has existed since at least the Bronze Age (Ivanov, 1957; Zadneprovsky, 1997, p. 4). From the mid-16th century, during the final settlement of the Kyrgyz in the Tian Shan,

01.11.2019, 15:04

Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Mstislav Borisovich Ivanov

Ivanov Mstislav Borisovich Born on January 3, 1924, in the city of Kostroma, now the regional center of Russia, in the family of a civil servant. Russian. His father worked as a physics teacher at a vocational school, was arrested in 1930, and sentenced to 5 years as a former sub-lieutenant of the tsarist army. He was released after three and a half years and began working as the deputy head of the Kuznetsk Basin power station. The family moved to Uzbekistan, to the city of Katta-Kurgan in the

01.11.2019, 14:42

Kurmanjan Datka

The Deceit of the Kokand Rulers

In which country was born in 1811 the future "mother of the Kyrgyz nation," the ruler of the clan, Alai? Some of our domestic politicians sometimes idealize the past excessively. For example, some see in the Kokand Khanate an idyll of the triumph of patriarchal order.

30.10.2019, 14:48

Ballet

The Work of N. Tugelov and N. Avaliani on the Staging of the Play

Evgeny Voevodkin as Kuyruchuk The ballet was first staged in 1960 by N. Tugelov. The second production was carried out by N. Avaliani. Comparing both performances, it should be noted that the libretto did not undergo any significant changes. The director N. Avaliani deepened some social characteristics of the characters, particularly that of Saribai. In the first version, he was portrayed as a foolish, spoiled son of a rich man, but now we see a cunning, malicious, and far from foolish wealthy

30.10.2019, 14:23

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The First Kurultai in Central Asia "on the Meadows of Talas and Kendzhik"

Kurultai under the Leadership of Haidu. According to Rashid al-Din, in the spring of 1269, the Mongolian princes gathered for their first kurultai in Central Asia "on the meadows of Talas and Kendzhik". The latter city was mentioned as early as the 11th century by Mahmud of Kashgar. The kurultai was held under the leadership of Haidu. Among its participants were Barak, Mongu-Timur, Kipchak, and Berkecher. V. V. "Bartold questions the presence of Mengu-Timur, the head of the ulus

29.10.2019, 14:25

History

A Brief Chronology of Historical Events in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan - Chronology of Major Historical Events 400,000 years ago - The oldest Stone Age monuments found in the Tien Shan. 3rd millennium, late 2nd millennium BC - The spread of copper, then bronze in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. 7th-5th centuries BC - Widespread distribution of iron in Central Asia. 7th-8th centuries BC - The Saka tribal union in the Tien Shan. 329 BC - The invasion of Central Asia by Alexander the Great. 2nd century BC - 6th century AD - The Usun tribal union in

28.10.2019, 20:28

Agriculture

Cattle Breeding Among the Kyrgyz in the 20th to Early 21st Century

Migration near the village of Troitskoye. Kara-Kyrgyz. Syrdarya region. 1902. Animal Husbandry in the 20th - Early 21st Century By the beginning of the 20th century, animal husbandry continued to be the leading sector of the economy among the Kyrgyz. According to various sources, the number of settled households by 1914-1916 ranged from 15 to 30% in the Pishpek, Przhevalsk, and Namangan districts (in particular, in the Talas Valley, their share was especially small in the adjacent mountainous

28.10.2019, 17:28

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Report of the Frunzensky City Council of the fifth convocation for the period from 1931 to 1934. Document No. 92

REPORT OF THE FRUNZE CITY COUNCIL OF THE FIFTH CONVOCATION TO THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE KYRGYZ ASSR ON ITS ACTIVITIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1931 TO 1934 Frunze, 1935 CITY GROWTH

28.10.2019, 15:43

Myths and legends

The Mission of the First Kyrgyz Embassy from Tian Shan to Russia

THE FIRST KYRGYZ EMBASSY TO RUSSIA. They deliberated for a long time on whom to appoint as ambassador to the distant unknown country. For this role, first of all, a respected person was needed. Secondly, someone experienced, who had seen many foreign lands. Thirdly, intelligent and judicious. And fourthly, this person had to agree to face the many dangers that always lurk for travelers in foreign lands. Where to find such a person? Then Atake-biy proposed the candidacy of Abdurakhman Kuchakov,

25.10.2019, 16:12

Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Stone Tools of Sarabulun

Stone Tools of Sarybulun Even in the best books about the culture of ancient pastoralists, which showcase the rarest items made of gold and gemstones, beautiful examples of artistic crafts made from wood, leather, and felt, miraculously preserved in the permafrost of burial mounds, there are universally weak sections. In these monographs, the tools of labor of ancient pastoralists are clearly insufficiently covered or not covered at all. This is not because the authors did not master the

25.10.2019, 15:39

Agriculture

Cattle Breeding Cults of the Kyrgyz in the Early 20th Century.

Forage Preparation Forage preparation became widespread in the late 19th century due to a lack of pasture lands and the processes of sedentarization. Wealthy livestock owners harvested up to 10-15 thousand bundles of hay. Sometimes family members participated in this, or they worked as ashars - using collective mutual assistance, while some purchased hay from others (Manuscript fund of the Ch. Aitmatov Institute of Language and Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz

25.10.2019, 15:11

Fauna of Kyrgyzstan / Birds of Kyrgyzstan

Golden Mouse - Golden Bee-Eater

Golden Bee-eater. In mid-May, under a calm sunny sky, you might unexpectedly hear soft overlapping voices above your head: “kyuryu-kyuryu.” You look up and suddenly see a bird of enchanting beauty in the warm azure: about the size of a starling, with a slender, downward-curving beak, brownish-blue wings, a yellow-golden head and back, and a long green tail. With its colorful appearance and distinctive shape, this bird is hard to confuse with another; there is no doubt - you are looking at the

24.10.2019, 14:35

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz-Kokand Relations in the 18th Century

The Important Political Role of the Kyrgyz in Fergana at the End of the 18th Century With the conquest of the surrounding Kazakhs in 1798, the Tashkent ruler Yunus-Khodja presumably temporarily subordinated the closest Talas Kyrgyz as well. There is evidence that these Kazakhs, and possibly the Kyrgyz of Talas and the upper reaches of the Chirchik, i.e., Chatkal, participated in Yunus-Khodja's campaign against the Kokand ruler who had risen against Tashkent in 1799. This information is

24.10.2019, 14:09

Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Fyodor Ivanovich Dudko

Dudko Fyodor Ivanovich - commander of the artillery crew of the anti-tank artillery battery of the 20th Tank Brigade of the 11th Tank Corps of the 1st Guards Tank Army of the 1st Belorussian Front, sergeant major - at the time of being nominated for the Order of Glory of the 1st class. Born on September 25, 1903, in the village of Grebenikovka, now in the Trostyanets district of the Sumy region (Ukraine), into a peasant family. Ukrainian. Completed 4 grades of school. He was a foreman of a

24.10.2019, 13:39

Ballet

The Plot Outline of the Ballet "Kuyruchuk" from 1960

“KUYRUCHUK” From the very beginning, talented Kyrgyz composers have actively participated in the development of Kyrgyz opera art. The names of Abdylas Maldybaev, Akhmat Amanbaev, Mukash Abdrayev — authors of operatic music — are widely known. However, Kyrgyz composers did not work in the field of ballet until recently. It was only in 1960 that the ballet “Kuyruchuk” was created, written by K. Moldobasanov in collaboration with Leningrad composer G. Okunev.

24.10.2019, 12:52

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Beginning of Haidu's Political Career

Haidu Jemal Karshi met with Haidu twice and received valuable gifts from him. The author speaks of him with great sympathy, calling him a wise and knowledgeable khan. Haidu's father (Kashi), the son of Ugedey, died from alcoholism in his youth, while his mother, named Sipkiné Zhebkina, was from the Bekrin (Mekrin) tribe. Later, when Haidu established an independent state, he incorporated the Bekrins, who became one of his supporters in the creation of his independent state. Haidu was

28.09.2019, 11:39

Kurmanjan Datka

Kyrgyz Feudal Lords in Search of Allies

Multi-Step Politics of Kyrgyz Tribes in the Late 18th Century In the late 18th century, Kyrgyz biys Atake and Esengul, disheartened by internal conflicts with the Kazakhs, came to the conclusion that reconciliation was necessary. In 1786, deputies arrived from Kazakh Sultan Khan-Khodzha to the Kyrgyz to negotiate the terms of an agreement, who, while offering friendship, nevertheless... demanded amanats - noble hostages. As reported by the Omsk merchant Zakhar Penyevtov, who traded in Kazakh

28.09.2019, 10:48

Historical figures

Urkuya Salieva

Salieva Urkuya In the very heart of the capital of our homeland, among the weeping willows, majestically stands one of the most beautiful monuments to Urkuya Salieva. Among the Kyrgyz people, she is known as a political figure, an activist for social reforms, and a fighter for freedom. Urkuya Salieva was born on February 17, 1911, in the village of Besh-Burkan (now the village of Taktek), in the Nookat district, to a poor peasant family. It is hard to imagine that a woman from the East, raised

27.09.2019, 15:57

Myths and legends

The Legend of the Kurultai of the Kyrgyz

KURULTAI In the village of Atake, guests began to arrive in the morning. First, the close ones: the junior biis — heads of the Sarubash tribes; venerable elders, respected for their wisdom and experience. The heroes — outstanding jigits, renowned for their defense of their pastures or for attacking others. Then, jingling with rich bridles, surrounded by a retinue of advisors and personal guards, the leaders of allied tribes began to arrive one after another. From the Sayaks came Kaday, from

27.09.2019, 11:38

Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Nikolai Ivanovich Gudimenko

Gudimenko Nikolai Ivanovich Born in Frunze on February 24, 1924. Gunner of the 849th Yassy Artillery Regiment (294th Cherkassy Red Banner Order of Suvorov and Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Rifle Division, 73rd Rifle Corps, 52nd Army, 2nd Ukrainian Front), sergeant.

27.09.2019, 10:42

Ballet

The Gap Between Musical and Choreographic Design in the Ballet "Spring in Ala-Too"

Obvious shortcomings in the performance "Spring in Ala-Too" After the fairy-tale plots encountered in "Cholpon," "Swan Lake," and other ballets, the work on the performance "Spring in Ala-Too" attracted attention with its modern theme. The team enthusiastically took on the task. However, although the work under the guidance of V. Litvinenko and N. Tugelov was carried out with sufficient enthusiasm, a clear schematic nature, some contrived elements, and

27.09.2019, 10:02

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Organization of City Libraries in the City of Frunze. Documents No. 90 - No. 91 (1934)

Building of the Krym Hotel, which for a long time was the Frunze Library EXTRACT FROM THE PROTOCOL OF THE MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE KYRGYZ ASSR ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE REPUBLICAN LIBRARY Frunze, May 28, 1934 Heard: On the State Republican Library.

26.09.2019, 15:38

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Bernshtam A. N. Architectural Monuments of Kyrgyzstan

Bernsham in the Popularization of the Epic "Manas" During the celebration of the glorious anniversary of the 1000th anniversary of the epic "Manas," one cannot help but recall the scholars who made significant contributions to the study of this masterpiece of world culture. Among such scholars is A.N. Bernsham - a prominent archaeologist, historian, and orientalist. Since the early 1930s, A.N. Bernsham has linked his scientific activity with the history and archaeology of

25.09.2019, 19:50

Agriculture

Annual Cycle of Nomadic Herding among the Kyrgyz

Ail before migration. Osh region, Alai valley. 1930. Annual Cycle of Pastoral Livestock Breeding All pastures were divided into summer (jailoo), autumn (kuzdov), winter (kyshtoo), and spring (zhazdoo). The most intense and responsible period was the wintering of livestock. The harsh, prolonged cold period with severe frosts, winds, frequent and heavy snowfalls, as well as the constant need for tebenevka (snow digging) required efforts to maintain the herd, especially since the nutritional

24.09.2019, 14:12

Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Ancient Ceramics of Sarabulun

Underwater Treasures At the ancient settlement of Sarybulun, a fairly solid collection of material culture items has been gathered over three new seasons, which in some way provide insight into the lives of its inhabitants, their occupations, and daily life. All items had been underwater for a long time and were covered with lime deposits. Sometimes these deposits form thick layers that obscure the very shape of the object. They are so firmly "cemented" to the ancient artifacts that

24.09.2019, 13:22

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Chagatai Khanate (13th Century)

Chagatai Chagatai declared his grandson Khara-Khulagu, son of Mutugen, as his heir. In 1241, Ogedei died, and shortly thereafter, Chagatai also passed away. According to the will, the throne of the Chagatai ulus was taken by Khara-Khulagu. He appointed Masud-bek as the governor of Maverranahr. From 1241 to 1246, Ogedei's throne remained vacant, and the Mongol Empire was temporarily ruled by his widow Tura-Kina. The successor and son of Ogedei, Guyuk (1246–1248), deposed Khara-Khulagu,

23.09.2019, 13:10

Myths and legends

The Legend of Bishkek

Why is the city called Bishkek? Darytai, grunting, approached the hearth, leisurely adjusting the hot ember that had rolled out, grimacing—his back ached. “It must be the weather,” he thought, smirking. He had fought all his life against enemies, but the greatest enemy—old age—had slipped by unnoticed. It had stealthily silvered his temples and then all his hair. But the eyes of the elder were youthful, and his memory held many wonderful tales and legends.

23.09.2019, 12:41

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Construction of Roads and Sidewalks in the City of Frunze. Documents No. 88 and No. 89 (February 1934)

Paving of Tashkent Street (now Jibek Jolu Street) in Frunze, 1930s RESOLUTION OF THE BUREAU OF THE FRUNZE CITY COMMITTEE OF THE VKP(b) "ON THE PAVING OF SIDEWALKS" February 26, 1934, Frunze Based on the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated August 20, 1932, "On the procedure for the arrangement, reconstruction, and repair of roadways and sidewalks," the presidium of the Frunze City Council resolves To

23.09.2019, 11:45

Ballet

The Birth of the New Ballet "Spring in Ala-Too" in 1955

Ballet "SPRING IN ALA-TOO" The continuous growth of the young professional ballet and its quite successful search for an organic fusion of national and classical forms raised the question of creating an original national repertoire. And it must be said that the first steps in this direction were marked by significant successes: in a relatively short time, three ballets appeared — "Anar," "Selkinchek," and "Cholpon," two of which became outstanding events

23.09.2019, 11:08

Agriculture

Composition of the Kyrgyz Herd

Composition of the Herd Kyrgyz people raised horses, sheep, yaks, goats, camels, and cattle. For normal grazing in vertical herding, an average of at least one horse is needed for every six sheep (Akmoldoeva, 1983, p. 121). Overall, horse breeding was the leading branch of livestock farming, as horses were less prone to winter mortality than other animals—they could relatively easily find feed under the snow and moved more easily in the mountains. Horses were used as the main means of

22.09.2019, 14:45

Kurmanjan Datka

Politics in Eastern Turkestan in the Late 50s-60s of the 18th Century.

The Defiance and Bravery of the Kyrgyz The ambitions of the Qing dynasty and their aggressive policies in Eastern Turkestan in the late 50s-60s of the 18th century tightened the alliance between the Kokand domain, Kyrgyz, and Kazakh tribes, which seriously concerned the Qing authorities, who did not lose hope of subjugating the northwestern border areas. In particular, in the second half of the 18th century, the Chinese made attempts to advance into Naryn, following the route: Terek Pass -

22.09.2019, 14:14

Fauna of Kyrgyzstan / Birds of Kyrgyzstan

Shilokhvost - Long Tail

Shilokhvost The most numerous and widely distributed duck in our fauna. It nests everywhere except for the islands of the Arctic Ocean and the southern deserts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It is relatively less numerous in the steppe zone, but in years with abundant water, its numbers here increase sharply. During the nesting period, the highest numbers are observed in vast open grassy marshes of the tundra and taiga. It prefers shallow water bodies with open shores. A medium-sized duck,

22.09.2019, 13:59

Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Nikolai Timofeevich Glotov

GLOTOV Nikolai Timofeevich Commander of a squad of machine gunners of the motorized battalion of machine gunners (3rd Guards Tank Brigade, 3rd Guards Tank Corps, 5th Guards Tank Army, 1st Baltic Front) Guards Sergeant – at the time of his nomination for the Order of Glory 1st Class. Born on May 8, 1923* (Another year of birth – 1924 is indicated in front-line documents) in the village of Ananyevo, now in the Issyk-Kul region of Kyrgyzstan, in a peasant family. Russian. In 1937, he graduated

22.09.2019, 13:46

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Report at the IV Congress of Councils of the Kirghiz ASSR on the results of the first Five-Year Plan. Document No. 87 (December 1934)

MATERIALS FOR THE REPORT AT THE IV CONGRESS OF THE COUNCILS OF THE KYRGYZ ASSR ON THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE KYRGYZ ASSR Frunze, December 31, 1934 By the beginning of the first five-year plan, the foundations of the economic industry were being laid: the coal industry was reconstructed, with production in 1928 rising to 3 million 473 thousand rubles; built and put into operation before the start of the first five-year plan: a

21.09.2019, 13:23

Myths and legends

The Legend of How Fyzyl-Biy Defended Ura-Tyube

URA-TYUBE UNDER SIEGE In the far west of Fergana lies a small flourishing region — Ura-Tyube. In the 18th century, it was an independent principality — a vilayet, ruled by the elderly sage Fyzyil-Biy. Surrounding it were powerful neighbors, and the wealth of the Ura-Tyube people did not let them rest. In the summer of 1754, these neighbors conspired and besieged Ura-Tyube from all sides. From the west came the troops of the Bukhara emir Muhammad-Rahim; from the east — the Kokand forces of

21.09.2019, 13:06

Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Discovery in the Tyup Bay Area

Bronze Items from the Bottom of Lake Issyk-Kul (VII—V centuries) Settlement at the Bottom of the Bay The well-known local historian and teacher at secondary school No. 31 in Bishkek, M.K. Sinusov, has repeatedly told Kyrgyz archaeologists, including us, that in the area of the Dry Ridge in the Tyup Bay of Lake Issyk-Kul, many shards of clay vessels and grain grinders are found on the shallows. According to his hypothesis, the advancing waves of the lake once destroyed a large burial ground,

21.09.2019, 12:41

Agriculture

Cattle Breeding among the Kyrgyz

Migration in the Alai Range. Early 20th century. Kyrgyz SSR HERDING The leading sector of the traditional economy of the Kyrgyz was extensive animal husbandry, which belonged to the mountain-steppe Central Asian subtype, a cultural-economic type of herders in Eurasia. This primary sector was combined with equally significant ones—agriculture and hunting. The historically established dominant type of economy absorbed the rich experience accumulated by both ancient and medieval inhabitants of

19.09.2019, 15:38

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Division of Countries Conquered by Genghis Khan Among His Sons

CHAGATAI ULUS AND THE STATE OF HAIDU According to Rashid ad-Din, Genghis Khan divided the countries he conquered among his sons in the spring of 1226. The eldest, Juchi, received lands from Koyalyga (a city in the Ili River valley) and Khorezm to the places where "the hooves of the Tatar horses reached," Chagatai — from the land of the Uighurs to Samarkand and Bukhara, Ogedei — the valleys of Emili and Bunak (i.e., Koyuk), and Tolui received the ancestral yurt. They were assigned

19.09.2019, 12:53

Fauna of Kyrgyzstan / Birds of Kyrgyzstan

Chibis - Epup

Chibis A large wader, similar to a pigeon. The upper body is brilliantly green, with purple, blue, and violet hues, appearing dark gray or black from a distance, and the belly is pure white. There is a long thin crest on the nape, the undertail is reddish, and the legs are reddish-brown, with four toes. In flight, it is distinguished from all other waders by its broad rounded wings; the tail is white on top with a black subterminal band. The female resembles the male but has a generally

19.09.2019, 10:26

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Frunzensky Health Department on Work for the Year 1932. Document No. 86

Hospital for peasant settlers, present day. Located behind the Ministry of Health building. MARKET REVIEW OF THE FRUNZE CITY HEALTH DEPARTMENT ON WORK FOR 1932 Frunze, February 20, 1933 The last year of the first five-year plan is characterized by significant growth in the healthcare system of Frunze, an increase in the number of medical personnel, and the development of sanitary and preventive institutions. In the pre-revolutionary period, there were 3 doctors in Frunze, and as of January 1,

18.09.2019, 13:16