National currency

Development of the Payment System of the Kyrgyz Republic

The modern economy of any state represents a widely branched network of complex relationships among millions of economic entities involved and a constant circulation of goods and money. One of the main links in these interconnections is the execution of various transactions, as a result of which mutual claims and obligations are satisfied through payments and settlements. In this context, the payment system occupies a key place in the country's economy, ensuring effective monetary

21.09.2014, 12:10

National currency

The History of the National Currency of Kyrgyzstan

The Currency of Kyrgyzstan The world around us is changing rapidly: the planet's climate is changing, entire countries appear and disappear, political systems and ideologies change, and human thinking evolves as technologies improve. We live at the turn of the millennium in the center of the greatest technological revolution in human history, primarily associated with the rapid development of digital technologies, computers, and communication tools. The further development of human

21.09.2014, 12:03

National currency

Masterpieces of Art in Miniature 2

Of course, the story about masterpieces in miniature would be incomplete if we did not mention the money featuring unique animals that inhabit Kyrgyzstan, with the famous snow leopard being the first among them. These beautiful animals are mainly hunted by experienced trappers from zoos, who catch them alive and send them to zoos both nearby and far abroad. However, hunting the snow leopard is fraught with enormous difficulties and surprises because it is very elusive, cautious, and lives high

15.07.2014, 14:50

National currency

Masterpieces of Art in Miniature 1

Banknotes of states are true masterpieces of visual art. What do they depict? Typically, banknotes feature a coat of arms, a portrait of the head of state or a famous compatriot, a monument of antiquity, or a landscape characteristic of the country. Soviet money usually depicted the portrait of Lenin, a worker, and a peasant. On English banknotes, we see Saint George striking a dragon with a spear, and a lion holding a key with a chain. On Greek money, there are portraits of great

15.07.2014, 14:44

National symbols

The National Anthem of Kyrgyzstan

Every morning, broadcasts of Kyrgyz radio begin with the solemn melody of the National Anthem, which, along with the flag and coat of arms, is an official symbol of the Kyrgyz Republic. It is performed at the opening and closing of formal gatherings, meetings, and other events of state significance, during the unveiling of monuments and memorials in honor of significant events or outstanding figures, when welcoming heads of foreign states, and at all ceremonies accompanied by the raising of

21.06.2014, 15:22

National symbols

State Emblem of Kyrgyzstan

Emblem — one of the official symbols of a sovereign state, its emblem. It reflects the socio-political idea of the country. The state emblem is placed on the buildings of the highest state authorities, state institutions, embassies of the Kyrgyz Republic, in courtrooms, and is depicted on seals and forms of state documentation, on securities, coins, border posts, etc. The emblem of Kyrgyzstan was approved on January 14, 1994. Its authors are artist Aseyin Abdrayev and police general Sadyrbek

21.06.2014, 15:11

National symbols

State Flag of Kyrgyzstan

Flag Often, while watching television broadcasts, we witness the national flag of a country being raised to the solemn melody of the national anthem during official state events, the Olympic Games, and other international sports competitions. A special feeling of pride overwhelms a person when it is the flag of their homeland. The state flag is one of the main symbols of sovereign Kyrgyzstan, its distinguishing mark. It is hoisted on the buildings of the highest state authorities, state

21.06.2014, 15:04

National currency

Coins of Kyrgyzstan

The Emergence of Money. Since ancient times, people have provided for their basic needs by exchanging products and items with one another. For example, one tribe lived in an area with salt deposits, while another engaged in agriculture and grew wheat. They exchanged these products. Archaeologists have established that such mutual exchange among people existed tens of thousands of years ago. Over time, the value of certain items increased significantly, and they began to serve as a sort of

25.05.2014, 13:42

National symbols

State Symbols of Kyrgyzstan

State Symbols. Every state has its own state symbols — coat of arms, flag, anthem. The history of their emergence also dates back to ancient times. The study of the history of coats of arms and their features is a specialized science called heraldry. The first coats of arms can be considered various images and emblems on seals, coins, and medals. Over time, each ruler, city, and state wanted to have their own distinctive signs. Thus, coats of arms emerged. In Western Europe, coats of arms

25.05.2014, 13:39

Armed forces

Foreign Policy Aspects of Ensuring the Military Security of the Kyrgyz Republic

The insufficiency of military means to ensure external security is something Kyrgyzstan tries to compensate for by developing partnership relations, military and military-technical cooperation, and participation in collective security systems. The Military Doctrine of 2002 notes that, while providing for the development of the military organization of the state, “the Kyrgyz Republic attaches primary importance to political-diplomatic and other non-military actions to prevent, localize, and

09.04.2014, 23:17

Armed forces

Financial Support for the Army of Kyrgyzstan

In accordance with the Military Doctrine, the implementation of military construction plans is planned to be financed through timely satisfaction of the needs for mobilization preparation of the economy, components of the Armed Forces in financial resources, material and technical resources, armaments, and military equipment based on the unity of supply norms and adopted prospective state programs for economic and financial provision in peacetime and wartime. This requires a quantitative

09.04.2014, 22:10

Armed forces

Planning of Military Construction in the Kyrgyz Republic

The invasion of illegal armed formations of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan into the southern part of the country in 1999 and 2000 served as a catalyst for the intensification of military construction. In order to improve the military organization of the state in threatened areas, border units were created and deployed. Rapid response units were formed within the Southern grouping of troops. However, analysts noted that the units and formations were poorly trained for combat operations in

09.04.2014, 21:59

Armed forces

The Batken Crisis of 1999-2000 as an Indicator of the State of Security Potential

The invasion of illegal armed formations of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan into the southern part of the country in 1999, despite warnings from local authorities, came as a surprise not only to the political leadership of the country but also to the military. The armed forces were unprepared to combat illegal armed groups. One of the pieces of evidence for this assertion was the capture of several high-ranking representatives of the law enforcement agencies by militants. The main reasons

09.04.2014, 21:41

Armed forces

Experience in the Creation and Development of the Military Organization of the State from 1992 to 1998 in the Kyrgyz Republic

On May 29, 1992, by decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, the units and parts of the Armed Forces of the USSR stationed on the territory of the republic were placed under the jurisdiction of Kyrgyzstan, and the creation of national armed forces was announced. The impetus for the establishment of its own armed forces was not the prospects of negative developments in the military-political situation and the possibility of threats to the military security of Kyrgyzstan, but the

09.04.2014, 21:19

Armed forces

Legislative Foundations for the Creation and Functioning of the Military Security Assurance System of the Kyrgyz Republic

Not considering any state or coalition of states as its adversary, and opposing the use of military force to achieve political and economic goals, Kyrgyzstan has nevertheless recognized the necessity of preparing the country to defend against possible armed attacks. Thus, the state has committed itself to maintaining and developing its own armed forces (AF).

09.04.2014, 21:09

Government

Judicial Power of the Kyrgyz Republic

Since 1990, reforms of the judiciary of Kyrgyzstan have been underway. The following laws of the Kyrgyz Republic have been adopted: "On the Court System of the Kyrgyz SSR" (1990), "On the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan" (1992), "On the Procedure for Resolving Economic Disputes by the Arbitration Courts of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan" (1992), "On the Constitutional Court of the Kyrgyz Republic" (1993), "On Constitutional Court

17.03.2014, 14:56

Government

Government of the Kyrgyz Republic

The executive power in the Kyrgyz Republic is exercised by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. The Prime Minister of the Kyrgyz Republic is appointed by the President. According to the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, laws, and presidential decrees, the Prime Minister determines the main directions of government activity, organizes its work, and is personally responsible for its activities, presenting candidates for the appointment of heads of its substructures to the President. The

17.03.2014, 14:14

Government

Supreme Council — Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic

Jogorku Kenesh — Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic — a representative body exercising legislative power and control functions within its authority.

17.03.2014, 13:38

Government

The Institute of the Presidency in Kyrgyzstan

The Institute of the Presidency in the Kyrgyz Republic Since 1991, the institute of the presidency has gained significant authority in the Kyrgyz Republic. In modern Kyrgyzstan, it is one of the key components in the system of state power. Its rational structure and functioning are important conditions for ensuring constitutionalism in the state. In the early years of independence, a presidential-parliamentary governance system emerged based on the Constitution of the KR of 1993. It gradually

17.03.2014, 13:11

Government

Structure of State Governance of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyzstan transformed from a part of a federal state (the USSR) into a sovereign, unitary, democratic republic. There was an evolutionary shift from Soviet totalitarian statehood towards democracy with a presidential form of governance. The political leadership of the country proclaimed the establishment of a secular rule-of-law state as a direction for development, enshrined in the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic.

17.03.2014, 12:58

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz during the Soviet Period

During the Soviet period, Kyrgyzstan did not have its own army; its servicemen were part of the Central Asian Military District. Conscripts served both within the district and in all union republics, as well as in a limited contingent of Soviet troops abroad. Separate military units were stationed in Kyrgyzstan, and military flight schools were located in the cities of Frunze, Tokmak, and Kant, where youth from countries friendly to the USSR were trained. After the collapse of the USSR, it was

14.03.2014, 23:31

Government

Administration in Kyrgyzstan within the USSR (1917-1991)

The establishment of Soviet power and statehood in Kyrgyzstan began after the October Revolution of 1917. This process was quite lengthy. The first to establish Soviet power in the territory of Kyrgyzstan were the miners from Suluktu, followed by the miners of the city of Kyzyl-Kiya. In the city of Osh, the power was transferred to the Soviets only in January 1918 amidst fierce opposition. In Pishpek, the establishment of Soviet power was delayed until mid-January 1918, as a powerful center of

14.03.2014, 22:20

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz in the 18th - Early 20th Century

Since the Kyrgyz did not have their own state formation during the period in question, there is no mention of the existence of national armed forces. However, the Kyrgyz served in the Kokand army, particularly as part of the cavalry (sipahi), which was considered the main strike force in the armed forces of the khanate. There are many examples in the history of the Kokand Khanate where Kyrgyz representatives served not only among the cavalry as sipahi and junior command staff but also in the

13.03.2014, 17:46

Government

Governance in Kyrgyzstan in the 18th to early 20th Century

The new period of Kyrgyzstan's history spans from the 18th to the early 20th century. It can be conditionally divided into several stages.

12.03.2014, 21:06

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz in the 6th to 18th Centuries

The structure, organization, and supply of the armed forces of the Kyrgyz during that period were based on the principles of the organization of the Huns — the ancestors of modern Turkic peoples, including the Kyrgyz. It is known that Attila's Huns reached the Gibraltar Strait in the 4th-5th centuries. Turkic khans from the 6th century were able to conquer the entire Great Steppe in a short time and reached the Black Sea.

12.03.2014, 20:32

Government

Governance in Kyrgyzstan in the 6th—18th Centuries

The second half of the first millennium is characterized by the formation and development of early feudal Turkic states over a vast territory of Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central and Inner Asia. This period is referred to as the early phase of the Turkic era.

12.03.2014, 13:17

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz from Ancient Times to the 6th Century

The military art that prevailed during the ancient and medieval periods among the nomadic tribes of Eurasia was based on the combat skills developed by the ancient inhabitants of Central Asia. There are numerous facts indicating the inventions of the nomadic world that contributed to the advancement of global military art. For example, the ancient Turkic tribe of Tele is considered the inventor of the wheel and the cart. It is possible that the ancient Turkic cart served as a model for the

12.03.2014, 12:53

Government

Governance in Ancient Kyrgyzstan Before the 6th Century

Kyrgyzstan is one of the world’s centers of human emergence, statehood, and civilization. The life of the tribes inhabiting ancient and early Kyrgyzstan, as well as the principles of governance in primitive society, were similar to those in other parts of Eurasia. Distinctive features of communal governance and organization are associated with the people of the Saka, who lived in the territory of Kyrgyzstan from the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD.

11.03.2014, 12:45