Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Events that Occurred in Moghulistan from 1485 to 1500.

Events 1485 — 1500 In the year of Yunus Khan's death (1485), Omar Sheikh sent troops led by his emirs to conquer Tashkent. On the way, they captured the fortified fortress of Ashtar. Mahmood Khan marched against them and killed every last one. The following year, Sultan Ahmed set out with an army of 150,000 against Mahmood Khan. They met on the banks of the Chir River (Chirchik) and stood opposite each other for three days. Among Sultan Ahmed's troops was Shaybani Khan, the grandson

27.07.2020, 18:34

Kurmanjan Datka

The Alai Queen at the Most Tragic Moment of Her Life

The Grief of Kurmandzhan Datka In the published essay "Queen Alaya" in "Niva," B. Tagiyev describes the legendary datka in a completely different, very lamentable state: "In one of the numerous gorges of the Alay Range, known as Yaga-chart, a small aul consisting of no more than a dozen yurts huddles under a steep high cliff. But this aul is not like other Kyrgyz encampments. A certain special order reigns here, and the yurts (kibitkas) flaunt beauty and luxury. The

21.07.2020, 03:00

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Ancient Settlement in the Valley of the Khozha-Bakyrgan River

Feature of the Oasis Topography In the narrow mountain valleys of Fergana, the terrain was skillfully utilized for fortification purposes. Settlements were located in such a way that they controlled significant areas of the valley, creating a complex defense system for the oases. A distinctive feature of the oasis topography is the extremely close proximity of settlements and burial sites.

16.07.2020, 16:24

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Assistance of the Tsarist Colonial Authority in Suppressing the Popular Uprising

Mumyn Shamurzakov In May 1874, 5-6 thousand Kyrgyz, nomadic in Kara Kuldzha, rose up. Led by Mamyr Mergenov, they occupied the village of Bazar-Kurgan, located 8 versts from Andijan. The rebels attempted to take the city of Andijan but were unsuccessful. A punitive detachment of 2,000 soldiers was sent against them. It managed to suppress this uprising and capture hundreds of prisoners, as well as many horses and various trophies. The leader of the rebels, Mamyr, was forced to flee to Russian

15.07.2020, 03:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Reign of Yunus Khan over Moghulistan in 1468–1487.

Yunus Khan Ulugh Beg of Moghulistan, the ruler of the western part of Kashgaria, Seyid Ali, died in 862/1457—58. His elder son, Sansiz Mirza, became the ruler of Yarkand, while the younger, Muhammad Haidar, ruled Kashgar. However, the former supported Yunus Khan, while the latter backed Esen-Buka. As a result, Sansiz Mirza captured Kashgar, and his ruler fled to Aksu. In 866/1462—63, Esen-Buka Khan died. Taking advantage of this, Yunus Khan, who was in Zhetikent, with the help of Abu Said,

13.07.2020, 13:40

Kurmanjan Datka

Faces of the Mountain Ruler Alaya

Description of the Mother of the People Alaya by Tageev Kurmandzhan, receiving the "military correspondent" over the years, presents herself in two of her incarnations: first, as a powerful and mighty datka in the glory of her fame, and then as a grief-stricken old woman mourning the untimely death of her beloved son. With meticulousness worthy of a professional historian, Tageev describes these faces of the Mother of the People Alaya in minute detail. For example, in Chapter IV of

06.07.2020, 20:02

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Sovereign Master of Moghulistan

The Beginning of the Formation of the Kazakh Khanate. In the second half of the 15th century, eastern Mongols penetrated into the steppe regions of Ordos and Kukonor, cutting off the Oirat's access to the markets of China. As a result, the latter began to intensify military actions towards the Turfan oasis, Mogulistan, and Central Asia. Moreover, the basis of conflicts between the Oirat princes and the khans of Mogulistan was their desire to expand their territories, increase the number

02.07.2020, 20:34

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Andarkhan Burial Ground

Andarkhan Burial Ground - the first monument of the Akhtam culture in southwestern Fergana. Monuments from the 1st millennium BC in the Fergana region are rare. These are small burial grounds, consisting of 5-10 mounds with stone embankments. In the Tashravat area, we have investigated two burial grounds, where heavily damaged human skeletons were discovered. The burials were made at an ancient horizon. Among the stones in the embankment, small fragments of clay vessels of the Andronovo type

23.06.2020, 12:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Esin-Buka and Other Emirs

Esan-Buka Esan-Buka, his ulusbek (Seiid Ali), and his court continued to pursue the supporters of Yunus-khan. As a result, some of the tribes of Baaryn and Churas that did not go to Samarkand migrated to the eastern outskirts of Moghulistan and recognized the authority of the Oirat leader Amansandji-Tayshi, son of Esen-Tayshi. The Kaluchi and Bulgachi tribes went to Abul-Khayr-khan in Central Kazakhstan. At the same time, Esan-Buka was not confident in the stable support of the nomadic feudal

21.06.2020, 12:10

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Unsuccessful Performances of Kyrgyz Rebels in the Second Half of 1874.

Failures of the Kyrgyz Rebels in Their Struggle Against Punitive Forces The rebels occupied the kystaks of Akhmat, Nanai, and Kuk-Yar, whose residents joined them. The uprising quickly grew. It was supported by the local Uzbek labor population, who were suffering under the oppression of the khan and his officials. The rebels approached the city of Namangan. A punitive detachment was sent against them, led by the bek of that city. However, not daring to engage with the numerous rebels, this

20.06.2020, 10:50

Kurmanjan Datka

B. L. Tagiyev, Who Immortalized the Image of Kurmandjan Datka in Literature

Boris Leonidovich Tagiyev Among the many documentary evidences that have immortalized the image of Kurmandzhan Datka, there is also a literary work. Its author was fortunate not only to meet the Alaï queen multiple times but also to be among the close acquaintances of this famous woman. We are talking about a writer who captivated Russian and Western European readers at the end of the 19th century with his remarkable essays and stories about life in Central Asia. They were mainly published in

20.06.2020, 10:21

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Iskak Hasan Uulu Pulat-Khan

Mulla-Iskak Asan oglu After the Battle of Khanabad, the Kyrgyz of the Adygine tribe, who were nomadic in the mountains located in the east of the khanate, rose up. They were joined by a part of the Kipchaks. However, their uprising did not gain widespread momentum and was soon suppressed by the khan's punitive detachment. Spontaneous, fragmented uprisings continued to flare up in various regions of southern Kyrgyzstan and in the southeast of the Kokand khanate. In the summer of 1873, the

15.06.2020, 23:01

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Aliens from the Flat Ferghana

The First Settlers Southwestern Fergana is a mountainous area that is part of the Turkestan Range and occupies its northern slopes. The region is divided into several landscape zones. The southern part features a high-altitude zone with alpine relief, while the northern part consists of parallel mountain ridges separated by longitudinal depressions or wide intermountain basins. There are two strips of depressions in the area. The northern strip includes the Tashravat depression. The southern

09.06.2020, 21:36

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Reign of Weis-Khan

Weis-Khan After Ulugh Beg's campaign in 1425, the struggle for the throne of Moghulistan between Sher Muhammad and his nephew Weis-Khan flared up with renewed vigor. According to Muhammad Haidar, the latter roamed with his followers in the regions of Turfan - Lob-Nor and engaged in plundering. One of his companions was Emir Seyid Ali, the grandson of Khudaidad. However, Weis-Khan could not remain in those areas and, apparently under pressure from local rulers, was forced to flee to the

07.06.2020, 16:12

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Uprising Led by Mamyr Mergenov in the Spring of 1873

Mamyr Mergenov — a man of humble origins The scattered uprisings of the rebels covered new areas of the Khanate, especially the southern part of Kyrgyzstan. The fight against feudal and khan oppression was joined by the ichkiliks, adyghines, tagays, munduzs, kushkas, bagyshs, basyms (kamans), karabagyshs, kytays, and several other Kyrgyz tribes and clans, as well as a significant part of the Kipchaks and the neighboring Uzbek population. In the spring of 1873, Kyrgyz nomads from the Andijan

05.06.2020, 15:50

Kurmanjan Datka

Outstanding Conqueror of Central Asia M. E. Ionov

Ataman of the Semirechye Cossack Army Mikhail Efremovich Ionov When discussing the scientific trophies of the Russian army, it is worth mentioning the name of another outstanding conqueror of Central Asia, General of the Infantry, Acting Ataman of the Semirechye Cossack Army Mikhail Efremovich Ionov. This ambitious Russian officer and researcher of Turkestan was born in 1846 into a noble family in the Oryol province. As a student of the Oryol Bakhin Cadet Corps and the 2nd Military

30.05.2020, 20:25

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The State of Tugluk-Timur or Moghulistan

Division of the Descendants of Genghis Khan into Two Warring Factions Abd ar-Razzaq al-Samarqandi, in his account of Ulugh Beg's campaign from Aksu to the Ili Valley, mentions many new geographical features. According to his narrative, the Timurids crossed the Chu River, passed through the Abar-Kaitu, Khalkun-Babish, and Kaitu-Kutal mountains, where they built a watchtower and descended into the Aru-Yari valley. They then crossed the Charun River and stopped at Guriya-Turkesh and Kuk-Bine

27.05.2020, 08:41

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Studies on the Nature of the Relationships between Farmers and Nomads

Questions of Historical Interpretation. Currently, only preliminary conclusions can be made regarding the interpretation of the zoning of the examined monuments. In the preceding period - in the second half of the 1st millennium BC - the territory of Fergana was characterized by uniform burial monuments of the Eilat culture - Aktamsk type (6th-3rd centuries BC). In the next stage, during the Davani period (2nd century BC - 5th century AD), instead of one type, one culture, at least five local

25.05.2020, 22:14

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Punitive Operations of Khudoyar Khan Against the Rebels in 1873

The Spring Uprising of 1873 Against Kokand The uprising began in the spring of 1873. Its catalyst and immediate cause were as follows. At the end of March — beginning of April, the khan's tax collectors came to the Kyrgyz, who were nomadic in the southeast of Kokand, and demanded the payment of "zaket" and "haraj," the amounts of which had been tripled. The Kyrgyz, firmly refusing to pay these taxes, beat the tax collectors who had come to them. Several tax collectors

24.05.2020, 20:38

Kurmanjan Datka

Commander of the Troops of the Turkestan Military District

Adjutant General of the Russian Army Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman The name of another military figure, who not only conquered a significant part of Turkestan but also the minds of Orientalists, is quite well-known. We are talking about Adjutant General of the Russian Army Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman. He is one of the graduates of the Nikolaev Engineering School (now the Military Engineering Technical University). Since 1844, he served in the Caucasus. During the Eastern War of 1853-1856,

23.05.2020, 12:53

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Zoning of Excavations in the Fergana Valley

Zoning of Excavations The above-ground stone structures (crypts) were divided by M.E. Voronets (1954) and the author of this text (1954) into crypts - mug-khona and stone boxes (see also the table in Zadneprovsky's work). B.A. Litvinsky (1972), not finding differentiating features, combined all varieties of above-ground structures under the concept of "kurums" - similar to a unified catacomb-subterranean culture. The division of the diverse constructions of kurums is a crucial

16.05.2020, 17:27

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Campaign of Ulugh Beg Against Moghulistan in 1425.

Ulugh Beg Against Sher Muhammad According to Nakash, in 1420, there were two independent ulus holdings in Semirechye. The power of Weis Khan extended only to the eastern part of Moghulistan, which is confirmed by his subsequent relocation of his base from Turfan to the Ili Valley. On the way back in the summer of 1422, the Timurid embassy passed through Hotan and Kashgar, where there were also disturbances and unrest. As a result of brief campaigns and raids on the Syr Darya, Ulugh Beg again

07.05.2020, 21:58

Kurmanjan Datka

Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky - the First Researcher of the Archaeological Mysteries of Issyk-Kul

General of Infantry Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky When recounting the lives of Russian military orientalists, it should not be forgotten that most of them are famous not only as scholars but also as unparalleled commanders, as is the case with General Skobelev. Among similar officers who fought for the glory of Russian arms in Turkestan, one cannot fail to mention the name of General of Infantry Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky. In addition to the fact that this knight of the Orders of St.

06.05.2020, 15:59

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Reasons for the Uprising Against the Khan of Kokand in 1873-1874

Uprising of the Masses in 1873-1874 This uprising was distinguished from the previous one by its scale, mass participation, duration, and historical consequences. The cause of the uprising was the increasingly oppressive feudal and khanate rule, the arbitrariness, and violence of the Kokand Khan and his officials. This is clearly illustrated in a letter from the rebels themselves (written in the autumn of 1873), addressed to the head of the Khojent district. In it, we read: "The Khan

05.05.2020, 11:42

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Varieties of Catacombs in the Isfara Valley

Types of Catacombs In light of the latest data, it is necessary to reconsider the classification of catacomb graves. I believe it is important to focus not so much on the length of the dromos, but on the overall configuration of the structure and its dimensions (morphometric feature) and on the peculiarities of the construction. I have identified 5 main types (see Fig. 2). The Kenkol type - the dromos is narrow and long, positioned perpendicular to the catacomb. It has been found in several

29.04.2020, 20:28

Kurmanjan Datka

The Introduction of M. D. Skobeleva to Tsarina Alaya

How did the "White General" meet the legendary Queen Alai? The situation was as follows. It was the year 1876. That summer, the commander of the Russian troops in Central Asia, General Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev, was pressing the last rebel detachments in Alai, who refused to submit to Russia and were fighting under the banner of a holy war against the "infidels" - the jihad. The rebels were led, after the death of their leader - the self-proclaimed Pulat-khan - by the

28.04.2020, 13:46

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Performances of the Kyrgyz in the First Half of the 1860s

National Liberation Movement Against the Kokand Khanate On June 1, 1868, a clash occurred between the indigenous population and representatives of the tsarist regime in the Toguz-Toro area. The immediate cause was the attempt by representatives of the tsarist authority to arrest the grandson of the famous batyr Taylak — Markhan Osmonrva, while the underlying reason was the attempt to strengthen the colonial oppression of tsarism by introducing a new administrative structure in the mentioned

19.04.2020, 21:47

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Intensification of Infighting during the Reign of Veys-Khan in Moghulistan

Moghulistan in the 1420s All predecessors of Muhammad Khan cared about the spread of Islam among their subjects. He himself was a zealous Muslim, imposing Islam by force. Muhammad Haydar wrote: Muhammad Khan "showed great perseverance in the matter of spreading Islam among the Moguls. For example, it is known that if any Mogul did not wear a turban, a horseshoe was nailed to his head. He demonstrated such zeal many times." However, the spread of Islam in the territory of Moghulistan

19.04.2020, 15:37

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Burial Mounds in the Fergana Valley

Questions of Typology. In the Fergana Valley, almost simultaneously during the period of the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD, burial structures of five main types were in use: 1 - earth graves, 2 - undercuts, 3 - catacomb graves, 4 - above-ground stone crypts (kurums, mug-khona, stone boxes), 5 - above-ground adobe crypts. Let’s start with undercuts. An analysis of the existing classifications of undercut graves by K.F. Smirnov (1972), A.M. Mandelstam (1966, 1975), and N.G. Gorbunova

14.04.2020, 10:49

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Mogulistan in 1407 - 1417 Years

Mogulistan in the First Quarter of the 15th Century As already noted, after the death of Khizr-Khodja-Khan, a struggle for the throne of Mogulistan broke out among his sons. The eldest, Sham-i Jahan (1399—1408), managed to overcome the resistance of his brothers. After that, he prepared for a campaign into Mawarannahr (his army reportedly consisted of 900,000 men, but this figure is clearly exaggerated). Sham-i Jahan supported the rebellious Timurids amir Khudaydad-i Husayni, who had captured

13.04.2020, 10:25

Kurmanjan Datka

Conqueror of Kokand, Russian General Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev

GIFT TO THE "WHITE GENERAL" When the legendary ruler Alai is mentioned, the name of the conqueror of Kokand, Russian infantry general and adjutant general Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev, inevitably comes to the mind of almost any European interested in the history of Central Asia. The fate of this man, nicknamed the "White General" in the East, is characteristic. It can be considered a kind of standard biography of a Russian officer-orientalist, in which the courage of a

09.04.2020, 01:00

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Siege of the Pishpek Fortress

Plan of the siege of the fortress of Pishpek by Russian troops The Capture of Pishpek In October 1862, the Kyrgyz of the Solto tribe, inhabiting the central part of the Chui Valley, rose up. The reason was the arbitrariness and violence of the Kokand khans and their governors, and the immediate cause was the gross insult to the son of Baytik, Baisal, by the commandant of the Kokand fortress Pishpek (Bishkek), Rahmatulla. The rebels, led by Baytik batyr, acted decisively and boldly. Despite the

08.04.2020, 09:26

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Ruler of Fergana Iskander, Grandson of Timur

Campaigns of Iskander Khyzr-Khodja died in 1399, and immediately after his death, a struggle for the throne among his four sons began — Sham-i Jahān, Muhammad-oghlan, Sher-Ali-oghlan, and Shah Jahān. Hafiz-i Abrū wrote about this: "When Khyzr-Khodja-oghlan died, his sons, each with a large number of their supporters, took sides. Among them, enmity arose, so that Sham-i Jahān, with a group of people, raised a rebellion on one side, Muhammad-oghlan with other tribes (koum) gained supremacy

03.04.2020, 11:24

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

May Uprising of 1858 in the Southern Regions of Kyrgyzstan

The Uprising in May 1858 in Southern Kyrgyzstan. It took on a relatively large scale, distinguished by its massiveness. The uprising covered almost the entire southern part of Kyrgyzstan and the foothill areas of the Fergana Valley. The number of rebels reached up to 46,000 people. The cause of this uprising was the arbitrariness and violence of the major Kokand feudal lords led by Khudoyar Khan. Its catalyst, as everywhere, was the sharp increase in the khan's tax oppression. The first

31.03.2020, 01:26

Kurmanjan Datka

Military Oriental Studies on the Homeland of the Alaï Queen

THROUGH CENTRAL ASIA WITH A RIFLE AND A NOTEBOOK And yet, by the end of the 19th century, when the Russian army was triumphantly marching through Central Asia, conquering its last stronghold - the bastions of Kokand, Russia could boast not only of military victories. At that time, no European country knew as much about the Middle East as the Russian Empire. In this regard, it left far behind even its long-standing geopolitical rival - Britain. This turn of events was due to a completely unique

30.03.2020, 20:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Khizr-Khodja Khan of Moghulistan

The Rule of Khizr-Khodja in Moghulistan There is no data in written sources about when Khizr-Khodja became the khan of Moghulistan. As previously noted, he is mentioned in 1377 and 1389 during Timur's campaigns. According to Muhammad Haidar, Khizr-Khodja was saved from Kamār ad-Dīn by the daughter of Emir Khudaydad, Mir Agha, and he secretly lived in the area between Badakhshan and Kashgar, then in the mountains of Hotan, and finally among the yellow Uighurs (near Lob-Nor). The same

27.03.2020, 10:22

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Kurgan Burial Mounds of the Fergana "Nomads"

Kurgan in the vicinity of Samarkand. NOMADS OF ANCIENT FERGANA Currently, significant materials have been accumulated regarding the burial monuments of ancient (classical) Fergana, during the time of the existence of the Davan state (2nd century BC - 5th century AD). The studied burial grounds belong to the nomadic population, which, under the specific physical and geographical conditions of the Fergana Valley, adhered to a peculiar form of vertically-seasonal semi-nomadic economy. To

25.03.2020, 18:19

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Chuy Kyrgyz Against Excessive Taxes from the Kokand Khanate

Uprisings of the Kyrgyz in 1850 - 1857. In the summer of 1850, part of the Chuy Kyrgyz, rising up again to fight, attacked the fortification of Pishpek, from which the Kokand military garrison had temporarily departed. The siege of the fortification did not last long, as the military garrison soon returned. They did not allow the rebels to gain a foothold and occupy the besieged fortifications. In the late 1850s, the nomads of Ketmen-Tube rose up. The cause of this, as everywhere, was the

21.03.2020, 19:34

Kurmanjan Datka

Expedition to Pamir

TESTING PAMIR Nevertheless, the members of the expedition passed Lailak - the camp of the Kara-Kyrgyz on March 23. The next day, the expedition members sent some of their Kyrgyz guides back home. “The guys sent by Moldo Bayas served us well all this time, but the time has come to send them back. We generously thanked them by organizing a lavish dinner. The leader of the Kyrgyz group named Baish, young and energetic, asked me for a 'kagaz', a paper of good service. They want to head

20.03.2020, 05:00

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The Connection of Southern Siberia with the Population of the Saka Culture of Tian Shan and Semirechye

The Beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples The Alai Saka from Chala and Sharta show the closest affinity with the Saka of Eastern Kazakhstan and Chirik-Rabad in the Aral Sea region, the population of the late Bronze Age forest-steppe Priobye, and the Bolsherechensk culture, i.e., with series that include low-faced Mongoloids to varying degrees. In the series of Eastern Kazakhstan Saka, there are both Europoid and Mongoloid skulls, and if they are separated, they will occupy a more defined

16.03.2020, 07:35

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Uprisings of the Kyrgyz from 1845 to 1848 Against the Kokand Khanate

Uprisings of the Kyrgyz against the Kokand Khanate The internecine feudal struggle between the Kokand Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate was accompanied by a rise in liberation movements among the peoples under their control, including the Kyrgyz. Taking advantage of the weakening power of Kokand, several Kyrgyz tribes, migrating in the northern regions of Kyrgyzstan, rebelled against the khan's governors. In particular, the population of the Issyk-Kul basin, rising in 1842 for liberation,

13.03.2020, 16:59

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Timur's Victories in Moghulistan

Moghulistan Under the Raids of Timur's Troops After a halt in Kara-Guchur, Timur sent 30,000 horsemen north under the command of military leaders, emirs, in pursuit of the fleeing nomads Yengetory, Kamar ad-Din, and others. "They set out according to the order and, riding day and night, approached the Irtysh River. (There) they positioned themselves in such a way that half of the troops (were) on this side of the river, the other half — on the other, (and) they went along the

12.03.2020, 13:33

Kurmanjan Datka

Meetings of the Alay People with Bonvalot

IN THE LAND OF THE ALAI KYRGYZ The journey of the French pilgrims to India, during which they became guests of Kurmandzhan Datka, began on June 16, 1885, through the Turkmen village of Rahabad. From there, the travelers moved to Ashgabat, then reached Bukhara, and on August 12, 1886, they arrived in Samarkand. According to L. Stroilov, in Samarkand the travelers “... unexpectedly met with the well-known N.I. Korolkov, who was not only an experienced administrator but also a great connoisseur

09.03.2020, 22:38

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Campaigns of Timur 1383-1389.

Timur's Campaigns In 785/1383-84, Timur sent Emir-zade Ali with an army to search for Kamar ad-Din. On their way, they encountered the Baaryn tribe and, suffering defeat, returned home. Angered, Timur sent an army against them led by several emirs, followed by additional forces of ten thousand cavalry. They joined in the area of Aba-Kume, located the Baaryn, defeated them, captured many, and returned to Samarkand. However, on their way, they were met by Emir Ali, who had received orders

05.03.2020, 22:18

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

22 Signs of the Sakas of Tian Shan

Identification of Tian Shan Saka by Found Skulls Female skulls of the Tian Shan Saka are brachycranic, medium-sized, and have a moderately sloping forehead. The main height-width measurements of the facial part, both in absolute and relative terms, fall into the medium category. The face is strongly flattened in the upper part and moderately so in the nasal area. The vertical profile has an overall orthognathic angle, while the alveolar part is mesognathic. The Flower index is average, the

05.03.2020, 21:05

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Uprising Led by Brothers Taylak and Atantay

The Uprising of 1832 in Central Tian Shan. The choro clan from the Sayak tribe, who were nomadic in Naryn, took particularly active part in it. The leaders were the heroes — brothers Taylak and Atantay. The uprising was caused by the unbearable oppression of the Kokand officials, their arbitrariness, and violence. This is clearly seen from the letter of the rebels addressed to the Kokand khan, which reads: "Your officials have ruined the Kyrgyz with various levies: they took our horses

28.02.2020, 10:29

Kurmanjan Datka

Asia Through the Eyes of the Traveler G. Bonvalot

ALIEN FROM ANOTHER WORLD However, the Russian reader was informed about some of the Frenchman's adventures in Central Asia even a bit earlier than his compatriots. This is because shortly after G. Bonvalot returned to his homeland in 1888, an article titled "Expedition to Northern India" was published in the 22nd issue of the newspaper "Turkestanskie Vedomosti," which was published in Tashkent that year. In this article, the author noted that the great traveler was

27.02.2020, 12:40

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The People of Central Asia Against the Domination of the Kokand Khanate

The Uprising of Ordinary Kazakhs and Kyrgyz Inhabitants of the Talas Valley Against the Dominance of the Kokand Khanate The increasing social and national oppression, the arbitrariness and violence of local feudal lords and Kokand exploiters, the powerless and humiliating position of the working people, devastating internecine conflicts, and bloody struggles for the khan's throne brought the masses to the brink of poverty and claimed thousands of lives. All of this overflowed the cup of

20.02.2020, 07:23