Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Punitive Operations of Khudoyar Khan Against the Rebels in 1873

The Spring Uprising of 1873 Against Kokand The uprising began in the spring of 1873. Its catalyst and immediate cause were as follows. At the end of March — beginning of April, the khan's tax collectors came to the Kyrgyz, who were nomadic in the southeast of Kokand, and demanded the payment of "zaket" and "haraj," the amounts of which had been tripled. The Kyrgyz, firmly refusing to pay these taxes, beat the tax collectors who had come to them. Several tax collectors

24.05.2020, 20:38

Kurmanjan Datka

Commander of the Troops of the Turkestan Military District

Adjutant General of the Russian Army Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman The name of another military figure, who not only conquered a significant part of Turkestan but also the minds of Orientalists, is quite well-known. We are talking about Adjutant General of the Russian Army Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman. He is one of the graduates of the Nikolaev Engineering School (now the Military Engineering Technical University). Since 1844, he served in the Caucasus. During the Eastern War of 1853-1856,

23.05.2020, 12:53

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Zoning of Excavations in the Fergana Valley

Zoning of Excavations The above-ground stone structures (crypts) were divided by M.E. Voronets (1954) and the author of this text (1954) into crypts - mug-khona and stone boxes (see also the table in Zadneprovsky's work). B.A. Litvinsky (1972), not finding differentiating features, combined all varieties of above-ground structures under the concept of "kurums" - similar to a unified catacomb-subterranean culture. The division of the diverse constructions of kurums is a crucial

16.05.2020, 17:27

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Campaign of Ulugh Beg Against Moghulistan in 1425.

Ulugh Beg Against Sher Muhammad According to Nakash, in 1420, there were two independent ulus holdings in Semirechye. The power of Weis Khan extended only to the eastern part of Moghulistan, which is confirmed by his subsequent relocation of his base from Turfan to the Ili Valley. On the way back in the summer of 1422, the Timurid embassy passed through Hotan and Kashgar, where there were also disturbances and unrest. As a result of brief campaigns and raids on the Syr Darya, Ulugh Beg again

07.05.2020, 21:58

Kurmanjan Datka

Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky - the First Researcher of the Archaeological Mysteries of Issyk-Kul

General of Infantry Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky When recounting the lives of Russian military orientalists, it should not be forgotten that most of them are famous not only as scholars but also as unparalleled commanders, as is the case with General Skobelev. Among similar officers who fought for the glory of Russian arms in Turkestan, one cannot fail to mention the name of General of Infantry Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky. In addition to the fact that this knight of the Orders of St.

06.05.2020, 15:59

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Reasons for the Uprising Against the Khan of Kokand in 1873-1874

Uprising of the Masses in 1873-1874 This uprising was distinguished from the previous one by its scale, mass participation, duration, and historical consequences. The cause of the uprising was the increasingly oppressive feudal and khanate rule, the arbitrariness, and violence of the Kokand Khan and his officials. This is clearly illustrated in a letter from the rebels themselves (written in the autumn of 1873), addressed to the head of the Khojent district. In it, we read: "The Khan

05.05.2020, 11:42

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Varieties of Catacombs in the Isfara Valley

Types of Catacombs In light of the latest data, it is necessary to reconsider the classification of catacomb graves. I believe it is important to focus not so much on the length of the dromos, but on the overall configuration of the structure and its dimensions (morphometric feature) and on the peculiarities of the construction. I have identified 5 main types (see Fig. 2). The Kenkol type - the dromos is narrow and long, positioned perpendicular to the catacomb. It has been found in several

29.04.2020, 20:28

Kurmanjan Datka

The Introduction of M. D. Skobeleva to Tsarina Alaya

How did the "White General" meet the legendary Queen Alai? The situation was as follows. It was the year 1876. That summer, the commander of the Russian troops in Central Asia, General Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev, was pressing the last rebel detachments in Alai, who refused to submit to Russia and were fighting under the banner of a holy war against the "infidels" - the jihad. The rebels were led, after the death of their leader - the self-proclaimed Pulat-khan - by the

28.04.2020, 13:46

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Performances of the Kyrgyz in the First Half of the 1860s

National Liberation Movement Against the Kokand Khanate On June 1, 1868, a clash occurred between the indigenous population and representatives of the tsarist regime in the Toguz-Toro area. The immediate cause was the attempt by representatives of the tsarist authority to arrest the grandson of the famous batyr Taylak — Markhan Osmonrva, while the underlying reason was the attempt to strengthen the colonial oppression of tsarism by introducing a new administrative structure in the mentioned

19.04.2020, 21:47

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Intensification of Infighting during the Reign of Veys-Khan in Moghulistan

Moghulistan in the 1420s All predecessors of Muhammad Khan cared about the spread of Islam among their subjects. He himself was a zealous Muslim, imposing Islam by force. Muhammad Haydar wrote: Muhammad Khan "showed great perseverance in the matter of spreading Islam among the Moguls. For example, it is known that if any Mogul did not wear a turban, a horseshoe was nailed to his head. He demonstrated such zeal many times." However, the spread of Islam in the territory of Moghulistan

19.04.2020, 15:37

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Burial Mounds in the Fergana Valley

Questions of Typology. In the Fergana Valley, almost simultaneously during the period of the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD, burial structures of five main types were in use: 1 - earth graves, 2 - undercuts, 3 - catacomb graves, 4 - above-ground stone crypts (kurums, mug-khona, stone boxes), 5 - above-ground adobe crypts. Let’s start with undercuts. An analysis of the existing classifications of undercut graves by K.F. Smirnov (1972), A.M. Mandelstam (1966, 1975), and N.G. Gorbunova

14.04.2020, 10:49

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Mogulistan in 1407 - 1417 Years

Mogulistan in the First Quarter of the 15th Century As already noted, after the death of Khizr-Khodja-Khan, a struggle for the throne of Mogulistan broke out among his sons. The eldest, Sham-i Jahan (1399—1408), managed to overcome the resistance of his brothers. After that, he prepared for a campaign into Mawarannahr (his army reportedly consisted of 900,000 men, but this figure is clearly exaggerated). Sham-i Jahan supported the rebellious Timurids amir Khudaydad-i Husayni, who had captured

13.04.2020, 10:25

Kurmanjan Datka

Conqueror of Kokand, Russian General Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev

GIFT TO THE "WHITE GENERAL" When the legendary ruler Alai is mentioned, the name of the conqueror of Kokand, Russian infantry general and adjutant general Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev, inevitably comes to the mind of almost any European interested in the history of Central Asia. The fate of this man, nicknamed the "White General" in the East, is characteristic. It can be considered a kind of standard biography of a Russian officer-orientalist, in which the courage of a

09.04.2020, 01:00

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Siege of the Pishpek Fortress

Plan of the siege of the fortress of Pishpek by Russian troops The Capture of Pishpek In October 1862, the Kyrgyz of the Solto tribe, inhabiting the central part of the Chui Valley, rose up. The reason was the arbitrariness and violence of the Kokand khans and their governors, and the immediate cause was the gross insult to the son of Baytik, Baisal, by the commandant of the Kokand fortress Pishpek (Bishkek), Rahmatulla. The rebels, led by Baytik batyr, acted decisively and boldly. Despite the

08.04.2020, 09:26

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Ruler of Fergana Iskander, Grandson of Timur

Campaigns of Iskander Khyzr-Khodja died in 1399, and immediately after his death, a struggle for the throne among his four sons began — Sham-i Jahān, Muhammad-oghlan, Sher-Ali-oghlan, and Shah Jahān. Hafiz-i Abrū wrote about this: "When Khyzr-Khodja-oghlan died, his sons, each with a large number of their supporters, took sides. Among them, enmity arose, so that Sham-i Jahān, with a group of people, raised a rebellion on one side, Muhammad-oghlan with other tribes (koum) gained supremacy

03.04.2020, 11:24

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

May Uprising of 1858 in the Southern Regions of Kyrgyzstan

The Uprising in May 1858 in Southern Kyrgyzstan. It took on a relatively large scale, distinguished by its massiveness. The uprising covered almost the entire southern part of Kyrgyzstan and the foothill areas of the Fergana Valley. The number of rebels reached up to 46,000 people. The cause of this uprising was the arbitrariness and violence of the major Kokand feudal lords led by Khudoyar Khan. Its catalyst, as everywhere, was the sharp increase in the khan's tax oppression. The first

31.03.2020, 01:26

Kurmanjan Datka

Military Oriental Studies on the Homeland of the Alaï Queen

THROUGH CENTRAL ASIA WITH A RIFLE AND A NOTEBOOK And yet, by the end of the 19th century, when the Russian army was triumphantly marching through Central Asia, conquering its last stronghold - the bastions of Kokand, Russia could boast not only of military victories. At that time, no European country knew as much about the Middle East as the Russian Empire. In this regard, it left far behind even its long-standing geopolitical rival - Britain. This turn of events was due to a completely unique

30.03.2020, 20:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Khizr-Khodja Khan of Moghulistan

The Rule of Khizr-Khodja in Moghulistan There is no data in written sources about when Khizr-Khodja became the khan of Moghulistan. As previously noted, he is mentioned in 1377 and 1389 during Timur's campaigns. According to Muhammad Haidar, Khizr-Khodja was saved from Kamār ad-Dīn by the daughter of Emir Khudaydad, Mir Agha, and he secretly lived in the area between Badakhshan and Kashgar, then in the mountains of Hotan, and finally among the yellow Uighurs (near Lob-Nor). The same

27.03.2020, 10:22

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Kurgan Burial Mounds of the Fergana "Nomads"

Kurgan in the vicinity of Samarkand. NOMADS OF ANCIENT FERGANA Currently, significant materials have been accumulated regarding the burial monuments of ancient (classical) Fergana, during the time of the existence of the Davan state (2nd century BC - 5th century AD). The studied burial grounds belong to the nomadic population, which, under the specific physical and geographical conditions of the Fergana Valley, adhered to a peculiar form of vertically-seasonal semi-nomadic economy. To

25.03.2020, 18:19

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Chuy Kyrgyz Against Excessive Taxes from the Kokand Khanate

Uprisings of the Kyrgyz in 1850 - 1857. In the summer of 1850, part of the Chuy Kyrgyz, rising up again to fight, attacked the fortification of Pishpek, from which the Kokand military garrison had temporarily departed. The siege of the fortification did not last long, as the military garrison soon returned. They did not allow the rebels to gain a foothold and occupy the besieged fortifications. In the late 1850s, the nomads of Ketmen-Tube rose up. The cause of this, as everywhere, was the

21.03.2020, 19:34

Kurmanjan Datka

Expedition to Pamir

TESTING PAMIR Nevertheless, the members of the expedition passed Lailak - the camp of the Kara-Kyrgyz on March 23. The next day, the expedition members sent some of their Kyrgyz guides back home. “The guys sent by Moldo Bayas served us well all this time, but the time has come to send them back. We generously thanked them by organizing a lavish dinner. The leader of the Kyrgyz group named Baish, young and energetic, asked me for a 'kagaz', a paper of good service. They want to head

20.03.2020, 05:00

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

The Connection of Southern Siberia with the Population of the Saka Culture of Tian Shan and Semirechye

The Beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples The Alai Saka from Chala and Sharta show the closest affinity with the Saka of Eastern Kazakhstan and Chirik-Rabad in the Aral Sea region, the population of the late Bronze Age forest-steppe Priobye, and the Bolsherechensk culture, i.e., with series that include low-faced Mongoloids to varying degrees. In the series of Eastern Kazakhstan Saka, there are both Europoid and Mongoloid skulls, and if they are separated, they will occupy a more defined

16.03.2020, 07:35

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Uprisings of the Kyrgyz from 1845 to 1848 Against the Kokand Khanate

Uprisings of the Kyrgyz against the Kokand Khanate The internecine feudal struggle between the Kokand Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate was accompanied by a rise in liberation movements among the peoples under their control, including the Kyrgyz. Taking advantage of the weakening power of Kokand, several Kyrgyz tribes, migrating in the northern regions of Kyrgyzstan, rebelled against the khan's governors. In particular, the population of the Issyk-Kul basin, rising in 1842 for liberation,

13.03.2020, 16:59

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Timur's Victories in Moghulistan

Moghulistan Under the Raids of Timur's Troops After a halt in Kara-Guchur, Timur sent 30,000 horsemen north under the command of military leaders, emirs, in pursuit of the fleeing nomads Yengetory, Kamar ad-Din, and others. "They set out according to the order and, riding day and night, approached the Irtysh River. (There) they positioned themselves in such a way that half of the troops (were) on this side of the river, the other half — on the other, (and) they went along the

12.03.2020, 13:33

Kurmanjan Datka

Meetings of the Alay People with Bonvalot

IN THE LAND OF THE ALAI KYRGYZ The journey of the French pilgrims to India, during which they became guests of Kurmandzhan Datka, began on June 16, 1885, through the Turkmen village of Rahabad. From there, the travelers moved to Ashgabat, then reached Bukhara, and on August 12, 1886, they arrived in Samarkand. According to L. Stroilov, in Samarkand the travelers “... unexpectedly met with the well-known N.I. Korolkov, who was not only an experienced administrator but also a great connoisseur

09.03.2020, 22:38

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Campaigns of Timur 1383-1389.

Timur's Campaigns In 785/1383-84, Timur sent Emir-zade Ali with an army to search for Kamar ad-Din. On their way, they encountered the Baaryn tribe and, suffering defeat, returned home. Angered, Timur sent an army against them led by several emirs, followed by additional forces of ten thousand cavalry. They joined in the area of Aba-Kume, located the Baaryn, defeated them, captured many, and returned to Samarkand. However, on their way, they were met by Emir Ali, who had received orders

05.03.2020, 22:18

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

22 Signs of the Sakas of Tian Shan

Identification of Tian Shan Saka by Found Skulls Female skulls of the Tian Shan Saka are brachycranic, medium-sized, and have a moderately sloping forehead. The main height-width measurements of the facial part, both in absolute and relative terms, fall into the medium category. The face is strongly flattened in the upper part and moderately so in the nasal area. The vertical profile has an overall orthognathic angle, while the alveolar part is mesognathic. The Flower index is average, the

05.03.2020, 21:05

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Uprising Led by Brothers Taylak and Atantay

The Uprising of 1832 in Central Tian Shan. The choro clan from the Sayak tribe, who were nomadic in Naryn, took particularly active part in it. The leaders were the heroes — brothers Taylak and Atantay. The uprising was caused by the unbearable oppression of the Kokand officials, their arbitrariness, and violence. This is clearly seen from the letter of the rebels addressed to the Kokand khan, which reads: "Your officials have ruined the Kyrgyz with various levies: they took our horses

28.02.2020, 10:29

Kurmanjan Datka

Asia Through the Eyes of the Traveler G. Bonvalot

ALIEN FROM ANOTHER WORLD However, the Russian reader was informed about some of the Frenchman's adventures in Central Asia even a bit earlier than his compatriots. This is because shortly after G. Bonvalot returned to his homeland in 1888, an article titled "Expedition to Northern India" was published in the 22nd issue of the newspaper "Turkestanskie Vedomosti," which was published in Tashkent that year. In this article, the author noted that the great traveler was

27.02.2020, 12:40

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The People of Central Asia Against the Domination of the Kokand Khanate

The Uprising of Ordinary Kazakhs and Kyrgyz Inhabitants of the Talas Valley Against the Dominance of the Kokand Khanate The increasing social and national oppression, the arbitrariness and violence of local feudal lords and Kokand exploiters, the powerless and humiliating position of the working people, devastating internecine conflicts, and bloody struggles for the khan's throne brought the masses to the brink of poverty and claimed thousands of lives. All of this overflowed the cup of

20.02.2020, 07:23

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Findings Characterizing the Early Saxon Period

Central Asian Sakas and Central Asia (according to paleoanthropology) Regarding the origin of Saka monuments in the Tian Shan and Semirechye regions, which include not only Northern Kyrgyzstan but also the southeastern areas of Kazakhstan, there are currently two opposing viewpoints. According to one of them, the most widespread, the Saka cultural community formed here based on a local variant of the Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age. However, the actual continuity of such a transition is

17.02.2020, 08:23

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Fourth Campaign of Timur to Moghulistan Due to the Invasion of Kamar ad-Din in Fergana

Timur's Campaign to Moghulistan In 1376, before the campaign to Khwarezm, Timur sent an army of 30,000 led by several emirs to Moghulistan and instructed them to "diligently and earnestly search for Kamār al-Dīn and inform him where they find him." However, after their lord left for Khwarezm, the emirs Sary-Buga of the Kipchaks and Adil-Shah of the Yuzhalairs rebelled, captured the commanders Khitai-Bakhadur and Ilchi-Buga, and then, with the support of their tribesmen, besieged

14.02.2020, 19:00

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Campaigns of Timur in Moghulistan in 1370-1375.

Campaigns in Moghulistan in 1370-1375 Nizam ad-Din Shami reported on the raids of the Mongol emirs Uruq-Timur (or Uzbek-Timur) into the eastern regions of Mawarannahr. Timur, under the pretext of punishing them, set out with an army to the east in 772/1370-71 (or the following year). He passed through the regions of Fergana and Uzgend, conquered all of Moghulistan up to Kara-Khodja, and handed it over to Kepak-Timur (in Shami's account, Uruq-Timur). The Timurid historiographers (Shami,

13.02.2020, 06:00

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Excavations in the Territory of the Inner Tian Shan

Plan of the Djapyrik Burial Ground As a result of excavations at the Basqiya II and Keden burial grounds, we have identified another type of mound not noted by L.N. Bernshatam for Tien Shan, but widely spread in other regions of Kyrgyzstan. This is an earthen mound almost devoid of stones on the surface, sometimes reaching heights of up to 1.5-2 m, and in these cases with internal stone linings in one or two layers.

07.02.2020, 16:12

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Struggle of the Workers of Kyrgyzstan Against Social and National Oppression in the 19th Century.

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz People Against Feudal-Khan Oppression and Tsarist Colonizers in the 19th Century The struggle of the workers of Kyrgyzstan against social and national oppression in the 19th century deserves attention. During this period, the working masses of the region suffered under the oppression of the bai, manap, and Kokand feudal lords led by the khan, and from the 1870s, under the tsarist colonizers. The increasingly oppressive dual burden caused discontent and outrage among

05.02.2020, 18:28

Kurmanjan Datka

The Meeting of Gabriel Bonvalot with the Sons of Kurmandjan Datka

HOW THE SONS OF KURMANDZHAN DATKA HELPED GABRIEL BONVALOT Here is a story about another scholar. Unlike his Russian colleague, he became one of the few Western residents whose paths directly crossed with the fate of the Alay queen. A well-known figure from another continent became her esteemed guest.

02.02.2020, 15:18

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Contribution of the Kyrgyz to the Struggle of the Peoples of Eastern Tian Shan and Eastern Turkestan Against the Oirat-Dzungar Conquerors

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz Against the Oirats A particularly important role in the early stages of the struggle was played by the large tribe of the left wing of the Kyrgyz - the Kushchi, whose leader Kalcha-biy commanded the united Kyrgyz-Eastern Turkmen forces. His activities and the contribution of the Kyrgyz to the struggle of the peoples of Eastern Tian Shan and Eastern Turkestan against the Oirat-Dzungar conquerors were so significant that, speaking of them a century and a half later,

30.01.2020, 20:44

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The First Khans of Moghulistan. Ilyas-Khodja

Ilyas-Khodja In 764/1362—63, the emirs Shiraman, Khodja, Tunam, Kamar ad-Din, Shams ad-Din, and others elevated Ilyas-Khodja to the throne of Moghulistan. The following year, he set out with a large army to Maverranahr. In the area of Lai (Mud), located between Akhangaran and Chirchik, he was met by the emirs Hussein and Timur with their warriors. About their battle, Fasiq wrote: "The battle of Jang-i-Lai, which occurred between Hussein and the army of the Jats. The emir sahibkiran, emir

30.01.2020, 18:44

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Studies of the Kyrgyz Comprehensive Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition

Renewal of Archaeological Research in the Inner Tian Shan The continuation of A.N. Bernshtein's work in the region is represented by the research of the Kyrgyz Comprehensive Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition. One of the expedition's teams, led by A.K. Kibiriv, studied the monuments of ancient nomads from 1983 to 1985. The team surveyed all areas of the Inner Tian Shan, including those previously unvisited by archaeologists: Son-Kul, Susamyr, the upper reaches of the Naryn

25.01.2020, 22:07

Kurmanjan Datka

Biologist and Traveler Alexey Pavlovich Fedchenko in Turkestan

TRAVELER ALEXEY FEDCHENKO IN TURKESTAN It is not surprising that the phenomenon of Kurmandzhan Datka caused genuine amazement among Russian and European travelers who visited Kokand, as even educated Western residents of the 19th century knew little about Turkestan. Having explored almost everything on the planet, from New Zealand to Tierra del Fuego, geographers of the past century primarily drew information about Central Asia from ancient Chinese chronicles, only occasionally daring to

23.01.2020, 21:39

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Popular Movements in Central Asia in the 19th Century

The Kyrgyz people, defending their freedom and land, alongside other peoples of Eastern Tian Shan and Turkestan. The fraternal peoples of Central Asia have their own traditions of love for freedom and revolution. Their history is rich with facts of heroic and selfless struggle against "their own" and foreign oppressors. In a stubborn and harsh struggle that lasted for centuries, the peoples of Central Asia defended their rights to life, their native land, national culture, and

19.01.2020, 15:49

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Historical Periodization of the Monuments of Early Nomads of the Tian Shan

NEW ASPECTS IN THE CULTURE OF EARLY NOMADS OF THE TIEN SHAN On the territory of Inner Tien Shan, monuments from all ancient epochs are known to date: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and the Medieval period. As is known, the beginning of the documentation of monuments in this region was laid in the second half of the 19th century by the works of Russian scholars and local historians, such as Ch.Ch. Valikhanov, N.A. Severcev, V.V. Bartold, A.M. Fetisov, N.N. Pantusov, and others. They

19.01.2020, 13:47

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The First Khans of Moghulistan. Toghluk-Timur

The First Khans of Moghulistan After the assassination of Khan Kazan in the eastern part of the Chagatai ulus, centrifugal forces intensified. Mahmud Ibn Wali wrote about this: “Every Mongol emir began to claim independence and autocracy, raising the banner of opposition and discord.” In this situation, one of the Dughlat emirs, Puladchi (Buladji), decided to find a descendant of Chagatai and create a new independent state under his name. In 1348, he brought the prince Toghluk-Timur from the

18.01.2020, 21:55

Kurmanjan Datka

The Bet of the Alai Queen on the Defense of the "White Tsar"

Geopolitical Relations Between the Russian Empire and Central Asia It is characteristic that the wider Britain's penetration into Central Asia became, the more intensively the states of the region established diplomatic contacts with Russia. Thus, in 1841, the Khivan embassy of Ishniyaz Mamentniyazov was received in Orenburg, and in 1842, in St. Petersburg - Vaysbai Niyazov and Ishbay Babaev. In 1846, Klychmiyaz-bai Niyazmukhammedov and Shukurulla-bai Miskinov visited the Russian capital,

15.01.2020, 19:58

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The Formation of the State of Moghulistan

THE STATE OF MOGULISTAN Since the formation of the empire of Genghis Khan, his descendants—the Mongolian feudal non-military clans—split into two opposing groups. One of them (e.g., Chagatai, Guyuk, Barak) defended the nomadic way of life, Mongolian customs, and traditions. They supported a policy of plunder and violence against the settled population, the townspeople, turning cultural regions into pastures. The other group (e.g., Munke, Masudbek, Kebek) believed that predatory actions would

21.12.2019, 04:47

Kurmanjan Datka

The Struggle of the Russian Empire and Britain for Central Asia

A New Surge of Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia was associated with the Russian conquest of Khiva, Bukhara, and Kokand during the reign of Alexander II. At that time, the process of incorporating Kyrgyz tribes into Russia began, and the question of the allegiance of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz to the Qing Empire arose, as in the cases of Khiva and Kokand, leading to the issue of territorial demarcation. To this end, the Beijing Treaty was signed in 1860, which outlined the border between the

20.12.2019, 20:42

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Symbolism and Sign Systems of the Early Medieval Era in Ancient Asia

Ancient Bactrian Glyptics of the Bronze Age The symbolism and sign systems of the early medieval era represent a rich material and are actively researched by specialists. The analysis of artistic reliefs on ossuaries of the Biyanymen type is particularly indicative in this regard. The attributes of the depicted characters and a number of other specific features allow us to convincingly conclude that we are dealing with iconography related to the ufological layer of the Zoroastrian circle,

20.12.2019, 18:23

History and archeology of the ancient Tien Shan

Ideological Block of Ancient Central Asian Civilizations

The Complex Picture of Coexistence and Interweaving of Various Ideological Systems The ideological block of ancient Central Asian civilizations is in close interaction (through a system of direct and reverse connections) with the historical, cultural, and socio-political processes occurring in society. I have expressed the opinion that the widespread adoption of Buddhism in Bactria is linked to the establishment of urban lifestyles as a standard of the era (Masson, 1974). Buddhist ideology,

16.12.2019, 21:07