Waqf Rights of the Madrasah "Alymbek-chek" According to archival documents, the madrasah was built from fired bricks and was distinguished by remarkable durability. It consisted of the following elements typical of similar architectural structures - a darshana, khanaka, 28 cells where three mudarris and from 80 to 100 student mullahs lived.
"When creative people cease to appear, revolution is inevitable." The concept of A. Camus is interesting, in which the individual occupies an important place. It goes beyond the traditional interpretation of the clash of "antagonistic contradictions." In his opinion, society constantly lives in a state of reaction, and therefore is regularly threatened by revolutions. Revolutions are halted by creative individuals who triumph over the spirit of reaction. Consequently,
Participant of the Great Patriotic War A. Barditsky shares combat experience with Komsomol members of the "Khun-Chi" collective farm in the Frunze region. Trade Unions and Komsomol during the War Years The most numerous organizations uniting the overwhelming majority of the working class and employees of Kyrgyzstan during the war years were trade unions. According to incomplete data, in 1943, the number of their members reached 72,694, united in 24 sectoral unions. They covered 2,409
Social and Economic Development of Mogulistan There is very little information in written sources about the social and economic development of Mogulistan. Nevertheless, some scattered data from Eastern authors on this issue raises a certain interest. The invasion of Genghis Khan into Central Asia brought great destruction and led to the decline of urban life and settled agricultural culture. However, it is not entirely correct to equate the consequences of the Mongol invasion for this region
Repression of the "Disobedient" Repressive measures related to the suppression of the uprising in question continued. Local feudal nobility, including the manaps who held the positions of volost administrators, took advantage of this situation. They extorted money, livestock, and valuables from the working people under the threat of arrest for allegedly participating in the "Andijan Uprising," and ruthlessly dealt with those representatives of the working class who showed
SPINNING THE FLYWHEEL At the February-March Plenary of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) in 1937, in the report "On the Deficiencies of Party Work and Measures for the Liquidation of Trotskyist and Other Double Dealers," Stalin formulated three conclusions: "First, the sabotage and diversionary espionage work of agents of foreign states, among whom Trotskyists played a rather active role, affected to some extent all or almost all our organizations, both economic and
LETTER FROM MOLDО ALYMKUL TO AMER UL AMIR, SON OF ASAN BIYA, AND PARVANACHI MINBAY, SON OF ASRAR ALI DZHANTAY TO KARABEKOV REGARDING THEIR INTENTION TO ACT AGAINST THE RUSSIANS. 1863 Esteemed Datkha Dzhantay-batyr! I testify to you many bows and the following speech: Praise be to Allah, the shameful deeds that were according to the will of the Almighty God have ceased, and all the nomadic peoples have unanimously submitted to the Kokand Government, united by ties of kinship, and there is not a
Alymbek's Madrasah The city of Osh in the 19th century, which we detailed in the previous chapter, has a direct connection to the story of the main heroine of our book, Kurmandzhan, for a very simple reason. This ancient city was viewed by the Alay tribal leaders as their stronghold in the Fergana Valley. Many of them owned lands, houses, and trading shops here. They built mosques and madrasahs. Such landowners were often granted a special form of property by the rulers - waqf. This
Personality and History Soviet scientific literature has always shown interest in the problem of the individual; however, it has not examined it thoroughly and deeply enough. The analysis of several of its aspects has been under an unspoken taboo. For example, issues of cannibalism, sexual attraction, or the significance of sexual selection in human origins, among others. Undoubtedly, other interests play a leading role in the spiritual life of a person, but this does not mean that the true
Activities of the Councils of Workers' Deputies in Military Conditions The Councils of Workers' Deputies also reorganized their work in accordance with military conditions. This reorganization brought some changes to the structure and methods of work of local government bodies, as well as their organizational forms, with the aim of maximizing the adaptation of the Councils' activities to the fulfillment of military mobilization and economic-organizational tasks dictated by the
Ethnic Self-Consciousness of the Kyrgyz People In 1517, the ruler of the Kyrgyz was Muhammad. Apparently, he became the ruler of the Kyrgyz after Mansur Khan's victory over his brothers. During Sultan Said Khan's campaign in 1517 against Mogulistan, Muhammad's base was located on the southern shore of Lake Issyk-Kul. Sultan Said Khan resettled the Kyrgyz from Jumgal and Kochkor to Atbashy. Based on this information, it can be asserted that in the first quarter of the 16th
Madali Ishan and other participants of the uprising before execution Colonial Authority Against the Rebels A larger uprising occurred in the mountainous region of Andijan County, populated by Kyrgyz people. The number of participants exceeded 1,000. The rebels did not have a single leader and consisted of several groups, each of which numbered 200-300 people. The participants of the uprising were armed with clubs (sticks), spears, and partially with rifles and pistols. As noted in an official
Analysis of Documents from 1937-38 from Today's Perspective The analysis of documents from today's perspective convinces us that Yu. Abdrakhmanov is one of many political and state figures devoted to socialism, who grew up in the early post-revolutionary years. Mastering Leninism, participating in the practical implementation of Lenin's course during the NEP and Lenin's national policy, overcoming the burden of national narrow-mindedness, he developed into a significant
LETTER FROM JANTAY KARABEKOV TO THE CHIEF OF THE ALATAV DISTRICT, THE OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF THE KAZAKHS OF THE SENIOR JUZ G.A. KOLPAKOVSKY February 1863 To the Chief of the District from Jantay, many bows and the following requests: I, along with my family and people, am healthy and prosperous, praying for your well-being.
B. L. Grombchevsky (1856-1926) Here is another figure, Bronislav Ludwigovich Grombchevsky (1856-1926), a descendant of the Polish nobility who faithfully served Russia. He was not only a combat officer who participated in the Alai campaign of 1876. Since 1880, he served in the so-called military-national administration in the Margelan district. In addition, he was a prominent researcher of Pamir, Tian Shan, and the countries of Central Asia. He was a recipient of the silver and gold medals of
Peculiarities of the Psychology of the Kyrgyz People One can find the key to explaining many phenomena conditioned by the peculiarities of the social behavior of the nomadic masses and their educated representatives in specific situations. For example, in the 1920s, a struggle against tax evasion unfolded in Kyrgyzstan, which was directly related to the policy of strict adherence to the austerity regime. There was a catastrophic lack of funds for industrialization, which is why this policy was
The Work of the Party Organization of Kyrgyzstan on the Front The war that the Soviet people waged against the German-fascist invaders was just and liberating from the very beginning. Its goal was not only to eliminate the danger looming over our socialist Motherland but also to provide international assistance to all the peoples of Europe and to save world civilization. At the same time, the Great Patriotic War is the most important component of the Second World War, which determined its
Formation of the Kyrgyz People The Kyrgyz people were formed on the basis of two ethnic masses: Central Asian, Southern Siberian, and local Central Asian. The ethnic composition of the Kyrgyz people itself confirms that the predominant component is of Central Asian and Southern Siberian origin. Written sources report that on the territory of Central Tian Shan and Semirechye, from ancient times until the 10th century, the following ethnic names of tribes or their groups are found: Saka, Usun,
Andijan Uprising In 1885, Dervish Khan made several attempts to incite the local population of the Margilan and Andijan districts to rise against the Russian colonizers. In 1893, a similar attempt was made in the Kokand district by Babur Khan. However, the uprisings led by Dervish Khan and Babur Khan could not gain widespread support and were relatively easily suppressed. In May 1898, an uprising arose in the Fergana Valley. In literature, it is referred to as the "Andijan Uprising."
Accusations of the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b) Against Abdrakhmanov On October 14, the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b) expelled Abdrakhmanov from the party "for non-party behavior, manifested in that he, under the influence of a group of Trotskyists, disagreed with the party's policy on many issues and, expressing his disagreement to the Trotskyists, insincerely defended the party's decisions, in fact distorting them." However, taking into account his
LETTER FROM THE BAILIFF AMONG THE KAZAKHS OF THE SENIOR ZHUZ M.M. KHOMENTOVSKY TO THE SARYBAGYSH MANAP JANTAY KARABEKOV ABOUT HIS ROLE AMONG THE SARYBAGYSH Fort Verney September 13, 1855 To the good in counsel, protector of friends, brave against enemies, with a lion's hand and a tiger's heart, the esteemed manap Jantay Batyr Karabekov, I send many bows, wishing you health, happiness, and prosperity.
Vasily Nikolaevich Zaitsev To be fair, it should be noted that among the first officials in the district-city administration were also some energetic administrators, widely knowledgeable, with diverse interests, such as Russian officers M.E. Ionov, B.L. Grombchevsky, and V.N. Zaitsev. To a reasonable extent and within their capabilities, they showed concern for the improvement of the city, especially its new part. And what is extremely important, they worked to maintain a stable situation in
“Who is not with us is against us” The traditional way of life of the Kyrgyz tribal society began to corrode and disintegrate since Kyrgyzstan joined Russia. One of the most educated people of his time, A. Sydykov, wrote that colonization and the strengthening of Russian influence “dealt a significant blow to tribal life, undermined the previous moral foundations on which the social and family life of the Kyrgyz rested.” In these words (and in his other works), one can sense the regret of a
The call of the party to selflessly defend every inch of Soviet land Combat operations on the front, despite the greatest resilience and perseverance of Soviet warriors, unfolded under extremely unfavorable conditions. The strike groups of the German-fascist army advanced rapidly into the depths of the Soviet country, launching offensives simultaneously on three strategic directions — towards Leningrad, Moscow, and Kyiv. Under the pressure of superior enemy forces, the Soviet troops were
Facts Supporting the Statement of Prominent Soviet Ethnographer and Kyrgyz Scholar S. M. Abramzon According to Juvayni, part of the Khitan (Kara-Khitan) led by Gurkhan Yeluy-Dashi fled westward from the Jurchens in the 20s of the 12th century, approached the borders of the Kyrgyz, and attacked them. However, upon encountering strong resistance, they retreated to the valley of the Emili River. The author further wrote that the Khitan Gurkhan, after conquering Kashgar and Hotan, "sent an
The Rebellion of Jetim Khan and Mamyr Mergenov The uprising, which took place in June-July in Alai, Gulcha, and the area bordering Karategin, had much in common with the April uprising of the residents of these regions and was, in a sense, a continuation of it. These uprisings also had a popular liberation character. The driving force behind them were the laboring herders, supported by Uzbek farmers. Representatives of the feudal nobility also participated, and the laboring Uzbek population of
Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR On May 31, 1930 (i.e., at the time when Yu. Abdrakhmanov was sending his second letter to I. V. Stalin), based on the report of the Council of People's Commissars of the republic, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted the resolution "On Economic and Cultural Construction and Prospects for the Development of the Kyrgyz ASSR". Noting the successes and certain shortcomings in economic and
NOTIFICATION LETTER FROM THE MANAP OF THE SARYBAGYSH TRIBE JANTAY KARABEKOV TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF WEST SIBERIA P.D. GORCHAKOV REGARDING THE DESIRE TO ACCEPT THE PATRONAGE OF RUSSIA September 10, 1848. To the Most High and Noble and Majestic Chief Commander, our Prince.
Police Administration in the City At the end of the 19th century, the district authorities consisted of the district chief, who had broad powers over the urban and rural population, his assistant-secretary, a clerk, and the so-called written translator. However, judging by documents from the early 20th century, the city economic committee, composed of wealthy townspeople (an advisory and powerless body), was still considered a passive appendage to the district chief, serving as a facade for
Reformers from the Elite Layers of Society Many Kyrgyz Soviet-party leaders were pursued by the Soviet authorities for their so-called connections with the wealthy and the clan leaders, and some were even convicted, such as the second secretary of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Party D. Babakhanov and the chairman of the regional union "Koshchi" R. Khudaikulov. Their "connections" with the so-called "exploiters" had nothing criminal, illegal, or political
The Coalition of Three Powers Against Hitler As a result of the active resistance of the Soviet Armed Forces, the enemy suffered significant losses in the first battles. By mid-July, the German army had lost nearly 100,000 soldiers and officers and about half of the tanks operating on the Soviet-German front. From June 22 to July 19, 1941, the German Air Force lost 1,284 aircraft. The total losses of the enemy's ground forces by the end of June exceeded 213,000 personnel. The calculations
The Influence of Islam on Kyrgyz Rituals On the map of the Liao era (916—1125) and Northern Song (960—1279), the Kyrgyz are shown west of Ushi and Aksu, south of the Tashagan River (a tributary of the Tarim River), the Kashgar River, and the settlements of Barchuk, north of Upper Atush (Artudzh) and Lower Atush. In general, the nomadic territories of the Kyrgyz are located east of the Karakhanids and west of the Uyghurs, i.e., on the border between the Karakhanids and Uyghurs. According to
Suppression of the Uprising of the Nomads of Alai and Gulchi In mid-1876, Shabdan, along with his 25 horsemen, actively participated in suppressing the uprising of the nomads of Alai and Gulchi. In July of the same year, the residents of these areas, numbering 2,000 people, refused to accept Russian citizenship and resisted the imperial punitive detachment led by Captain Kuropatkin, who was seriously wounded during the clash. The leaders of the rebels were Abdullabek, Omorbek, Sulayman
On the Distortion of the National Policy of the Party in Practical Work The ineffectiveness of the triple planning system, amid the gradual weakening and reduction of the role of the all-federal national governing body, was evident. All three planning and regulatory bodies (the USSR, the RSFSR, and the Central Asian) believed that the implementation of the planned activities in the republic should proceed along a different subordination line, "nodding to each other." The ECOCO of
LETTER FROM THE CHIEF MANAP DJANTAY KARABEKOV TO THE BORDER COMMANDER OF THE SIBERIAN KYRGYZ (KAZAKHS) MAJOR GENERAL N. VISHNEVSKY October 3, 1847 From the Chief Manap Djantay Karabekov to His Excellency the Border Commander.
Military-Police Administration As we can see, the ancient city at the beginning of Russian rule represented a Gordian knot of everyday and other problems. This, of course, highlighted the necessity for competent and effective governance. Let us take a closer look at its system. The Fergana Region, established on February 19, 1876, after the liquidation of the Kokand Khanate, was part of the Turkestan General Governorship and housed a dense network of military units within its territory. I
The Kyrgyz During the Bolshevization Period One should not think that the collective responsibility and subordination to one's clan, the traditional customs and norms were perceived by the nomad as a violation of human rights or an affront to his individuality. The clan structure and lifestyle were perceived not abstractly, but concretely — as an obligation to perform certain tasks, to herd livestock, to participate in raids, to protect the clan, to serve guests, at celebrations,
The First Heroes from Kyrgyzstan In the very first days of the war, fierce and bloody battles broke out. Soviet soldiers of all nationalities, in an incredibly difficult and complex situation, stood shoulder to shoulder, persistently and selflessly repelling the fierce onslaught of the enemy, going on the counterattack, and more than once forcing him to flee. One of the most brilliant pages in the history of the Great Patriotic War was written by the defenders of the border Brest Fortress.
The Infiltration of Yenisei Kyrgyz into the Tian Shan Our task is to examine the issues regarding the movement of part of the Yenisei Kyrgyz to the southwest in the 9th century and their settlement in Semirechye and the Tian Shan. Written sources confirm the resettlement of a significant part of the Uyghurs led by Prince Pan-Tegin and the court minister to the western regions of Eastern Tian Shan.
Uprisings of Indigenous People for Their Independence in the Summer of 1876 In the summer of 1876, several uprisings of indigenous people for their independence occurred in the same Alaï and in the area bordering Karategin. At the end of May and the beginning of June, herders migrating between Varukh and the Soq Gorge rose up. Their numbers reached up to 400 people. The uprising was led by Abdurakhman-mulla and Abdul-Karimbek, the nephew of Khudoyar-khan, who pursued their own selfish
Triple Subordination of the Kyrgyz ASSR Studying documents from the 1920s to the early 1930s, including those reflecting the activities of such a colorful figure as Yu. Abdrakhmanov, in his position as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic, one inevitably comes to the thought expressed by T. Yu. Krasovskaya in her publication "NEP and the Leadership of National Cultures Development." “Is it clear to us,” she writes, “to envision Stalin
TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE MANAPS AND BIYS OF THE KYRGYZ AND THE SULTANS AND BIYS OF THE ELDER AND MIDDLE JUZ OF THE KAZAKHS, AMONG THE SIGNATORIES OF WHICH WAS JANTAY ATEKIN (KARABEK UULU) Fortress Kopal August 22, 1847 a) "On the 22nd day of August 1847. We, the undersigned biys of the Kyrgyz people, sent by the trust of our people to the border chief of the Siberian Kyrgyz, Major General Vishnevsky, have made this agreement as follows:
Construction of the "new" city The location for the construction of the "new" city, which occupied an area of 95 desyatins, was chosen by the imperial authorities a bit south of the "old" Osh, upstream along the Ak-Buura River. In its layout, the new city part, where the streets were laid out in a checkerboard pattern and intersected at right angles, favorably distinguished itself from "native" Osh and other ancient Central Asian cities and settlements
Moral and Ethical Norms of the Kyrgyz From the perspective of a modern person, it seems not difficult to imagine the social structure of Kyrgyzstan at the beginning of the 20th century, to distinguish between exploiters and the exploited, and to discover the close connection between the manaps and bai with tsarism, Russian landowners, and the bourgeoisie. We have been trained for too long and too persistently to think within the framework of class struggle that we have completely forgotten how
Kyrgyz K. A. Pishulina rightly points out that only those tribes and clans that participated in the political life of Moghulistan are mentioned in written sources. Among the tribes that remained outside the attention of contemporary historiographers are the Nayman, Jalair, and Kipchak. Undoubtedly, they were inhabitants of the state of Moghulistan. As is known, the Mongolian tribe Nayman appeared in Semirechye after their defeat by Genghis Khan in 1208 on the Irtysh River. It should be noted
Removal of Yu. Abdrakhmanov from the post of Chairman of the SNK of the Kirghiz ASSR The errors exposed and condemned at the June plenum of the regional committee characterize the presence of an unacceptable anti-state tendency within the bureau of the regional committee, opposing local interests to state interests, essentially reflecting the kulak-bai resistance to the tasks of the proletarian state and representing a rightward deviation from the general Bolshevik line... The bureau of the
LETTER FROM THE COMMANDER OF THE SIBERIAN CORPS N. G. OGAREV TO THE HERO ATAKE-BATYR TYNAYBIEV ON HIS AWARD OF 800 RUBLES BY EMPRESS CATHERINE II Omsk Fortress, June 15, 1788.
Readiness of Kyrgyzstanis to Defend the Motherland On the very first day of the war, June 22, 1941, the Communist Party and the Soviet government appealed to the people with a call to stand up for the great achievements of October. “Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours!”—these slogans of the party instilled in the peoples of the USSR faith in their strength, in the triumph of the righteous cause, expressing their unwavering confidence in the victorious outcome of