1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Abdrakhmanov's Approach to the Problems of Economic Construction in the Republic

Horse threshing with stones in the village. 1914 Difficulties in Transforming the Social Psychology of Peasantry. A considerable amount of energy was also required in organizing "Chuystroy" within the framework of the union trust for new agricultural crops. This organization put an end to the artisanal irrigation construction in the Chui Valley and allowed for the most important work for the republic to be carried out on a broad scale, at a modern engineering level for those years.

16.09.2021, 06:00

Glaciers

Justification for the Draft Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Glaciers of the Kyrgyz Republic"

JUSTIFICATION for the draft Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Glaciers of the Kyrgyz Republic" The Kyrgyz Republic, occupying almost the entire western half of the powerful intra-continental mountain system of the Tien Shan and partially the Pamir-Alai ranges, has well-developed glaciation. Glaciers are one of the natural riches of the republic, the value of which is hard to overestimate, primarily due to their ability to maintain a sufficiently high water flow in most rivers even in

16.09.2021, 03:00

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

The Beginning of World War II

The Attack of Nazi Germany on Poland. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany attacked Poland. Two days later, England and France—Poland's allies—declared that they were at war with Germany. Thus began World War II. It arose among the imperialist powers between two of their groupings and had a reactionary, aggressive character. In 1940, Nazi Germany occupied Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and defeated France. In the spring of 1941, fascist troops invaded Yugoslavia and

15.09.2021, 11:00

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic "Manas". In Reconnaissance

In reconnaissance They came to the valley of Teshik-Tash, Where fragrant flowers Bloom on the meadows, Fruit gardens are in bloom And tea bushes grow in the fields. Here Almanbet dismounted from his horse. He fell face down into the grass And, like a child, began to cry: — Forgive me, my land! Syrgak, this is my homeland! My mother gave birth to me here, And from the umbilical cord, The native land accepted my blood. Here along the riverbank I ran barefoot in my childhood. Over there, under

15.09.2021, 10:31

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

The Peaceful Selfless Labor of Kyrgyzstanis in the Pre-War Years

Multinational Workforce of Industrial Workers and Engineering and Technical Intelligentsia on the Eve of War In the process of creating the material and technical base of socialism, multinational cadres of industrial workers and engineering and technical intelligentsia were formed and grew. On the eve of the war, 165.3 thousand workers and employees were engaged in industry, transportation, and construction, in MTS and state farms of Kyrgyzstan, including 36,078 industrial workers compared to

14.09.2021, 17:19

Kurmanjan Datka

Construction of the New Part of the City of Osh in 1876

M.E. Ionov with family Construction of the New Part of the City In 1872, the source of headaches for Russian diplomacy, the Kokand Khanate, ceased to exist. On its territory, the Fergana region of the Turkestan General Governorship was formed. The triumph of M.D. Skobeleva in southern Kyrgyzstan did not go unnoticed by the local residents. Having relatively quickly recovered from the shocks of war, they soon felt many advantages of being subjects of a vast empire, living on its outskirts, but

14.09.2021, 11:53

Main dishes of Kyrgyzstan

Salad "Zhanilyk"

Salad "Zhanilyk" The salad belongs to Kyrgyz cuisine and features a very interesting combination of ingredients. It is served with greens and canned cherries. The salad is hearty and meaty, enough to feed 4-5 people! Ingredients:

13.09.2021, 21:12

Ethnography

The Interior Decoration of Yurts among the Kyrgyz

The Interior Decoration of a Kyrgyz Yurt The interior decoration of the yurt has been established over centuries, and to this day, there is a significant consistency in the arrangement of various items and the purpose of different parts of the space. For example, there are still distinctions between the women's and men's halves, the honored place, and the place for the fire (the Kyrgyz call it kolomto). The fire is lit on a flat surface or in a small depression. For the cauldron, an

13.09.2021, 18:13

Osh - 3000

The City of Osh in the Life of A. Masaliev

Memories of Masaliev He began his memories of working in the city with its history. In his opinion, Osh is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia. The fate of the city has been such that, despite its long existence, during which 50-60 generations of our compatriots have changed, no notable historical monuments have survived here, except for Sulaiman Mountain and various legends surrounding it, as well as some museum exhibits. However, we know that the Great Silk Road, over 7,000 kilometers

12.09.2021, 15:54

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Golden Bronze Beetle - Altinday Kolosimal Beetle

Golden Bronze Beetle - Cetonia aurata L. The beetle is magnificently colored. Under the bright rays of the sun, the bronze beetle shines like a precious stone, sparkling like gold. The body is wide, with a golden-green color on top and a copper-red color underneath. There are white transverse stripes on the elytra. Its length is up to 20 mm. The bronze beetle is often mistaken for the common May beetle, as they belong to the same family. These insects can be distinguished by their bright

11.09.2021, 20:10

Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

The Coup in Pishpek in March 1917

THE COUP IN PISHPEK The political coup that began in Pishpek was accompanied by a change of power, ownership of the means of production, a restructuring of state administration, and the establishment of a socialist system of economic and cultural life. On March 3, 1917, a telegram from Petrograd conveyed to Pishpek the official announcement of the overthrow of the autocratic power and the arrest of tsarist ministers, as well as the formation of a provisional government in Russia. The

11.09.2021, 19:51

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Mythological Type of Consciousness in the Development of the Kyrgyz

Mythological Type of Consciousness A person controls their own actions, accepts and bears full responsibility for them. The regulator of their behavior is ethics, legal norms, and ideology, expressed in a way that is understandable to all. This highest type of consciousness for our time was preceded by two lower types.

11.09.2021, 19:29

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Pulad-Khan — the Poor Kyrgyz Who Became a Khan

Mulla Iskak Asan oglu — Pulad-Khan The most loyal and consistent leader of the uprising of 1873–1876 was Mulla Iskak Asan oglu — Pulad-Khan (1844–1876). As evidenced by a number of archival documents and literary sources, Pulad-Khan was of common origin. The head of the Zaravshan department, A. Abramov, and military historian M. Terentyev emphasize that Pulad-Khan was a simple Kyrgyz. The ruler of Kashgar, Muhammad Yakubbek, and the Shah of Karategin, Muhammad Rahimbay, referred to Pulad-Khan

10.09.2021, 09:31

The epic "Manas" in prose

Epic "Manas". The Great Campaign. The Wounding of Manas and the Return of the Kyrgyz to Talas. Part-3

The Great Campaign. The Wounding of Manas and the Return of the Kyrgyz to Talas. Part-3 When Almambet was in battle, Konurbai sent the eloquent Changtiybes as an envoy to Manas and asked to suspend the battle for seven days. Manas agreed and announced a seven-day truce. Hearing this, Almambet was very upset and said to Manas:

10.09.2021, 09:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Itardji, Yarki, Kaluchi

Itardji, Yarki, Kaluchi Itardji (Itarchi) have been known since the time of Khizr-Khodja-khan. According to Muhammad Haider, Emir Khudaydad Duglat hid the young Khizr-Khodja from the persecutions of Kamar ad-Din and sent twelve people with him, including the ancestor of the Itardji tribe, Ardižrak. Subsequently, Khizr-Khodja, having become the khan of Moghulistan, elevated all those who accompanied him in his flight. Itardji are mentioned in the army of Sultan Said-khan. Later, they became

09.09.2021, 23:13

Women of Kyrgyzstan

Epic Heroine Kyz Saikal

KYZ SAYKAL - MAIDEN-WARRIOR In the memory of the Kyrgyz people, the name of the fearless woman—warrior from the Ketmen-Tyubinskaya valley in southern Kyrgyzstan, Saykal, the wife of the manap Ryskulbek Narbotoev, has been preserved. At a critical moment for her tribesmen, Saykal, dressed in male military armor, managed to organize a defense against a squad of foreigners who came to capture her wounded husband. In 1864, the Sayak tribe, numbering 10,000 families, led by manap Ryskulbek

09.09.2021, 22:50

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Approval of the total estimated cost of construction for the first phase of the trolleybus in the city of Frunze. Document No. 175 (September 1947)

RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE KYRGYZ SSR "ON APPROVAL OF THE GENERAL ESTIMATE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST PHASE OF THE TROLLEYBUS IN FRUNZE" Frunze, September 12, 1947 The Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR resolves:

09.09.2021, 21:10

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of Chotur the Orphan. Part - 1

CHOTUR THE ORPHAN. Part-1 In ancient times, in different parts of the vast steppe, there lived two herders — Aalybay and Musabay. They had countless sheep. The herders constantly migrated with their flocks. One day, Aalybay and Musabay met and became friends. But they were not together for long — it was time to drive the flocks to other places.

08.09.2021, 22:40

Shabdan Baatyr

Letters of Ataka Batyr Tynai Biiy Uulu

LETTER FROM ATAKE BATYR TYNAY BI UULU TO THE COMMANDER OF THE SIBERIAN REGIMENTS GENERAL N. T. OGAREV August 23, 1785 To the esteemed state advisor, friend of the ruler of eternal happiness, equal to the batyr Sulayman and akin to the great padishah Iskender, possessing a four-sided space, the chief elder, serving and having access to the majestic emperor, radiating happiness and goodness, the great welcoming military leader, member of the government, victorious in battles, listening to the

08.09.2021, 22:09

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Appointment of Yu. Abdrakhmanov as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Republic

The Contribution of Yu. Abdrakhmanov to the Economic Development of the Kirghiz ASSR Thanks to the ideological defeat of the supporters of group fighting, a turning point was achieved in the work of the party organization of the republic in 1925-1926. This led to a regrouping of forces and a search for new tactics. The regional party committee implemented significant personnel changes. The leaders of the factions—second secretary of the regional committee Babakhanov, head of the

07.09.2021, 15:47

Ethnography

Social Hierarchy of Kyrgyz Women

SOCIAL HIERARCHY OF WOMEN Reliable information about the social structure of the Kyrgyz people can be found in various sources from the second half of the 19th century. During the Soviet period, social relations were viewed from the perspective of class struggle theory. While not denying social and property differentiation, it should be noted that the system of social relations functioned on the basis of patriarchal-clan relationships. Different strata of society can be grouped according to

07.09.2021, 10:38

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic "Manas". The Quarrel Between Chubak and Almanbet

The Quarrel of Chubak and Almanbet The head of the warriors, Kyrgyl, At forty, he still sinned. A well-known adulterer, He did no good for the people, He was known as a gossip in the folk. And once he spread a rumor That at night Chubak Met secretly with Kanikei. Learning that Almanbet and Syrgak Had gone on reconnaissance to Beijin, He said to Chubak in front of the warriors: — Son of Khan Akbalta, Chubak! Didn’t know you were such a fool. Though you are a Noygut hero, You are lower than a

06.09.2021, 09:39

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Industrial Progress in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War

Kyrgyzstan on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War In February 1941, the workers of Kyrgyzstan celebrated a significant date—the fifteenth anniversary of national socialist statehood. During the days of this glorious anniversary, the Kyrgyz people, with a sense of great pride, summarized the results of the difficult path of struggle and victories achieved under the leadership of the Communist Party within the fraternal family of free and equal peoples of the USSR. The main condition and starting

05.09.2021, 17:05

Kurmanjan Datka

The Bukhara Invasion of Fergana in the Early 1840s

The Bukhara Invasion of Fergana The successful conquest of Kyrgyzstan's territory by the Khans of Kokand was facilitated by inter-clan and tribal feuds among Kyrgyz feudal lords, who refused to unite even in the face of a common enemy. Thus, in late summer 1821, Omar Khan sent Beknazar-biy - his loyal Kyrgyz feudal lord, who led the clan of Kutluk-Seyid and was simultaneously the hakim of the city of Kasana - to subjugate the Kyrgyz of the Sarybagysh clan, who were nomadic near the city

04.09.2021, 18:07

Meat and offal dishes

Khoshan (Kyrgyz-style pastries)

Khoshan Khoshans are the Kyrgyz version of the well-known dish called manti. The general cooking technique is indeed similar. However, while manti are steamed in a steamer, khoshans are browned in a pan and then stewed in a small amount of water. The difference in taste is simply colossal; each dish has its own charm. Ingredients:

04.09.2021, 17:46

Ethnography

External Decorations of Southern Kyrgyz Yurts

Yurt of the Laylak District (above), yurt of the Alay Valley (below). Motifs of the appliqué ornament on the dome of the yurt (right). Decorations of Southern Kyrgyz Yurts Let’s move on to the description of the external decorations of southern Kyrgyz yurts. Several variations are noted. In the Alay and Uzgen districts, a woolen strip (20–25 cm) with appliqué or a red wool fringe (tor chachy) is attached to the edge of the "uzuk." In other districts (Naukat, Frunze, Batken, Laylak,

04.09.2021, 17:12

Osh - 3000

The Role of First Secretaries in the Development of the City of Osh

Creation of the Construction Industry Base in Osh Of course, the development of the city of Osh did not go unnoticed by the leaders of the republic. It is important to highlight the significant role of T. Usubaliev — the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan from 1961 to 1985, S. Begaliev — the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the republic for over 20 years, and A. Masaliev — the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

04.09.2021, 16:18

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Fragrant Beauty - The Beetle of the Living Gift

Fragrant Calosoma - Calosoma sycophanta L. The name "Calosoma" translates from Latin as "beautiful beetle," and it is aptly named. It has a remarkably beautiful dark blue coloration, while its elytra are golden-green with a metallic sheen. The ability of the Calosoma to move well among trees distinctly sets it apart from other predatory ground beetles.

22.07.2021, 17:50

Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

The Uprising of 1916 in the Pishpek District

Reasons for the Start of the 1916 Uprising Against Tsarist Autocracy by the Peoples of Central Asia Pishpek, which served in the late 19th century as a place of exile for those deemed undesirable by the tsarist government for political reasons, became one of the centers for the spread of illegal revolutionary literature and the activities of social democracy in northern Kyrgyzstan. In 1903, Marxist-Leninist literature was distributed by Viktor Ivanovich Loytser, who had been exiled from

22.07.2021, 17:04

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The Evolution of Consciousness - Part of the Overall Process of Historical Development of the Kyrgyz

The evolution of consciousness - part of the overall process of historical development of humanity Human mental processes have characteristic historical features that arise from the peculiar conditions of life and social practice of each historical era. These features are determined by the system of social relations, under the influence of which a person exists from the very first steps of their life, and the system of language through which they express their thoughts and feelings. A whole

20.07.2021, 09:46

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Anti-Feudal and National-Liberation Character of the Uprising of 1873-1876.

"Kyl-kuyruk" Abdurakhman Aftobachi, who had recently returned from Mecca, where he went on pilgrimage, Isa-Auliye, known for his religious fanaticism, and other representatives of the feudal nobility, in an attempt to use the workers' protests for their own interests and direct it along an anti-Russian path, declared a jihad, i.e., a holy war against the "infidels" in August 1875, at the beginning of the second stage of the uprising. These individuals and other

20.07.2021, 09:23

The epic "Manas" in prose

Epic "Manas". The Great Campaign. The Wounding of Manas and the Return of the Kyrgyz to Talas. Part 2

The Great Campaign. The Wounding of Manas and the Return of the Kyrgyz to Talas. Part-2 Meanwhile, Konurbay was plotting something sinister. He was relentlessly thinking of a plan to kill Manas. He could not sleep at night, nor find peace during the day because of this thought. Manas' palace was guarded by forty choro and Kyrgyl. They drove away anyone who approached him with words, if someone understood their language, or with the point of spears and the edge of swords, if someone did

19.07.2021, 08:36

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Bulghachi, Dolony, Duglaty, Dukhutui

Bulghachi, Dolony, Duglaty, Dukhtui Bulghachi (bulghachi-dalkar, bulghachi-vilkar, bulghachi-saludji)—is identified with the Mongolian tribe of Bulghachin, which inhabited the region of Bargunjin — Tokum, east of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. S. M. Abramzon questions their ethnic connection. In the second half of the 14th century, the Bulghachi tribe roamed in the territory somewhere between Yulduz and Emil. Their emirs actively participated in the political life of Moghulistan. Some Bulghachi fled from

19.07.2021, 08:17

Women of Kyrgyzstan

The Scythian Queen Tomyris

TOMYRIS - QUEEN OF THE SAKAS In the first millennium B.C., vast expanses from the Danube to the Yenisei and Eastern Turkestan were roamed by related tribes, whom the Persians called Sakas and the Greeks called Scythians. It is believed that the term "Saka" meant "mighty man" (warrior). The Sakas were ancient inhabitants of the mountains and valleys of the Tian Shan. This is evidenced not only by rock paintings and individual accidental finds but also by treasures. In total,

18.07.2021, 12:16

Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of Kyochpesbai and His Son Shukurbek

KYOCHPESBAI AND HIS SON SHUKURBEK Once upon a time, in ancient times, there lived two rich men. One was named Kyocherbai the Wanderer, and the other Kyochpesbai the Settler. Kyocherbai would migrate with his herds to the summer pastures of the jailoo every spring and return for wintering in late autumn. Kyochpesbai, on the other hand, never migrated anywhere and always lived in one place. But one year, Kyochpesbai's livestock completely ate all the grass around his camp, and he was forced

18.07.2021, 09:30

History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Introduction to the Operation of the Under-Construction Repair and Mechanical Plant of Republican Subordination. Document No. 174 (August 1947)

ORDER OF THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL INDUSTRY OF THE KYRGYZ SSR ON THE PARTIAL COMMISSIONING OF THE UNDER-CONSTRUCTION REPUBLICAN SUBORDINATE REPAIR AND MECHANICAL PLANT Frunze, August 27, 1947 § 1 In order to increase the production of consumer goods in accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR No. 1160 dated December 10, 1946, to partially commission the construction of the republican subordinate repair and mechanical plant starting from September 15-10, 1947. §2

17.07.2021, 10:26

Shabdan Baatyr

Hero Demanded by the Era. Conclusion

Madrasah for children, built by Shabdan Jantayev in 1907 - 1909. Hero, Demanded by the Era. Part -5 Perhaps, Shabdan hero was among the Muslim population of Turkestan the holder of, perhaps, the largest number of government awards: 5 first-class honorary robes, 1 second-class robe, two large gold medals on Stanislav and Annen ribbons for wearing around the neck, four medals: a) In memory of the conquest of the Kokand Khanate, b) In memory of all campaigns and expeditions in Central Asia from

17.07.2021, 10:15

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

"Theory" of Mass Organization by Yu. Abdrakhmanov

Disagreements between Kamensky and Abdrakhmanov In the early 1920s, Yu. Abdrakhmanov worked as the secretary of the Almaty district-city committee of the Communist Party of Turkestan, a member of the Semirechensk regional party committee, and the secretary of the Kopal and Taldy-Kurgan district-city party committees. He was also a member of the local executive committees and a member of the presidiums of the Union of the Poor and Laborers in these districts. Later, he became the head of the

16.07.2021, 20:29

Ethnography

Transformation of Land Use Patterns of the Kyrgyz in the Second Half of the 19th - Early 20th Century.

Transformation of Land Use Among the Kyrgyz There existed a patronage system that was most vividly manifested in wealthy collectives. Affluent leaders distributed the products of collective labor, expanded networks of social ties, and provided legal protection for their wards. Community heads were consulted for advice and assistance, and they had to find solutions to complex situations. This contributed to the development of a paternalistic psychology. The paradox was that, on one hand, any

15.07.2021, 04:00

Insects of Kyrgyzstan

The Singing Cicada Dimissa - Chyryldak Dimisstiki

Singing cicada dimissa - Cicadetta dimissa Hag Like other equal-winged insects, the singing cicada dimissa is characterized by four wings of equal density and a proboscis that replaces its mouthparts. The proboscis contains long, thin, and very sharp bristles. With their help, the cicada easily pierces the bark of plants and sucks the sap, which is the only food for these insects. In German, "cicadas" translates to "singing grasshoppers." They are called this because the

15.07.2021, 01:00

Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"

The Epic of "Manas". The Appointment of Almanbet as Commander-in-Chief

Appointment of Almanbet as Commander-in-Chief In the valley of the Sary-Tal river The warriors on the march Set up a large camp. They stuck their spears in the soft ground, Threw their swords into the bushes, And let the horses graze. Some, escaping the heat, Bathed naked in the river, Others slept under the tent. Having trampled the grass in a circle, They organized a game of ordo. Appointing a large baiga, They played toguz-korgol here. As if a thousand troops Had set off on a great campaign

14.07.2021, 20:37

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Agriculture of Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Agriculture during the War Period In writing the chapter and section on the agriculture of Kyrgyzstan during the war, materials from the consolidated annual reports of collective farms, stored in the Central State Archive of the National Economy of the USSR (fond 7486) and the Central State Archive of the Kyrgyz SSR (fond 1642—People's Commissariat of Land of the Republic) for the years 1941—1945 were used. A truthful analysis and in-depth examination of the simple yet illustrative

14.07.2021, 20:26

Kurmanjan Datka

Events of the Second Half of the 18th Century in Southern Kyrgyzstan

Events 200 Years Ago Let’s return to the events of 200 years ago. What was Osh primarily for the formidable rulers of Fergana at that time? A coveted point, the owner of which gained influence over a vast region - an important section of the Great Silk Road.

12.07.2021, 11:32

Meat and offal dishes

Boman-boza - a dish of Kyrgyz cuisine

Boman-boza. This dish is prepared similarly to khoshan, but instead of frying, it is steamed, like manti. Boman-boza is round in shape. In the classic version, boman-boza is made from lamb and tail fat.

12.07.2021, 11:14

Ethnography

Fastenings of the Components of the Kyrgyz Yurt

Components of the Yurt To understand the fastening system of the components of the yurt, it is necessary to sequentially examine the order of its installation. As is the case everywhere among the Kyrgyz, the installation of the yurt is the responsibility of women (men only helped to lift the heavy hoop). First, the door frame is set up, and the lattice walls are stretched, placing them in a circle. The edges are connected by tying them with twine or narrow woven tape (ribbon). The top of the

11.07.2021, 09:34

Osh - 3000

Honored Builder of the Kyrgyz SSR Yan Efimovich Fisher

Fisher Yan Efimovich It is worth noting the activities of another leader. We mean Fisher Yan Efimovich, who, after graduating from the Frunze Polytechnic Institute in 1959 (specialty: industrial and civil construction), dedicated many years of his life to the construction industry in Kyrgyzstan. Over 26 years of work, Y. E. Fisher made a significant contribution to the socio-economic development of the city of Osh. Under his direct leadership, dozens of industrial and civil facilities,

11.07.2021, 09:14

The epic "Manas" in prose

Epic "Manas". The Great Campaign. The Wounding of Manas and the Return of the Kyrgyz to Talas. Part 1

The Great Campaign. The Wounding of Manas and the Return of the Kyrgyz to Talas. Manas imposed a heavy tribute on Beidzhin. Meanwhile, Konurbai fled to the farthest Beidzhin to Karakhan and told him about the defeat that Manas inflicted on them. - This spawn, the villain Manas, will not leave us alive, - he concluded his story and wept.

09.07.2021, 12:20

Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

The Rapid Development of Pishpek in the Late 19th Century

Gordskaya uprava in the Terentyev house. City Development In 1912, there were 12 educational institutions in Pishpek, including a men's gymnasium, a Russian-native and agricultural school, 3 madrasahs, and 6 primary schools. In the gymnasium in 1915, 122 children of imperial officials, officers, merchants, bais, and manaps studied, and in 1913, there were 3 Orthodox churches and 20 mosques. The increase in the number of educational institutions was associated with the growth of the

09.07.2021, 12:09