All political entities of the Middle Ages in the territory of Central Asia somehow affected the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The western regions of the Turkic Khaganate encompassed the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. As early as 553, Istemi, the younger brother of the khagan Bumyn, included the lands of 10 tribes into the khaganate. The khaganates that arose after the collapse of the First Turkic Khaganate (early VII century) — the Western Turkic, Turgish, Karluk, and Karakhanid khaganates — were mainly formed on the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The Karakhanid state had the largest territory. Expanding their possessions, the founders of the Karakhanid dynasty captured significant areas of Eastern Turkestan, Central Tien Shan, Semirechye, Fergana, and Mawarannahr. In the northeast, the borders of the Karakhanid state extended through Balhash, Issyk-Kul, Ala-Kul, and reached Chuguchak. The capital of the khaganate was the city of Balasagun (the ruins of the Burana settlement near the modern city of Tokmok). The second capital was considered to be Uzgen, later Samarkand.
The territory of the Kyrgyz of Yenisei is described in chronicles as follows: “The Hyagasi (Kyrgyz) had a strong state, equal in size to the possessions of the Turks (referring to the Second Turkic Khaganate). In the east, it extended to Lake Guliqan (Baikal), in the south — to Tibet (Eastern Turkestan), in the southwest — to Gelolu (Semirechye).” The northern borders of the state reached modern Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk. During the period of great power, when the Kyrgyz were able to subjugate many areas of Central Asia, their possessions even reached the foothills of Tien Shan, where they left traces of their presence. It is quite likely that part of the Kyrgyz settled in this region. According to ancient steppe tradition, the people who owned Kangyuy were considered the rulers of all nomads. In their time, such states were created by the Huns, Juan-Juans (Avars), Turks, Kipchaks (Sen'yato), Uyghurs, and later — Mongols.
The Kyrgyz remained on the Yenisei for a long time, almost until the XVIII century, and later became known by the names of Khakass, Tuvans, Shors, Altaians, and others. During the XII-XVI centuries, based on the merging of the Kyrgyz of Central Asia with local Turkic-speaking tribes (Dulu, Nushibi, Turgish, Karluk, Yagma, Chigili, Tukhsi, etc.) and the incoming Yenisei Kyrgyz, the Kyrgyz people formed, who by that time had finally determined their place of residence.
