The Soviets became local authorities that primarily influenced representatives of the European diaspora. Muslims sought their protection in national organizations such as "Bukhara," Muslim committees, "Ittifaq," "Alash," etc.
The hastily assembled Soviet government clearly lacked people who were not just revolutionaries, but primarily capable of certain practical tasks. The power held on thanks to numerous promises, widespread confusion, and support from armed soldiers, sailors, workers, and internationalists. In Kyrgyzstan, however, the "new power," as usual, ended beyond the county centers and a few coal mines in the south. The revolutionary process here was only progressing with difficulty because
Upon coming to power, Lenin did everything to dismantle the old bourgeois legal system as a relic of capitalist production relations, resulting in unimaginable legal chaos in the country. The situation was exacerbated by the issuance of numerous decrees that were unfeasible under conditions of emergency and military communism. Therefore, the Soviet government made a practical decision—to grant communist judges unlimited freedom of action, basing their decisions on "revolutionary
As a result of the investigation, a ruling by the revolutionary tribunal was issued, stating that "the interrogated defendants... testified that they never opposed Soviet power and did not hold any secret meetings, and that the charges against them were brought by Khasanov out of personal enmity, and that the accusation is pure lies. Khasanov is trying to tarnish them by any means necessary. The witnesses referred to by Khasanov... (a complete list of witness names followed. — 3. K.)
In the statement by X. Khasanov regarding the accused, it was written: "1. Citizen Abdulkarim Sydykov, as everyone knows, previously served in the district administration as a translator and became quite notorious in this position as a lover of easy profit and a extractor of all resources from the Kyrgyz people. Who among them has not had some dealings with the district administration? Being elected as a deputy to the district commissioner by the Provisional Government, he constantly
Two months before the spontaneously begun Belyvodsk uprising, on September 30, 1918, X. Khasanov, who at that time was the commissioner for national affairs of the Pishpek Soviet, as well as a member of the investigative commission and the local revolutionary tribunal, attempted to initiate a case against Abdykerim Sydykov, Satarkul and Sadik Djangarachiev, Seydakhmat Chukin, Asankul Cholponkulov, Akhmed-bek Koybagarov, Dauletbek Kobylyov, Azimbek Sagymbaev, and Sadibakas Jandaev on charges of
One episode from the life of A. Sydykov is associated with his membership in the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which could have turned tragic for him. After the suppression of the uprising in Moscow, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party was labeled as counter-revolutionary and pro-Kulak. However, despite the fierce anti-SR propaganda and agitation, the task of liquidating this nearly million-member organization was by no means simple. A new pretext was needed to finally discredit the
The significant role of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries in the fate of revolutionary Russia was acknowledged even by Lenin, who had always held a hostile view towards any kind of "deviationists" from the "general line." In his obituary for Proshyan, who died a few months after the July uprising underground, he wrote: "And yet Proshyan managed to do more for the strengthening of Soviet power until July 1918 than from July 1918 onwards for its undermining." The
It is a common belief that the beginning of the split between the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries was marked by the latter's refusal to recognize the Treaty of Brest. In reality, the disagreements began even earlier. Two weeks after the October Revolution, a clash occurred over the closure of several bourgeois newspapers in Petrograd. The training of the Socialist-Revolutionaries let down the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. They turned out to be more democratic than they
The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs) was formed in Russia in 1902 and made a loud statement with several shocking acts of terror against tsarist officials. They assassinated the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia, Pleve, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov. In this way, they attempted to force the tsarist government to grant the people a constitution and civil liberties. The assassination of 20-year-old M. Spiridonova, the Tambov pacifier of peasants, Luzhenovsky, received
On November 12, 1917, elections in Semirechye for the Constituent Assembly were disrupted by armed soldiers. In the voting for this body, the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) gathered over 50% of the votes nationwide, while the Bolsheviks received only 25%. The masses voted against left radicalism, for a peaceful evolutionary path of development.
The Alash Party and its leaders were accused of betraying the interests of their people in 1916, in the repression against the rebels. This is a clear exaggeration; such a party simply did not exist in Kyrgyzstan. The future party members were evolutionists by conviction and consistent supporters of reforms and constitutional methods of changing the state structure; they were by no means enthusiastic about the uprising, considering the path of armed struggle against tsarism to be suicidal.
A. Bukeykhanov, M. Tynyshpayev, Zh. Seydalin, M. Dulatov, and others played a significant role in the creation of the Alash Party. However, the idea of transforming it into a branch of the Cadet Party was not supported by the II Congress of the Cadets in 1906. Neither the Russian autocracy nor the Russian liberals could accept the Alashists' platform for creating an autonomous state formation within Russia. The precedent for creating autonomy, initiated by those who believed it necessary
Soon A. Sydykov resigned, as the Provisional Government disappointed the expectations of the indigenous masses and did not stop the repressions. By its decree of March 14, 1917, it upheld all imperial decrees that protected colonial orders: "all acts of the supreme administration that occurred before February 27 are to be considered legal." On April 19, the Turkestan Committee of the Provisional Government adopted a resolution prohibiting Kyrgyz and Kazakh refugees from China from
Struggle for Power Among Individual Exploitative Groups With the overthrow of Tsarism (according to political scientist Zh. Medvedev, the February Revolution occurred without the participation of any parties or revolutionaries, driven by the spontaneous discontent of the residents of Petrograd and Moscow due to the sharp devaluation of the ruble, which caused hunger), the illusion revived in Kyrgyzstan that the new power would end mass repressions. The only desire of the Kyrgyz in this
Explanation of A. Sydykov's Service in the Tsarist Administration The search for one's place in life — this can explain A. Sydykov's service in the colonial administration. Working in the administration, due to the lack of other significant cultural centers in Bishkek, opened up opportunities for A. Sydykov to engage in a more diverse civic life. As the son of very wealthy and influential parents, he was unlikely to be preoccupied with the desire for wealth. According to his
The Achievement of Greatness by A. Sydykov Thanks to the Soviet System The fate of A. Sydykov and many of his associates compels a reevaluation of the role of Kyrgyz civil servants. From the perspective of the Bolsheviks, all these people were initially "fellow travelers," "adaptors," "bloodsuckers." Later, these labels transformed into the specter of the "enemy of the people." The Bolsheviks hated the civil servants of the old regime. They were to
City of Verny Years of Study in Verny At his father's insistence, from 1904 to 1911, Abdykerim studied at the Vernensky Men's Gymnasium — a privileged educational institution of European type. The only similar gymnasium in all of Turkestan was located in Tashkent; later, they were opened in Bishkek and Aulie-Ata. Applicants for admission were required to know prayers, be able to read and write in Russian, and perform arithmetic operations within a thousand. Mandatory subjects at the
Master of Political Game Baitik, Uzbek, and Abdikerim were destined to become masters of the political game. While the first believed he should not yield to anyone in military valor, and the second fought primarily through propaganda, diplomacy, and even bribery, the third, being a subtle and observant psychologist, skillfully smoothed over all rough edges, supported friends, swayed the undecided to his side, attracted others with his external appearance and personal charm, sharp mind, and
“Fathers and Sons” Remembering what has been said, let us try to determine the scale of the personality of the famous Kyrgyz politician of the 1920s and 1930s, Abdykerim Sydykov, and his associates, as their fates and the life of society are interconnected far from formally. The forty-nine years of Abdykerim Sydykov's life, whose personal contribution to the history of the Kyrgyz people was distorted and silenced by the Soviet system and its ideologized history for many decades, were
"When creative people cease to appear, revolution is inevitable." The concept of A. Camus is interesting, in which the individual occupies an important place. It goes beyond the traditional interpretation of the clash of "antagonistic contradictions." In his opinion, society constantly lives in a state of reaction, and therefore is regularly threatened by revolutions. Revolutions are halted by creative individuals who triumph over the spirit of reaction. Consequently,
Personality and History Soviet scientific literature has always shown interest in the problem of the individual; however, it has not examined it thoroughly and deeply enough. The analysis of several of its aspects has been under an unspoken taboo. For example, issues of cannibalism, sexual attraction, or the significance of sexual selection in human origins, among others. Undoubtedly, other interests play a leading role in the spiritual life of a person, but this does not mean that the true
Peculiarities of the Psychology of the Kyrgyz People One can find the key to explaining many phenomena conditioned by the peculiarities of the social behavior of the nomadic masses and their educated representatives in specific situations. For example, in the 1920s, a struggle against tax evasion unfolded in Kyrgyzstan, which was directly related to the policy of strict adherence to the austerity regime. There was a catastrophic lack of funds for industrialization, which is why this policy was
“Who is not with us is against us” The traditional way of life of the Kyrgyz tribal society began to corrode and disintegrate since Kyrgyzstan joined Russia. One of the most educated people of his time, A. Sydykov, wrote that colonization and the strengthening of Russian influence “dealt a significant blow to tribal life, undermined the previous moral foundations on which the social and family life of the Kyrgyz rested.” In these words (and in his other works), one can sense the regret of a
Reformers from the Elite Layers of Society Many Kyrgyz Soviet-party leaders were pursued by the Soviet authorities for their so-called connections with the wealthy and the clan leaders, and some were even convicted, such as the second secretary of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Party D. Babakhanov and the chairman of the regional union "Koshchi" R. Khudaikulov. Their "connections" with the so-called "exploiters" had nothing criminal, illegal, or political
The Kyrgyz During the Bolshevization Period One should not think that the collective responsibility and subordination to one's clan, the traditional customs and norms were perceived by the nomad as a violation of human rights or an affront to his individuality. The clan structure and lifestyle were perceived not abstractly, but concretely — as an obligation to perform certain tasks, to herd livestock, to participate in raids, to protect the clan, to serve guests, at celebrations,
Moral and Ethical Norms of the Kyrgyz From the perspective of a modern person, it seems not difficult to imagine the social structure of Kyrgyzstan at the beginning of the 20th century, to distinguish between exploiters and the exploited, and to discover the close connection between the manaps and bai with tsarism, Russian landowners, and the bourgeoisie. We have been trained for too long and too persistently to think within the framework of class struggle that we have completely forgotten how
Narrow Mindset of the Kyrgyz Nomad The proposed general scheme of the evolution of consciousness aims to show what horizons can be revealed by understanding the characteristics of historical types of consciousness in the study of Kyrgyz history and history in general. Let’s clarify this with specific examples. Historical psychology is a young science, and there is still much that is unclear and undiscovered in it, so the first results of its application in specific historical analysis can only
Class Societies by Social Structure Each type of consciousness, until a certain point, of course, corresponded to society and satisfied its needs. Therefore, it is not appropriate to interpret each previous stage as primitive or elementary. “Primitive,” “archaic,” “barbaric,” “mythological” consciousness is by no means primitive and is called so due to its antiquity and originality. It is important to emphasize that all three types of consciousness do not exist in a “pure” form. Each of them
Traditional Type of Consciousness of the Kyrgyz In the traditional type of consciousness, the reflection of the world occurs predominantly spontaneously, but with elements of awareness and at the level of everyday pre-scientific concepts. As a result, the outcomes of knowledge are expressed quite generally and verbally. These knowledges are usually reduced to the statement of facts, their description, and do not rise to the level of scientific explanation and understanding; they do not form a
Mythological Type of Consciousness A person controls their own actions, accepts and bears full responsibility for them. The regulator of their behavior is ethics, legal norms, and ideology, expressed in a way that is understandable to all. This highest type of consciousness for our time was preceded by two lower types.
The evolution of consciousness - part of the overall process of historical development of humanity Human mental processes have characteristic historical features that arise from the peculiar conditions of life and social practice of each historical era. These features are determined by the system of social relations, under the influence of which a person exists from the very first steps of their life, and the system of language through which they express their thoughts and feelings. A whole
FEATURES OF HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE KYRGYZ IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY In addition to ideological, political, and socio-economic reasons, the crisis of historical science in Kyrgyzstan is also caused by the fact that our people, who lived before the Soviet era under a tribal system, did not have deep scientific traditions in studying their own history. On the other hand, take Russia, which had numerous scientific schools and directions, and outstanding titans of
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Part - 3 With the beginning of perestroika and the proclamation of independence, a movement opposing the official course pursued by the political leadership of Kyrgyzstan, headed by President A. Akayev, regained strength. This, however, does not contradict the proclaimed democratic path of development for our country. This also defines the particular relevance of studying the proposed issues, political leaders of both formal and informal types, the history and
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction. Part - 3 Among the works of predecessors that have directly and indirectly influenced the results of this historical research, it is important to highlight the writings of historians V. M. Ploskih, I. E. Semenov, Dzh. Dzhunushaliev, T. Ozhukeeva, A. Tuzov, and others, who have already dealt with the issues discussed in this book. The author disagrees with some of these researchers regarding the essence of how they unfold and interpret events, but does not
Work on Restoring Historical Truth in Kyrgyzstan A certain shift in the study of our issue began to emerge during the years of Khrushchev's "thaw." However, this trend soon "choked" due to internal resistance, manifesting itself in the political rehabilitation of only a few "enemies of the people," who were not active participants in opposition activities. The work on restoring historical truth in Kyrgyzstan still requires significant efforts. However, it can
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s. Introduction With the establishment of Soviet power, a political culture began to form and grow among the peoples now living in the new independent countries of the CIS, oriented towards a rigidly centralized state governance of society, with a pseudo-self-activity role of the public, as the Bolshevik-Communist party transformed into the backbone of a leaderist state system. It was then that the initiative and creativity of people were replaced by the self-activity of