Government

The Institute of the Presidency in Kyrgyzstan

The Institute of the Presidency in the Kyrgyz Republic Since 1991, the institute of the presidency has gained significant authority in the Kyrgyz Republic. In modern Kyrgyzstan, it is one of the key components in the system of state power. Its rational structure and functioning are important conditions for ensuring constitutionalism in the state. In the early years of independence, a presidential-parliamentary governance system emerged based on the Constitution of the KR of 1993. It gradually

17.03.2014, 13:11

Government

Structure of State Governance of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyzstan transformed from a part of a federal state (the USSR) into a sovereign, unitary, democratic republic. There was an evolutionary shift from Soviet totalitarian statehood towards democracy with a presidential form of governance. The political leadership of the country proclaimed the establishment of a secular rule-of-law state as a direction for development, enshrined in the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic.

17.03.2014, 12:58

Foreign policy

The Foreign Policy of the Kyrgyz during the Soviet Period

The foreign policy of the Kyrgyz SSR was built in accordance with the foreign policy course of the USSR. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was headed by the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the republic. The ministry's staff consisted of five to six people.

14.03.2014, 23:34

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz during the Soviet Period

During the Soviet period, Kyrgyzstan did not have its own army; its servicemen were part of the Central Asian Military District. Conscripts served both within the district and in all union republics, as well as in a limited contingent of Soviet troops abroad. Separate military units were stationed in Kyrgyzstan, and military flight schools were located in the cities of Frunze, Tokmak, and Kant, where youth from countries friendly to the USSR were trained. After the collapse of the USSR, it was

14.03.2014, 23:31

Science

Development of Science in Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet Period

1960-1966. Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR Certain successes were achieved in science. In the early years of Soviet power, various scientific expeditions were already operating in Kyrgyzstan. In 1928, the first Research Institute of Local Lore was established, which became the basis for the Institute of Animal Husbandry founded in 1930. By 1940, there were 13 scientific institutions in the republic, employing 323 researchers.

14.03.2014, 23:28

Education

Education of Kyrgyz People in the Soviet Period

Before the revolution, there were 107 Russian schools in Kyrgyzstan, where, in addition to Russian children, 574 Kyrgyz students were enrolled. The fight against illiteracy took on large proportions. By 1923, there were already 323 schools, of which 251 had Kyrgyz as the language of instruction, with more than 20,000 students. Schools and courses were organized for adult education and teacher training. By 1939, the literacy rate in the republic reached 70%.

14.03.2014, 23:20

Mass media

The Printing and Book Publishing of Kyrgyzstan in the Soviet Period

The establishment of printing and book publishing in the republic was fraught with great difficulties. There was no printing industry, a lack of journalists, and insufficient funds and paper. Initially, the publication of printed materials in the Kyrgyz language was carried out outside the republic.

14.03.2014, 22:58

Economy of Kyrgyzstan

The Economy of the Kyrgyz in the USSR (1917-1991)

The situation in Kyrgyzstan by the end of the Civil War was very difficult. In 1922, industrial production was about two-thirds of that in 1913, sown areas decreased by 45%, and livestock numbers fell by 29% compared to 1916. The difficulties of the recovery period were exacerbated by the multi-structured economy, the dominance of patriarchal-feudal relations in the ails, the lack of large-scale industry, an extensive network of railways and highways, and a low level of culture. Kyrgyzstan

14.03.2014, 22:42

Population

The Population of Kyrgyzstan in the Soviet Period (1917-1991)

Population of Kyrgyzstan from 1917 to 1970

14.03.2014, 22:33

Nature

Natural Resources in 1917-1991

Kyrgyzstan is rich in natural resources, with rare metal deposits of gold and sulfur-containing ores in its subsoil. The Jetim Basin contains sedimentary iron ores, with reserves of about 10 billion tons. The Southern Tien Shan has deposits of mercury, antimony, tin, and polymetals. In the Fergana Valley, oil and gas extraction is underway. In terms of geological coal reserves (31 billion tons), Kyrgyzstan ranks first in Central Asia. There are deposits of salt, gypsum, glass sands,

14.03.2014, 22:30

Territory, geography and administrative division

The Territory of the Kyrgyz in the USSR (1917-1991)

Administrative-territorial division of the Kyrgyz SSR as of January 1, 1972.

14.03.2014, 22:26

Government

Administration in Kyrgyzstan within the USSR (1917-1991)

The establishment of Soviet power and statehood in Kyrgyzstan began after the October Revolution of 1917. This process was quite lengthy. The first to establish Soviet power in the territory of Kyrgyzstan were the miners from Suluktu, followed by the miners of the city of Kyzyl-Kiya. In the city of Osh, the power was transferred to the Soviets only in January 1918 amidst fierce opposition. In Pishpek, the establishment of Soviet power was delayed until mid-January 1918, as a powerful center of

14.03.2014, 22:20

Foreign policy

Foreign Policy of the Kyrgyz in the 18th - Early 20th Century

During the period in question, Kyrgyzstan was unable to conduct any foreign policy. However, individual Kyrgyz biis, both as part of the Kokand Khanate (Kushchu-biy — mid-18th century, Nuzup-biy — 1830s, Alymbek datka — 1850s-60s, and Alymkul atalyk — 1860s) and independently, intervened in international affairs (Atake-biy, who sent an embassy to St. Petersburg in 1785-1787, Ormon-khan — 1840s-50s, Kachybek Sheralin — 1850s). These actions were aimed at establishing relations between the

13.03.2014, 17:52

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz in the 18th - Early 20th Century

Since the Kyrgyz did not have their own state formation during the period in question, there is no mention of the existence of national armed forces. However, the Kyrgyz served in the Kokand army, particularly as part of the cavalry (sipahi), which was considered the main strike force in the armed forces of the khanate. There are many examples in the history of the Kokand Khanate where Kyrgyz representatives served not only among the cavalry as sipahi and junior command staff but also in the

13.03.2014, 17:46

Science

The Science of the Kyrgyz in the 18th - Early 20th Century

The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century marked an era of scientific discovery in Kyrgyzstan. To gain an advantage in the covert struggle with Great Britain for control over Kyrgyzstan, Russia allocated significant funds for a comprehensive study of this region. A number of Russian scientific institutions sent their scholars — ethnographers, historians, geographers, mining engineers, and other specialists — to these areas of Central Asia as part of regular

13.03.2014, 17:20

Education

Education of the Kyrgyz in the 18th - early 20th century

It is known that in the 18th century, the Kyrgyz, although rarely, used a new writing system, as evidenced by the letters of the clan leaders Atake-bi, Boorombai-baatyr to the Russian authorities. At that time, the Kyrgyz used Chagatai script in Arabic script. Among the akyns who first began to write their works in the native Kyrgyz language, the most prominent was Moldо Niyaz (1823-1896) from Kadamjai. Moldо Niyaz wrote from the philosophical perspectives of Sufism in his elegant works about

13.03.2014, 17:15

Ethnography

The Culture of the Kyrgyz in the 18th - Early 20th Century

The nomadic lifestyle and patriarchal-clan way of life left an indelible mark on the material culture of the Kyrgyz. Overall, the material culture of the Kyrgyz, including housing, clothing, and decorative applied arts, remained largely at the level of the Middle Ages. Under the influence of new conditions, changes in material culture began to occur slowly. In the early 20th century, with the population transitioning to a sedentary lifestyle, new forms began to emerge in both settlements and

13.03.2014, 16:58

Economy of Kyrgyzstan

The Economy of the Kyrgyz in the 18th to Early 20th Century

Agriculture. According to the legislative acts of the Russian Empire, the lands of the indigenous population were declared state property, which had significant political implications. From the very first days of governing the region, the Russian government effectively began to act as the supreme landowner. The 1886 statute legally defined land relations of the indigenous population of Turkestan, reflecting the essence of land policy in Kyrgyzstan. Although the land was generally declared

12.03.2014, 22:23

Population

The Population of Kyrgyzstan in the 18th - Early 20th Century

Historical information about the size of the multi-ethnic population of the Fergana Valley during the Kokand Khanate is very scarce. We will use the information provided by the orientalist A. Kun. According to the author's estimates, based on oral information from Kokand officials, in the 1870s, there were 132,000 families of settled people and 60,000 families of nomadic people living in the Fergana Valley. This amounts to 960,000 people. Considering that the nomads in the 1870s were

12.03.2014, 22:16

Nature

Natural Resources of the Kyrgyz in the 18th - Early 20th Century

Even during the time of the Kokand Khanate, the wealth of the subsoil of Kyrgyzstan was well known. Local coal, limestone, iron ores, etc., were extracted. However, more accurate information about the mineral resources of Kyrgyzstan emerged during the colonial period. In the early 1890s, intensive exploration and development of coal and oil deposits began in southern Kyrgyzstan. Since 1898, coal seams were being developed in Kyzyl-Kiya — the birthplace of the mining industry in Kyrgyzstan.

12.03.2014, 21:33

Territory, geography and administrative division

The Territory of the Kyrgyz in the 18th to Early 20th Century

During the period under consideration, the Kyrgyz population occupied approximately the same part of the territory that now constitutes the Kyrgyz Republic.

12.03.2014, 21:28

Government

Governance in Kyrgyzstan in the 18th to early 20th Century

The new period of Kyrgyzstan's history spans from the 18th to the early 20th century. It can be conditionally divided into several stages.

12.03.2014, 21:06

Foreign policy

The Geopolitical Environment of the Kyrgyz in the 6th—18th Centuries

The Turkic states pursued an active foreign policy and participated in geopolitical games in the Eurasian space. Starting from the VI century AD, control over the Silk Road permanently passed to the Turkic states. The outstanding Turkic leader Kagan Istemi sent an embassy from the shores of Issyk-Kul to the world center of that time — Byzantium. This step was the first major geopolitical act of the Turkic kagans aimed at forming a triple alliance — the Turkic Kaganate - China - Byzantium —

12.03.2014, 20:54

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz in the 6th to 18th Centuries

The structure, organization, and supply of the armed forces of the Kyrgyz during that period were based on the principles of the organization of the Huns — the ancestors of modern Turkic peoples, including the Kyrgyz. It is known that Attila's Huns reached the Gibraltar Strait in the 4th-5th centuries. Turkic khans from the 6th century were able to conquer the entire Great Steppe in a short time and reached the Black Sea.

12.03.2014, 20:32

Literature

Mahmud Kashgari "Diwan Lugat At-Turk"

The work of Mahmud Kashgari 'Divan Lugat At-Turk' ('Dictionary of Turkic Dialects') is not just a dictionary in the modern sense of the word. This work concentrates the scientific achievements of philology, linguistics, history, geography, philosophy, and the problems of natural sciences. His lifetime fell in the 11th century. The scholar was originally from the southern shore of Issyk-Kul (Barskhan). At some point in his life, he moved from Barskhan to Kashgar and created

12.03.2014, 19:38

Literature

Jusup Balasagyn: "The Gracious Knowledge"

Little is known about Jusup Balasagyn, the author of the greatest work — the poem “Blessed Knowledge”, or “The Science of State Governance.” He was born around 1010-1016 (1018) in the capital of the medieval Karakhanid state — the city of Balasagyn. He was a highly educated man of his time — possessing profound knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, history, philosophy, aesthetics, ethics, literature, Arabic and Iranian-Tajik poetry, Turkic folklore, and the Persian language. He

12.03.2014, 19:35

Education

The Education of Kyrgyz in the 6th to 18th Centuries

The Karakhanid period, as the apex of Turkic civilization, was a time when science and education were at the roots of the formation of two deeply interconnected cultural civilizations — sedentary agricultural and nomadic. The greatest minds of the Middle Ages lived in Central Asia during the 10th to 12th centuries — Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Omar Khayyam, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Muhammad Al-Farabi. In the 10th century, Islam as a religion spread not only among the sedentary but also the nomadic

12.03.2014, 19:30

Religion

The Religion of the Kyrgyz in the VI—XVIII Centuries

Alongside Islam, the life of the Kyrgyz was widely influenced by customs and traditions of pre-Islamic religious beliefs. Primarily, these were reflections of the natural and social forces dominating the people's consciousness. The custom of worshiping various animals—totemism—was one of the earliest forms of religious consciousness. For instance, one of the clans of the northern Kyrgyz is called "bugu" (deer). Its members still preserve legends and traditions associated with

12.03.2014, 19:05

Ethnography

The Culture of the Kyrgyz in the 6th—18th Centuries

The ancient Turkic nomads who inhabited the territory of Kyrgyzstan left behind unique monuments — large stone sculptures that captured the spiritual essence of an entire era. The main themes of these sculptures are the defense of the homeland against foreign invaders, the awareness of one's identity and strength, and the understanding of the role of man in the world and the meaning of life.

12.03.2014, 19:02

Economy of Kyrgyzstan

The Economy of the Kyrgyz in the VI—XVIII Centuries

The economy of Kyrgyzstan during the era of Turkic states experienced syncretic development (a combination of the advantages of nomadic and settled lifestyles).

12.03.2014, 17:28

Population

The Population of Kyrgyzstan in the VI—XVIII Centuries

The ethnonyms “Turk” and “Turkut” were first mentioned in a Chinese chronicle from the year 546. Denoting the self-name of the people, they contained, according to runic texts, the concepts of “strong,” “stable,” and “unwavering.” On the other hand, the ethnonyms had more of a social than an ethnic significance, as they were initially associated only with representatives of the military aristocracy. Over time, they spread not only to the clan led by the military aristocracy but also to the

12.03.2014, 16:43

Nature

Natural Resources of the Kyrgyz in the 6th—18th Centuries

The territory of medieval Kyrgyzstan was home to numerous plant species, many of which are endemics representing a highly valuable gene pool for our planet. In accordance with the physical and geographical zones characteristic of Kyrgyzstan, several types of vegetation formed: steppe, tall grass, subalpine, and alpine meadows, unique pistachio, almond, cherry, exochorda, and other shrubs; relict nut-bearing forests, fir, spruce, maple, birch, poplar-willow, and juniper forests.

12.03.2014, 13:44

Territory, geography and administrative division

The Territory of the Kyrgyz in the VI—XVIII Centuries

All political entities of the Middle Ages in the territory of Central Asia somehow affected the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The western regions of the Turkic Khaganate encompassed the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. As early as 553, Istemi, the younger brother of the khagan Bumyn, included the lands of 10 tribes into the khaganate. The khaganates that arose after the collapse of the First Turkic Khaganate (early VII century) — the Western Turkic, Turgish, Karluk, and Karakhanid khaganates — were

12.03.2014, 13:22

Government

Governance in Kyrgyzstan in the 6th—18th Centuries

The second half of the first millennium is characterized by the formation and development of early feudal Turkic states over a vast territory of Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central and Inner Asia. This period is referred to as the early phase of the Turkic era.

12.03.2014, 13:17

Foreign policy

The Geopolitical Environment of the Kyrgyz Before the 6th Century

Since the Sakas did not have a centralized state, they did not conduct a specific foreign policy. Nevertheless, as mentioned above, the Sakas were direct participants in historical events of the 6th to 4th centuries BC, related to the campaigns of the Persians and Greeks in Central Asia.

12.03.2014, 12:59

Armed forces

Military Forces of the Kyrgyz from Ancient Times to the 6th Century

The military art that prevailed during the ancient and medieval periods among the nomadic tribes of Eurasia was based on the combat skills developed by the ancient inhabitants of Central Asia. There are numerous facts indicating the inventions of the nomadic world that contributed to the advancement of global military art. For example, the ancient Turkic tribe of Tele is considered the inventor of the wheel and the cart. It is possible that the ancient Turkic cart served as a model for the

12.03.2014, 12:53

Education

The Education of the Ancient Kyrgyz

We do not have data on the development of science and education among the nomadic peoples of ancient Kyrgyzstan. However, they did possess some initial scientific concepts. This is evidenced by the ancient nomadic population's ability to work with metal, gold, improve weaponry, and some cultural achievements (for example, the 12-cycle calendar, whistling arrows). The acquisition of primitive scientific ideas among the nomadic population was also facilitated by their proximity to the

11.03.2014, 15:13

Government

Governance in Ancient Kyrgyzstan Before the 6th Century

Kyrgyzstan is one of the world’s centers of human emergence, statehood, and civilization. The life of the tribes inhabiting ancient and early Kyrgyzstan, as well as the principles of governance in primitive society, were similar to those in other parts of Eurasia. Distinctive features of communal governance and organization are associated with the people of the Saka, who lived in the territory of Kyrgyzstan from the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD.

11.03.2014, 12:45

Ethnography

The Culture of the Kyrgyz from Ancient Times to the 6th Century

The cultures of the ancient peoples of Kyrgyzstan are considered in close connection with one another. For example, since the Saka burial mounds are little different from the common Saka burials, scholars refer to the Saka and Usun burial mounds with a single term — Saka-Usun mounds. Such mounds have been discovered in both the Issyk-Kul region and the Chui Valley. While studying Usun monuments, scholars find similarities with the culture of the Huns. The culture of the Huns, in turn, is close

10.03.2014, 21:42

Religion

The Religion of the Kyrgyz in Ancient Times

The foundation of marital and family relationships among the nomadic population of ancient Kyrgyzstan was patriarchal-clan customs. The main figure of the clan and family was the man — the husband, the father of the family. Polygamy was common. The traditions of levirate marriage, characteristic of patriarchal-clan ties, were also preserved.

10.03.2014, 21:32

Nature

Natural Resources of the Kyrgyz in the Bronze Age

The main landscape of Kyrgyzstan consists of mountains. Enclosed mountain valleys are surrounded by vast pasture lands, and since the Bronze Age, livestock farming has been the leading sector of economic activity for the ancient population of Kyrgyzstan. In mountainous conditions, the breeding of small cattle became particularly significant. By the Bronze Age, high-altitude pastures accessible by breast were developed, which were used during seasonal migrations.

10.03.2014, 21:19

Territory, geography and administrative division

The Territory of the Kyrgyz from Ancient Times to the 6th Century

The Saka tribes were divided into three parts. In the southern regions of Kyrgyzstan lived the Saka-Haumavarga — the Sakas who "worship Hauma" (a sacred plant), in its northern regions — Saka-Tigrahauda — the Sakas who wore pointed hats. The Saka Tiya-Tiya-Daraya (riverine Sakas) lived in the basin of the Jaxartes River (Syr Darya) on the territory of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

10.03.2014, 21:12

Economy of Kyrgyzstan

The Economy of the Kyrgyz from Ancient Times to the 6th Century

The tribal communities inhabiting the Central Tien Shan, Issyk-Kul, Chui, and Talas valleys engaged in nomadic animal husbandry, which was combined to varying degrees with agriculture and hunting. The ancient population of Kyrgyzstan raised cows, sheep, and Bactrian camels. Horses were, of course, a particular concern. It is possible that the Sakas were the first to learn how to prepare kumys. In winter, livestock was kept in pens, and feed was prepared in advance. In the late Bronze Age, the

10.03.2014, 21:01

Population

Population of Kyrgyzstan from Ancient Times to the 6th Century

The first reliable traces of humans on the territory of Kyrgyzstan date back to the Paleolithic — the Old Stone Age (800,000 - 100,000 years BC). The oldest settlement is On-Archa, which is 800,000 years old. The oldest monument of art in Kyrgyzstan consists of drawings in the Ak-Chunkur cave. During the Neolithic era, a tribal structure formed. Overall, the development of Kyrgyzstan during the Bronze Age is characterized by the active use of metal, the growth of pastoral and agricultural

10.03.2014, 20:53

Religion

Heroines of Early Islam

Aisha

07.03.2014, 22:41

Religion

Polygamy

One of the major surahs of the Quran (the 4th surah, consisting of 175 verses) is called "Nisa," which translates from Arabic as "Women." This surah addresses issues related to women - mothers, sisters, and daughters, and thus also concerns family matters.

07.03.2014, 22:27

Religion

Polygamy in Islam

In the 1870s, a new movement emerged in Muslim countries, called “Muslim Reformation.”

07.03.2014, 22:12

Customs

The Abduction of the Bride

In Central Asia, as well as in the Caucasus, until the early 20th century, there were two significantly different types of abduction:

07.03.2014, 21:15