News about Kyrgyzstan, tourism, attractions, Kyrgyz cuisine, history, traditions, and customs

About Kyrgyzstan

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Kurmanjan Datka
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Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan
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Bishkek
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Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek
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Osh
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Osh - 3000
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Mailuu-Suu
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Kyrgyz heroic epic "Manas"
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Was the emergence of the future Alai Queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental?
Kurmanjan Datka

Was the emergence of the future Alai Queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental?

The Struggle for Power Among the Political Elite of Kokand So, was the emergence of the future Alaï queen in the close circle of the political elite of Kokand accidental? Of course not: from the very beginning of the existence of the khanate, a number of tribes of the southern Kyrgyz played a significant role in it, having become subjects of the khanate.

25.08.2019, 13:17
Chigu — The Mecca of Researchers of Preissykulya
Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Chigu — The Mecca of Researchers of Preissykulya

Semenov-Tian-Shansky Searches for Chigu Just as Mecca eternally beckons Muslims, Chigu attracted almost all researchers of the Preissykul region. The scientific quest for the real or mythical Chigu has a clearly defined starting date. On a warm evening of June 14, 1857, a young Russian scientist-traveler, arriving from distant St. Petersburg to Issyk-Kul in search of the origins of the Tian Shan mountains, stood on the cape of Kara-Bulun, at the watershed of the rivers Tyup and Dzhergalan,

25.08.2019, 12:44
Administrative System of Governance in Turkestan
Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Administrative System of Governance in Turkestan

Administrative Policy. The organization of governance in Turkestan, including the Kyrgyz lands, was initiated by the Russian Empire during the conquest. Administratively, the northern part of present-day Kyrgyzstan - the modern Chui, Issyk-Kul, Naryn, and Talas regions - was part of the Semirechensk and Syrdarya regions. The territory of the modern Jalal-Abad region was included in the Namangan and Andijan districts, the territory of the Osh region - in the Osh, Andijan, and Margilan

25.08.2019, 12:08
New Edition of the Ballet "Cholpon" 1953
Ballet

New Edition of the Ballet "Cholpon" 1953

The Ballet 'Cholpon' Ten Years Later Almost ten years later, in 1953, 'Cholpon' was revived in a new edition. The plot changed this time as follows. The poor man Nurdin kills a wild goat in the khan's domain and falls into the hands of his servants. Along with him, his beloved Cholpon and her brother Sapar are captured. As punishment, the khan decides to exile them. But Nurdin attracts the attention of the sorceress Aydai, whom the khan intends to marry to his son.

24.08.2019, 12:13
How the Kyrgyz Entered the Kokand Khanate
Kurmanjan Datka

How the Kyrgyz Entered the Kokand Khanate

The Birth and Change of Dynasties of the Future Alay Queen Before delving into the era in which the Alay Queen was born and lived, it is worthwhile to trace the history of her country's emergence, while also recalling the birth and change of dynasties of its rulers. The emergence of the Kokand Khanate in the early 18th century is associated with the Uzbek feudal lord Shahrokh-biy. In 1709, he founded the royal Ming dynasty, displacing the initially ruling community of khojas,

23.08.2019, 14:52
O. Karaev. The Chagatai Ulus. The State of Haidu. Moghulistan
Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

O. Karaev. The Chagatai Ulus. The State of Haidu. Moghulistan

History of the Chagatai Ulus (13th century), the state formations of Haidu (13th—14th centuries), and Moghulistan (14th—17th centuries) The book presents the history of the regions that existed within Eastern Turkestan, Dzungaria, modern Southern Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The formation and existence of the Chagatai Ulus, the states of Haidu, and Moghulistan had significant objective-historical consequences for the modern Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In particular,

23.08.2019, 06:32
The Legend of the Mother Deer
Myths and legends

The Legend of the Mother Deer

The Extermination of the Kyrgyz Tribe This happened a long time ago. In ancient times, when there were more forests on earth than grass, and the waters in our lands were more abundant than the dry land, there lived a Kyrgyz tribe on the banks of a large and cold river. That river was called Enesai. It flows far from here, in Siberia. It takes three years and three months to ride there on horseback. Now this river is called Yenisei, but at that time it was called Enesai. That’s why there was a

23.08.2019, 05:26
Kyrgyz in the Russian Empire
Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Kyrgyz in the Russian Empire

The Conquest of the Kyrgyz by Russia. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the southern tribes were part of the Kokand Khanate, while the northern tribes were under the authority of their tribal leaders. With the emergence of the Kokand possession in 1709, alongside the settled groups of Uzbeks and Tajiks known as sarts, there were also representatives of the ilatiya (partly settled by that time, and mainly semi-nomadic Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Kipchaks, Turks, and other ethnicities), whose

23.08.2019, 04:38
The Content of the First Production "Cholpon"
Ballet

The Content of the First Production "Cholpon"

Drawbacks of the First Version of "Cholpon" In the first version of the legend, we encounter the same main characters of the poetic fairy tale. This is the young man Nurdin, seduced by the ghostly love of the sorceress Aydai, and Cholpon, who tenderly loves Nurdin. In pursuit of the sorceress Aydai, Nurdin forgets Cholpon, whom he was in love with. He searches for the one who captivated him, overcoming many difficulties in his quest until he reaches the palace of the sorceress.

22.08.2019, 19:51
Zhang Qian - "The Asian Columbus"
Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Zhang Qian - "The Asian Columbus"

The Little-Known "Columbus of Asia" The name Zhang Qian is almost unknown to the general public. There is little written about him. Yet he deserves to be placed alongside the greatest explorers, such as Columbus, Magellan, and Vasco da Gama. He was the first to connect the trade arteries of China with those of the West. As a result, a new intercontinental route emerged — the Silk Road. This route, which operated for one and a half thousand years, played a huge role in bringing the

22.08.2019, 19:39
Heron - Kytan
Fauna of Kyrgyzstan / Birds of Kyrgyzstan

Heron - Kytan

Heron (white, gray, reddish). A genus of large (80-100 cm and above) birds of the heron family. These birds live along marshy areas, where their prey consists of fish, frogs, and other aquatic animals. Herons are powerful birds with long conical beaks, long necks, and long legs. Most species have a well-defined tuft of feathers at the back of the head.

21.08.2019, 14:13
The Second Embassy of Zhang Qian to the West
Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

The Second Embassy of Zhang Qian to the West

And ahead lies a journey to fairy-tale lands... The question of the second embassy to the West, now concerning the Usuns, has been resolved. At its head is Zhang Qian. Sima Qian writes: “The Son of Heaven appointed him as the Xiongnu magistrate, with 300 soldiers each having two horses and up to 10,000 heads of cattle and sheep... and subordinated to him many assistants with banners — to send them as envoys to various territories along the route.” Liu Shu also participated in the expedition —

21.08.2019, 13:51
The Legend of the Battle in Cherni Sunga
Myths and legends

The Legend of the Battle in Cherni Sunga

BARS-BEG: THE BATTLE AT CHERNI SUNGA The seventy-three-year-old Bars-beg had not dismounted from his horse for two days. The remaining warriors with him, wounded and sullen, awaited the Word: what to do next? — The sky has punished us for our carelessness, — said the old kagan. — But we are warriors. We must not lose heart. Who will protect the people if not us?

21.08.2019, 13:14
Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Mikhail Petrovich Badigin
Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Mikhail Petrovich Badigin

Mikhail Petrovich Badigin - Tank Destroyer Badigin (in the Decree - Badygin) Mikhail Petrovich - commander of the artillery crew of the 266th Guards Army Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment of the 8th Guards Army of the 1st Belarusian Front, Guards Senior Sergeant. Born on October 21, 1923, in the village of Surulovka, now in the Novospassky District of the Ulyanovsk Region, in a peasant family. Russian. Completed 10 grades. Worked in the Karasuy communication department of the Omsk Region.

21.08.2019, 12:50
Ethnic Situation in the Tian Shan in the Second Half of the 15th Century to the First Half of the 18th Century
Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Ethnic Situation in the Tian Shan in the Second Half of the 15th Century to the First Half of the 18th Century

Ethnic Situation in the Tian Shan in the Middle Ages A comparative analysis of sources and early genealogical traditions of the Kyrgyz allows us to state that the movement of Altai Kyrgyz from remote areas of Moghulistan to the Pre-Tian Shan region dates back to the second half of the 15th century, and the dual ethnopolitical organization of Kyrgyz tribes - the "Right Wing" and the "Left Wing" - was formed by the beginning of the 16th century. As the territory of Tian Shan

19.08.2019, 18:28
December 30, 1944, Premiere of the Ballet "Cholpon"
Ballet

December 30, 1944, Premiere of the Ballet "Cholpon"

The Birth of the Ballet 'Cholpon' ...The people's imagination has given birth to many wonderful tales of love, against which any barriers are powerless. One such Kyrgyz tale is staged in the ballet 'Cholpon'. It was recorded by Otunchu Sarbagishev from the words of an old collective farmer in Talas. The name 'Cholpon' refers to the morning star, shining in the dawn sky. We mention this because we find the title of the ballet 'Cholpon' symbolic, as

19.08.2019, 18:06
Games of the Kyrgyz in the Early 20th Century
Customs

Games of the Kyrgyz in the Early 20th Century

Games. Games in alchik (chukyo): urda, kan (a women’s game where alchik are piled on both hands and scattered on the floor, then knocked down one by another, etc.). Public games. Ak cholmyok6 — played on a moonlit night. Participants are divided into two groups. They take a white, smooth bone, so as not to get scratched, one that can be held in a fist. The leaders of both groups agree on how many wins to play (up to 5, 10, 15), then someone takes the bone first and throws it into the field.

19.08.2019, 17:44
Housing and Institutional Construction Plan for the City of Frunze. Document No. 75 (January 1930)
History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Housing and Institutional Construction Plan for the City of Frunze. Document No. 75 (January 1930)

FROM THE PROTOCOL OF THE MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE BUREAU OF THE FRUNZE CITY COMMITTEE OF THE VKP(b) ON THE HOUSING AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTION PLAN FOR THE CITY OF FRUNZE FOR THE 1929/30 ECONOMIC YEAR City of Frunze, January 4, 1930 Heard: 1. The housing and institutional construction plan for the city for the 29/30 economic year. (Comrade Chernychev).

17.08.2019, 15:07
Zhang Qian in Chigu
Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Zhang Qian in Chigu

The Nomads Retreat The third year of exile was coming to an end. Zhang Qian began to receive letters, written in the clumsy hand of a teenager. His son wrote that he was diligently studying literacy and was already good at holding a brush and a wooden stylus — a pen... In the remote province, rumors reached him about new and new victories of Chinese arms. In 121 BC, the Huns were defeated by Huo Qubing. In 119 BC, they suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Li Guangli. The number of

17.08.2019, 14:30
Ethnopolitical Connections of the Altai Kyrgyz in the 13th to 15th Centuries
Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Ethnopolitical Connections of the Altai Kyrgyz in the 13th to 15th Centuries

Movement of the Altai Kyrgyz to the Western Regions of Mogolistan In the study of the ethnopolitical history of Southern Siberia at the beginning of the 13th century, an important place is occupied by the question of the conquest of the Kyrgyz and the forest peoples of Southern Siberia by Genghis Khan. However, the issues of the relationship between the Mongols and the Kyrgyz during this period remain insufficiently developed in the scientific literature due to the fragmentary and

16.08.2019, 14:50
Organization of the Food Market in the City of Frunze. Document No. 74 (May 1929)
History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Organization of the Food Market in the City of Frunze. Document No. 74 (May 1929)

RESOLUTION ON THE REPORT “ORGANIZATION OF THE FOOD MARKET OF FRUNZE CENTRAL MARKET” AT THE MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE BUREAU OF THE FRUNZE CITY COMMITTEE OF THE VKP (b) Frunze May 12, 1929 The Executive Bureau notes that the food market is still in the hands of private individuals, with a negligible share of cooperation and state trade, especially for perishable products (vegetables, eggs, butter, cheese, etc.).

16.08.2019, 14:01
Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Usen Beysheev
Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Usen Beysheev

Beishev Usen - Participant of the Great Patriotic War. Full Knight of the Order of Glory. Served in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army from August 1942 to December 1946. Military specialty — gunner, commander of the gun of the 83rd Guards Rifle Regiment (27th Guards Rifle Division, 8th Guards Army, 1st Belorussian Front) Guards Sergeant. Since 1968, he has been a retired Guards Senior Sergeant. Born on October 10, 1922, in the village of Kochkorka, now in the Kochkorka District of

16.08.2019, 13:48
Pheasants - Kыргooл
Fauna of Kyrgyzstan / Birds of Kyrgyzstan

Pheasants - Kыргooл

Pheasant. Family Phasianidae, order Galliformes. The length of a pheasant is 80-90 cm, with a tail up to 40 cm, consisting of 18 tail feathers. Wingspan is 75-80 cm. The male is black-brown with golden spots. The feathers are glossy, with a black border, and on the head and neck, they are green with a metallic sheen. The wings are reddish-yellow, and the wedge-shaped tail is gray-brown with black transverse stripes. The female measures about 65 cm in length, with a tail of 30 cm. The wingspan

14.08.2019, 14:54
Unknown Saka Settlement on the Shores of Issyk-Kul?
Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

Unknown Saka Settlement on the Shores of Issyk-Kul?

Hypothesis—1985 At the bottom of the Tyup Bay of Issyk-Kul during the field season of 1985, we discovered a large settlement. The findings indicated that it existed sometime in the first millennium BC. However, all of this needed to be proven through new excavations and scientific research. We based our work on one appealing hypothesis: the discovery of the city of Chigu—the capital of the nomads in the 2nd century BC. This needed to be confirmed or disproved through field (or rather,

14.08.2019, 14:18
The Legend of the Man with Two Heads
Myths and legends

The Legend of the Man with Two Heads

THE MAN WITH TWO HEADS Utkul did not stop talking for a minute. - Do you think you saved a simple warrior? No, dear. Know this: I am entrusted with important matters by the great Ynancho Alp Bilge himself, our great ajo-kagan Bars-beg. Don't believe it? Just take a look at this.

14.08.2019, 13:36
One-Act Ballet by V. Vlasov and V. Fere "Selkinchek"
Ballet

One-Act Ballet by V. Vlasov and V. Fere "Selkinchek"

Ballet "Selkinchek" The production of "Anar" marked the beginning of the creation of the national ballet. However, the first national performance revealed the need for further professionalization and mastery of the sophisticated forms of ballet art. To this end, a number of productions of classical and Soviet ballets were carried out: "Coppélia" by A. Delibes (1940), "Laurencia" by A. Krein (1941), "The Magic Flute" by R. Drigo (1943). At the

14.08.2019, 12:21
Launch of the Leather Factory and Opening of the Oak Garden in Frunze. Documents No. 71 - No. 72 (April 1929)
History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Launch of the Leather Factory and Opening of the Oak Garden in Frunze. Documents No. 71 - No. 72 (April 1929)

FROM THE PROTOCOL OF THE MEETING AT THE NARKOMPROMTORG OF THE KYRGYZ ASSR ON THE COMMISSIONING OF THE LEATHER FACTORY IN FRUNZE Frunze, April 8, 1929 Heard: On the commissioning of the leather factory named after Zelensky in Frunze. Resolved: 1. The deadline for the factory launch is set for April 10. 2. To appoint a commission for the acceptance of the factory into operation, chaired by the head of the industrial section of the State Planning Committee of the Kyrgyz ASSR, Comrade Svirsky...

13.08.2019, 09:42
The Common Ancestry of the Modern Kyrgyz People and the Ancient Kyrgyz of Yenisei and Altai
Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Common Ancestry of the Modern Kyrgyz People and the Ancient Kyrgyz of Yenisei and Altai

Ethnocultural Connections Between the Kyrgyz and the Kipchaks The significance and political role of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in the formation of a new ethnic community in Altai and the Irtysh region are reflected in "Ta-bai al-hayavan" by al-Marwazi (12th century), "Nuzhat al-mushtak" by al-Idrisi (12th century), and "Behjat at-tavarikh" by Shukrallah (15th century). According to the information from these sources, the rite of cremation, initially characteristic only

13.08.2019, 01:07
Formation of the Kyrgyz People in the IX-XVIII Centuries
Kyrgyz in the XIII—first half of XVIII century

Formation of the Kyrgyz People in the IX-XVIII Centuries

Ethnic Processes in Southern Siberia in the IX-XII Centuries After the defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate by the State of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in 840, a diverse movement of the latter is noted across Central Asia. Their settlement in Northwest Mongolia, Tuva, Altai, and Dzhungaria was primarily due to political reasons, namely the subjugation of the Uyghurs. Pursuing the retreating Uyghurs, the Kyrgyz penetrated into the Baikal region in the east and into Eastern Turkestan in the southwest between

12.08.2019, 15:11
Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Mannaf Aubakirovich Aubakirov
Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Mannaf Aubakirovich Aubakirov

Aubakirov Mannaf (Mannaf) Aubakirovich - commander of the artillery crew of the 375th separate anti-tank artillery division (312th rifle division, 69th army, 1st Belorussian front), senior sergeant. He was born on August 26, 1926, in the city of Zaisan, Zaisan district, East Kazakhstan region, in a peasant family. He was Tatar. A member of the VKP(b)CPSU since 1945. In 1939, he moved with his parents to Kyrgyzstan, to the village of Kochkorka in the modern Naryn region. He completed 7 grades

12.08.2019, 13:18
"Who and Why Were Awarded the Title of Hero in World War II and Kyrgyzstan"
Heroes of Kyrgyzstan

"Who and Why Were Awarded the Title of Hero in World War II and Kyrgyzstan"

Golden Star The Title "Hero of the Soviet Union" The highest degree of distinction - the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" was established by the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on April 16, 1934. The Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR approved the Regulation on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on August 1, 1939, the medal "Golden Star" was

12.08.2019, 03:00
Excerpt from the minutes on the organization of the Red Chaihana of Frunze. Document No. 70 (1928)
History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Excerpt from the minutes on the organization of the Red Chaihana of Frunze. Document No. 70 (1928)

EXCERPT FROM THE PROTOCOL OF THE MEETING OF THE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN UNION OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS OF THE KYRGYZ AUTONOMOUS REGION ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE RED CHAIHANA IN FRUNZE Frunze, September 25, 1928. Heard: Report by Comrade Sukhoruchkin on the organization of the red chaihana in Frunze for members of the union of construction workers from national minorities, such as: Uighurs and others.

11.08.2019, 04:50
The Era of "Kyrgyz Great Power"
Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Era of "Kyrgyz Great Power"

The Flourishing of Medieval Kyrgyz Culture The era of "Kyrgyz Great Power" became a time of the greatest spread and flourishing of medieval Kyrgyz culture. The monuments of their culture - burial mounds with rounded and ring-shaped stone embankments, next to which stone steles with clan tamga signs and runic inscriptions-epitaphs are installed, under which the cremated remains of the deceased are buried in shallow pits and at the horizon - are widespread in the territory of the

11.08.2019, 04:33
Nizami Ganjavi "Iskander Nameh"
Myths and legends

Nizami Ganjavi "Iskander Nameh"

ISKANDER IN THE MYTHICAL KINGDOM OF THE KYRGYZ The king, drawn in restless dreams to Khyrkhiz, Could not sleep under the shimmering midnight robes. He decided to command the camp to move again. At the hour of farewell with the khakan, he entrusted the khakan

11.08.2019, 03:20
The ballet "Anar" in the history of Kyrgyz theater
Ballet

The ballet "Anar" in the history of Kyrgyz theater

Update of the performers in the 1950 production Ten years after the first production of "Anar," a second version was realized in 1950. What explains the fact that many performances of the Kyrgyz theater were staged in new editions? Variants of the same performance exist in many national theaters. However, there are known cases where subsequent stage versions do not improve but rather worsen the performance. For example, this was the case with the ballet "Kambar and Nazym"

11.08.2019, 02:46
Report on the Cinematization of the Kyrgyz Republic. Document No. 69 (October 1927)
History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Report on the Cinematization of the Kyrgyz Republic. Document No. 69 (October 1927)

Edison Cinema at the end of the 1920s FROM THE REPORT OF THE MAIN POLITICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF THE KYRGYZ ASSR ON THE CINEMATOGRAPHY OF THE REPUBLIC Frunze, October 31, 1927 Before the revolution, in the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan, there was only one privately owned cinema in the city of Pishpek (Frunze) with 400 seats, which became the only nationalized theatrical venue under the management of the ONA in 1918, albeit in a completely dilapidated state. Until the end of 1924, this

10.08.2019, 12:45
Hoopoe - Upupa
Fauna of Kyrgyzstan / Birds of Kyrgyzstan

Hoopoe - Upupa

Hoopoe. A small bird measuring 25-29 cm in length and with a wingspan of 44-48 cm. Distinguished by its striped black-and-white plumage on the wings and tail, the hoopoe has a long, slender beak and a long crest on its head, making it one of the most recognizable birds. The coloration of the head, neck, and chest varies from pinkish to chestnut depending on the subspecies. The wings are broad and rounded, colored with contrasting black and whitish-yellow stripes. The tail is of medium length,

10.08.2019, 08:58
Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Alexey Fyodorovich Abramov
Kyrgyzstanis — Full cavaliers of the Order of Glory

Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory Alexey Fyodorovich Abramov

Abramov Alexey Fyodorovich Rifleman of the 116th Tank Brigade (8th Mechanized Corps, 70th Army, 2nd Belarusian Front), Red Army soldier. Born on December 31, 1925, in the village of Danilovka, now in the Belebeyevsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in a working-class family. Russian. In 1935, he moved with his parents to Kyrgyzstan. In the city of Jalal-Abad, he completed 7 grades of school. With the onset of the war, he began working as a laborer on a state farm, then worked at

10.08.2019, 00:07
The Return of Zhang Qian, Sent to the Western Regions 13 Years Ago!
Secrets of Issyk-Kul Lake

The Return of Zhang Qian, Sent to the Western Regions 13 Years Ago!

The Return of Zhang Qian Home On a bright September afternoon, four travelers were riding donkeys on the road to Chang'an: two men, a woman, and a boy about nine or ten years old. Each had a bag of oats on one side of the saddle and a basket for provisions on the other. A long leather bundle protruded from the back of one of the men: a spear—maybe a spear, a bow—maybe a bow... The walls of Chang'an soon came into view. The road was becoming busier with carts and pedestrians.

09.08.2019, 17:50
Kyrgyz Khaganate: The Leading Nomadic State in Central Asia from the Mid-9th to the First Quarter of the 10th Century
Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Kyrgyz Khaganate: The Leading Nomadic State in Central Asia from the Mid-9th to the First Quarter of the 10th Century

Kyrgyz Great Power During the VI-VIII centuries, when the Kyrgyz state existed only in the territory of the Minusinsk Basin, it had to constantly defend its independence from the leading military powers: the Khaganates of the Jujans, the ancient Turks, the Seyanto, and the Uyghurs. The military coalitions that the Kyrgyz entered were aimed at opposing the most powerful adversary in the nomadic world. At the same time, they managed to keep the dependent tribes of the Kyshtym in subjugation, who

09.08.2019, 14:38