Kurmanjan Datka

The Participation of Shabdan-Baatyr in the Military-Scientific Expedition to Alai in July 1876

As is known, after the abolition of the Kokand Khanate, Kurmanjan Datka, along with her sons, unwilling to submit to the imperial government, took a desperate step—an unequal struggle against the imperial troops. In this regard, during the final stage of the conquest of the khanate, the Governor-General of Turkestan, K. D. Kaufman, wrote that "never before in Central Asia had the Russians experienced such a long and stubborn struggle. For the first time, we encountered an energetic

25.09.2022, 14:40

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Prohibition of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party

It is a common belief that the beginning of the split between the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries was marked by the latter's refusal to recognize the Treaty of Brest. In reality, the disagreements began even earlier. Two weeks after the October Revolution, a clash occurred over the closure of several bourgeois newspapers in Petrograd. The training of the Socialist-Revolutionaries let down the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. They turned out to be more democratic than they

14.09.2022, 12:07

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Professor Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov

Professor Polivanov came to Kyrgyzstan at the personal invitation of the then-disgraced researcher of the Institute of Cultural Construction, former People's Commissar of Education of the Kyrgyz ASSR K. Tynystanov. They were acquainted in Tashkent, and Tynystanov decided to lure the famous linguist, creator of textbooks for Uzbek schools, to scientifically strengthen his native institute and revive the work on creating Kyrgyz and Dungan textbooks. Order No. 22, issued on July 21, 1934, by

11.09.2022, 14:11

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Kyrgyzstan "On the Development of the Stakhanov Movement During Wartime"

Assigning exceptional political and economic significance to the unprecedented rise in the creative activity of workers, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Kyrgyzstan, in its resolution of April 7, 1942, "On the Development of the Stakhanov Movement During Wartime," recommended that party and economic organizations and enterprises make broader use of the experience of production innovators to prepare for a mass Stakhanov movement, as the main task—ensuring

08.09.2022, 20:11

Shabdan Baatyr

Issuance of a Certificate to Shabdan Jantayev for the Coronation of the Emperor in Moscow

CERTIFICATE ISSUED BY THE MILITARY GOVERNOR OF THE SEMIRECHENSKAYA REGION MANAP SHABDAN DJANTAEV, THAT HE IS AMONG THE DEPUTIES FROM THE LOCAL POPULATION OF THE SEMIRECHENSKAYA REGION TO ATTEND THE CORONATION IN MOSCOW City of Verny April 2, 1883

04.09.2022, 13:53

Kurmanjan Datka

Once Again About Shabdan

The history of a country is a delicate matter. Here, a careless word is enough to sow misunderstanding and discord. For example, an article about the Kyrgyz national hero Shabdan-baatyr, recently published in the newspaper "Slovo Kyrgyzstana," offends the feelings of those who cherish the memory of this man. In an interview published on April 15, 2011, in the newspaper "Slovo Kyrgyzstana," the great-great-grandson of Kurmandjan datka, Yu. M. Myrzapayazov, allowed himself to

01.09.2022, 12:36

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Formation of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs)

The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs) was formed in Russia in 1902 and made a loud statement with several shocking acts of terror against tsarist officials. They assassinated the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia, Pleve, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov. In this way, they attempted to force the tsarist government to grant the people a constitution and civil liberties. The assassination of 20-year-old M. Spiridonova, the Tambov pacifier of peasants, Luzhenovsky, received

21.08.2022, 13:48

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Sentencing of Tokchoro Joldoshev

Dzholdoshev and a number of other comrades were vilified at the V Plenary of the Kirgiz Regional Committee of the Party, which took place in December 1935. The plenary session was dedicated to the results of the verification of party documents in the Kyrgyz party organization. From the report of the second secretary of the Kirgiz Regional Committee of the Party: “... expelled from the party for supporting the Akhvostiev-Sydykov counter-revolutionary nationalist organization. Dzholdoshev, being

30.07.2022, 08:29

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Selfless Labor of Kyrgyz Stakhanovites for the Eastern Front

The powerful driving force in awakening the creative activity and initiative of the masses in the struggle to increase labor productivity and boost the output of surplus products for the front was socialist competition. V. I. Lenin, after the victory of the Great October (in February 1918), wrote: “Our task now, when the socialist government is in power, is to organize competition.” He was the first to see in competition an inexhaustible creative force in increasing the productivity of social

27.07.2022, 20:48

Shabdan Baatyr

Awarding Shabdan Jantaev a robe for special merits

CERTIFICATE OF AWARD FOR SPECIAL MERITS OF HONORARY KYRGYZ SHABDAN DJANTAEV OF TOKMAK DISTRICT WITH A FIRST-CLASS VELVET ROBE Tashkent. January 20, 1882.

24.07.2022, 16:23

Kurmanjan Datka

Results of the Uprising Led by Pulat Khan in 1873 - 1876

The clan leaders of many southern Kyrgyz tribes, not connected with the court clique, began to contemplate a general uprising capable of overthrowing Khudoyar. However, they needed a leader with a loud name, necessarily from the ruling Ming dynasty - this was a long-standing tradition. When the true heir to the throne - Pulat-bek, who was leading a miserable existence as a student at a madrasa, refused this mission, a substitute was found, the very same mullah Iskhak Hasan-ulu. In the spring

22.07.2022, 19:24

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The Masses of Semirechye for a Peaceful Evolutionary Path of Development

On November 12, 1917, elections in Semirechye for the Constituent Assembly were disrupted by armed soldiers. In the voting for this body, the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) gathered over 50% of the votes nationwide, while the Bolsheviks received only 25%. The masses voted against left radicalism, for a peaceful evolutionary path of development.

10.07.2022, 13:50

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Reflections on the Arrest of Tokchoro Joldoshev

Behind the dry lines of archival documents stands another tragically interrupted life. Let's imagine how it was. Tokchoro Joldoshev — the People's Commissar for Education of the Kirghiz ASSR — sat at his desk and could not understand the meaning of the phrase he had just read. The white sheet with a red stamp at the bottom seemed to him like a huge piece of mountain ice, growing at the edge of an abyss, hiding beneath its transparent purity an unfathomable chasm. His hands seemed to

14.06.2022, 09:27

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Everything for the Front: Oil and Coal Extraction in Kyrgyzstan

The war exacerbated the situation regarding the supply of oil to the country's industry and transport. In Kyrgyzstan, large-scale oil production began only in 1937. On the eve of the war, it produced 23.8 thousand tons of oil per year, ranking seventh after the RSFSR, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. With the advance of German-fascist troops to the Volga and the foothills of the Caucasus, oil production in Baku sharply decreased, and in the Grozny and Maykop

10.06.2022, 20:56

Shabdan Baatyr

Letter of Thanks from G.A. Kolpakovsky to Shabdan Djantaev

LETTER FROM THE MILITARY GOVERNOR OF THE SEMIRECHEN REGION G.A. KOLPAKOVSKY TO SHABDAN DJANTAEV WITH GRATITUDE FOR THE DONATION TO THE VERNY CHILDREN'S ORPHANAGE AND NOTIFICATION OF HIS RIGHT TO THE TITLE OF MEMBER-BENEFACTOR OF THE VERNY ORPHANAGE COMMITTEE City of Verny, March 31, 1881

09.06.2022, 12:53

Kurmanjan Datka

Ambitions and the Finale of Pulat Khan - the "Alai Prince"

Who was this impostor, hiding behind what seemed to be a noble cause under the name of the heir to the Kokand throne? It is known that moldo Iskhak Hasan-ulu, which was the real name of this hero, was born into the family of a Mardaris (spiritual leader) from Margilan around 1844. After finishing rural school, he studied for some time at a madrasah. In 1867, against his father's will, he dropped out of school and settled among his tribesmen from the Boston clan. He roamed a lot with the

06.06.2022, 13:38

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Legalization of the "Alash" Party after the Overthrow of the Tsarist Regime

The Alash Party and its leaders were accused of betraying the interests of their people in 1916, in the repression against the rebels. This is a clear exaggeration; such a party simply did not exist in Kyrgyzstan. The future party members were evolutionists by conviction and consistent supporters of reforms and constitutional methods of changing the state structure; they were by no means enthusiastic about the uprising, considering the path of armed struggle against tsarism to be suicidal.

31.05.2022, 23:13

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Some Pages of the Biography of T. Dzholdoshev from 1927 to 1937

Joldoshev became the head of the Academic Center under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Kyrgyz ASSR. Here began his creative collaboration with the philologist and poet Kasym Tynystanov. Together they participated in the work on preparing a new Kyrgyz alphabet based on Latin, replacing the old Arabic one. Together they promoted popular education — the school and political-educational network, theater, and artistic literature. From June 1929 to February 1931, Joldoshev served

26.05.2022, 19:43

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Coal Mining in Kyrgyzstan in the First Half of the Great Patriotic War

Emergency measures were taken to increase the extraction of fuel, primarily coal. Assessing the role of the coal industry, V. I. Lenin said: “Coal is the true bread of industry; without this bread, industry is inactive, and without this bread, railway transport is condemned to the most miserable condition...”. While the Kyrgyz SSR relied mainly on its internal resources for electricity production, the problem of supplying industry and transport with fuel, primarily coal, was solved through

25.05.2022, 16:49

Shabdan Baatyr

Awards of Shabdan Djantaev

CERTIFICATE OF AWARD OF MANAP OF TOKMAK DISTRICT SHABDAN JANTAEV WITH THE MEDAL FOR THE CONQUEST OF THE KHANATE OF KOKAND Tashkent, December 19, 1877. In memory of the hardships and deprivations endured during the Kokand campaign, I, by the HIGHLY GRANTED authority bestowed upon me, award Manap Shabdan Jantaev the medal established "for the conquest of the Khanate of Kokand," and I hope that he will always be distinguished by diligence and loyalty to the Government. Given in the city

22.05.2022, 18:33

Kurmanjan Datka

Abdullabek and Pulat-Khan: A Story of Pride

The choice of Kurmandzhan Datka, who accepted Russian citizenship, predetermined, as is known, the further historical path of the southern Kyrgyz. However, another scenario was also possible, embodied in the fate of the impostor Pulat-Khan and the rebellious son of the Alay queen, Abdullabek. The stories of their fates are both interesting and instructive... It is known what the fate of the Alay people would have been had they followed not the advice of their wise matriarch but the calls of

21.05.2022, 13:26

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Program of the Alash Party

A. Bukeykhanov, M. Tynyshpayev, Zh. Seydalin, M. Dulatov, and others played a significant role in the creation of the Alash Party. However, the idea of transforming it into a branch of the Cadet Party was not supported by the II Congress of the Cadets in 1906. Neither the Russian autocracy nor the Russian liberals could accept the Alashists' platform for creating an autonomous state formation within Russia. The precedent for creating autonomy, initiated by those who believed it necessary

17.05.2022, 22:20

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Resumption of Construction of the Lebedinovskaya Hydroelectric Power Station on the Bolshoy Chuy in 1942

In April 1942, the Soviet People's Commissariat and the Central Committee of the VKP(b) of Kyrgyzstan appealed to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the VKP(b) for the resumption of construction of the Lebedinovskaya Hydroelectric Power Station on the Bolshoy Chuy Canal in 1942, with the first phase capacity of 4,200 kW (construction had begun in May 1941, but due to the wartime situation, work was temporarily suspended). A special commission

16.05.2022, 13:21

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

Outcomes of Popular Movements in Central Asia in the 19th Century

The uprisings and revolts that took place in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan in the 19th century, had deep socio-economic roots. They were prepared by the entire course of historical development of the region's population during the period in question and stemmed from the socio-economic and political situation that had developed in the region in the 19th century. The historical conditions under which the struggle of the masses for social and national

15.05.2022, 09:38

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The Career Ladder of T. Dzholdoshev

After graduating from the institute, Joldoshev was assigned to the Department of Public Education of the Kara-Kyrgyz Oblast Executive Committee. Finally, he was going home! This coincided with Kyrgyzstan gaining the status of an autonomous region within the RSFSR. Young, full of hope, plans, and youthful enthusiasm, Tokchoro actively engaged in the process of socialist reconstruction of his homeland, where the positions of the old world were still strong, indeed, strong. And the feverish

14.05.2022, 09:19

Shabdan Baatyr

Report of M.D. Skobeleva to General-Adjutant Kofman on the Alai Expedition

Kokand, October 23, 1876 ... On July 18 [1876], at 4 a.m., I moved the vanguard of the Osh column (a sapper team, a dismounted rocket platoon, and Shabdan's horsemen) from the camp on the Lenjir River (Karjik), under the command of Captain Bogolyubov; an hour later, the 3rd and 4th companies of the 1st Turkestan Rifle Battalion set out; the pack train, due to reports of the extreme difficulty of the upcoming road, was left at the camp under the cover of the Siberian half-company

12.05.2022, 11:31

Kurmanjan Datka

Waqf - One of the Original Forms of Land Ownership

When examining the documents regarding the waqf of the Alymbek madrasa, it is hard not to agree that the founders of such property were not only sedentary agriculturalists but also nomadic feudal lords. The representatives of the poor had a completely different attitude towards this form of land ownership. They viewed waqf as a tool of cruel exploitation. This traditional attitude was reflected in the preservation of certain rituals.

10.05.2022, 08:57

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Establishment of the Pishpek Branch of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz Party "Alash-Orda"

Soon A. Sydykov resigned, as the Provisional Government disappointed the expectations of the indigenous masses and did not stop the repressions. By its decree of March 14, 1917, it upheld all imperial decrees that protected colonial orders: "all acts of the supreme administration that occurred before February 27 are to be considered legal." On April 19, the Turkestan Committee of the Provisional Government adopted a resolution prohibiting Kyrgyz and Kazakh refugees from China from

07.05.2022, 08:18

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Difficult Situation with Electricity Supply in the First Period of World War II in Kyrgyzstan

On September 12, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz SSR established a new housing norm in cities — 5 square meters instead of the previously accepted 8.25 square meters. This allowed for the accommodation of only 1,200 families of evacuees and military personnel in Frunze through densification. Alongside this, residential buildings of simplified types — barracks, dormitories, and semi-earth houses — were being constructed everywhere. Workers and employees of relocated

05.05.2022, 21:15

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The 1916 Uprising - An Important Role in the Life of the Kyrgyz People

Speech by the residents of Uzgen On July 25, the residents of Uzgen spoke out. The protest lasted until July 29. Participants, armed with sickles, pitchforks, sticks, and other tools, threatened to kill the village elders and demanded the issuance of household lists. Fifteen police officers and a punitive detachment who arrived at the scene did not dare to use weapons and engage in battle with the rebels, and were forced to lock themselves in the office of the volost administration. The

02.05.2022, 20:05

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The future People's Commissar of Education of the Kirghiz ASSR, Tokchoro Joldoshev

“I AM A COMMUNIST!..”

01.05.2022, 20:01

Shabdan Baatyr

Report of Colonel Wittgenstein on the Battle with the Kyrgyz of the Shairchi Clan

REPORT OF THE COMMANDER OF THE FLYING DETACHMENT COLONEL WITTGENSTEIN TO THE COMMANDER OF THE FORCES OF THE FERGHANA REGION MAJOR GENERAL M. D. SKOBELEV ON THE BATTLE WITH THE KYRGYZ OF THE SHAIRCHI CLAN IN THE MAZAR AREA September 7, 1876. I have the honor to report to Your Excellency that on September 7, after spending the night at the Dussman bivouac, I divided the detachment entrusted to me into two parts: one, consisting of the 1st company of the 1st Turkestan Rifle Battalion, the

26.04.2022, 12:48

Kurmanjan Datka

The Establishment of Agricultural Legislation in Turkestan

Viability of Waqf Institutions As the volost manager and mutawalli of the Alymbek Datka madrasa, Hasanbek had numerous opportunities for various abuses, which he did not hesitate to exploit. The villagers who cultivated the waqf land until 1898 (according to other sources, until 1894) paid rent to the waqf institution. As a result, by the end of the 19th century, even the biased imperial court initiated a legal case against the abuses of volost manager Hasanbek based on complaints from the

25.04.2022, 09:16

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The Parties "Alash," "Turan," "Shuro-Islamiya," and Others in Kyrgyzstan in the Early 20th Century

Struggle for Power Among Individual Exploitative Groups With the overthrow of Tsarism (according to political scientist Zh. Medvedev, the February Revolution occurred without the participation of any parties or revolutionaries, driven by the spontaneous discontent of the residents of Petrograd and Moscow due to the sharp devaluation of the ruble, which caused hunger), the illusion revived in Kyrgyzstan that the new power would end mass repressions. The only desire of the Kyrgyz in this

23.04.2022, 13:44

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Reception, Placement, and Employment of Evacuated Population in Kyrgyzstan

Mobilization of All Internal Resources of the Kyrgyz SSR Speedy construction methods, which originated in the pre-war years, were particularly widely applied during the war and became one of the most important conditions for the rapid commissioning of evacuated enterprises and new industrial construction in deep rear areas. This gigantic work was accompanied by enormous difficulties. The volume of investments in the national economy of the republic decreased from 206 million rubles in 1940 to

21.04.2022, 21:12

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

The State Structure of Mogulistan

State Structure In written sources, the state of Mogulistan or its regions, occupied by tribes and clan associations, were referred to as vilayet, bilad, mamlakat, yurt, ulus, and el (il). These terms were used in conjunction with the names of khans, rulers, or ethnonyms. The head of state was the khan, whose throne was inherited. He was elected by the emirs, leaders of tribes headed by the ulusbek of the country. The strength of the khan's power depended on the state of external and

19.04.2022, 23:53

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The 1916 Uprising in the Osh District

The Uprising of 1916 in Kyrgyzstan The Uprising of 1916 in Kyrgyzstan was an organic part of the movement of the peoples of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and some other national outskirts of Tsarist Russia, involving more than 10 million people. In Kyrgyzstan, especially in its northern regions, where the indigenous population was displaced from their settled lands, it took on an unprecedented scale and mass character. The protests here were marked by their duration and persistence. This uprising,

18.04.2022, 11:24

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

The title translates to "Hymn to Stalin."

Poetic Wordplay In 1936, the best poetic talents of Kyrgyzstan wrote, approved by the highest body of the republican party organization, and published in mass circulation a poem. Different feelings arose while reading it. It is quite long, so we will provide only excerpts. Here it is: “Letter from the workers of Kyrgyzstan to the great leader of the peoples, the father of all workers, Comrade Stalin”: ~You are the spring of our life, Stalin. You are the fortress of our life, Our glorious

17.04.2022, 07:38

Shabdan Baatyr

Certificate of Awarding Shabdan Djantaev the First-Class Robe

CERTIFICATE OF AWARD FOR SPECIAL MERITS OF MANAP OF TOKMAK DISTRICT SHABDAN JANTAEV WITH A FIRST-CLASS ROBE City of Khojent, October 24, 1875. In consideration of your special merits, as certified by the authorities, I, by the power granted to me, award you a first-class robe and hope that you will always be distinguished by diligence. Given in the city of Khojent on the 24th day of October 1875. Turkestan General-Governor, General-Adjutant Von Kaufman, Head of the Office, Major General

14.04.2022, 13:49

Kurmanjan Datka

Preservation of the Waqf of Alimbek after the Fall of the Kokand Khanate

Attempts to Circumvent Legislation on the Expansion of Waqf The conversion of real estate into waqf, as noted above, served as a guarantee of the inviolability of property from encroachments by khans and other feudal lords. This inviolability extended to waqf property in the early years after the annexation of Fergana to Russia. A sufficient illustration of this is the following fact. The land in the Bash-Bulak area, which was owned by Abdullabek as a private owner, where peasants lived with

11.04.2022, 22:52

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Family tradition started by Baitik Kunaev

Explanation of A. Sydykov's Service in the Tsarist Administration The search for one's place in life — this can explain A. Sydykov's service in the colonial administration. Working in the administration, due to the lack of other significant cultural centers in Bishkek, opened up opportunities for A. Sydykov to engage in a more diverse civic life. As the son of very wealthy and influential parents, he was unlikely to be preoccupied with the desire for wealth. According to his

09.04.2022, 21:17

Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Construction of Factories and Plants in the Rear of the USSR - Kyrgyzstan

Industrial Construction in All Rear Areas of the Soviet Union In the Kyrgyz SSR, as in all rear areas of the Soviet Union, industrial construction did not stop for a single day. Factories and plants, mines and quarries, power stations and railways were put into operation at an accelerated pace, contributing to the strengthening and expansion of the military-economic base of the country. In January 1942, the construction of the Aktuz lead mine, which had begun in the pre-war years, was

08.04.2022, 20:32

Chagatai Ulus. Haidu State. Moghulistan

Trade of the Population of Mogulistan and Moguliyah

Trade in Mogulistan Very little is mentioned in the sources about the trade of the population of Mogulistan and Moghulia, as well as about their crafts. Abd ar-Rashid, upon becoming khan, sent a decree to the troops in Tibet to return to Yarkand, stating that "those who refuse to comply with this order, their family members will be sold to the Kyrgyz in exchange for horses."

04.04.2022, 23:37

Peoples movements of Central Asia in the XIX century

The Penetration of Revolutionary Ideas into the Masses of Turkestan

Propaganda of proletarian ideas in Turkestan by political exiles Political exiles, especially social democrats and other revolutionarily inclined individuals, despite their extreme scarcity and disorganization, engaged in political work even with their limited capabilities and called upon the local workers to fight against the tsarist autocracy. They sought, to some extent, to establish connections with social democratic organizations in the central industrial cities of the country, from which

03.04.2022, 11:21

1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Arrest of O. Tyanaev

Victim of a Monstrous Accusation For his "right-opportunistic speech at the plenum of the Kirobkom of the party," O. Tynaev was expelled from the ranks of the party by the regional control commission of the VKP(b). However, the decision to expel O. Tynaev from the party was not approved by the Central Control Commission of the VKP(b).

02.04.2022, 23:30

Shabdan Baatyr

Report on the Arrival of Representatives of the Rebel Kokand Kyrgyz in the City of Verny and the Attitude of the Turkestan Administration Towards the Rebels

REPORT OF THE ACTING TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR, LIEUTENANT GENERAL G. A. KOLPAKOVSKY TO THE TURKESTAN GENERAL-GOVERNOR K. P. KAUFMAN ON THE ARRIVAL OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REBELLIOUS KOKAND KYRGYZ IN THE CITY OF VERNY AND ON THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE REBELS BY THE TURKESTAN ADMINISTRATION November 15, 1873 These documents are not published.

01.04.2022, 15:15

Kurmanjan Datka

The Title of the Khan's Certificate of Exoneration: Inoyat-name

Certificates of Inoyat-name As seen from the land tax survey journal of the Fergana region for 1905 and the interrogation protocol from 1907, mutawaliya Hasan-bek (brother of Abdullabek) stated that each plot consisted of about seven tanaps of urban land. There were 161 trading shops on them. In the same year, 1875, Khudoyar-khan issued a special document freeing the mentioned lands, as well as the donated trading shops, from taxes. Abdullabek was issued the following exonerating Khan's

30.03.2022, 12:25

Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

Historical Perspective of the Kyrgyz People under Soviet Power

The Achievement of Greatness by A. Sydykov Thanks to the Soviet System The fate of A. Sydykov and many of his associates compels a reevaluation of the role of Kyrgyz civil servants. From the perspective of the Bolsheviks, all these people were initially "fellow travelers," "adaptors," "bloodsuckers." Later, these labels transformed into the specter of the "enemy of the people." The Bolsheviks hated the civil servants of the old regime. They were to

28.03.2022, 09:41