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About Kyrgyzstan

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1937 in Kyrgyzstan
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Shabdan Baatyr
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Osh
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Osh - 3000
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Naryn
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Mailuu-Suu
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Kyrgyz heroic epic "Manas"
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The epic "Manas" in prose
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Poetic retelling of the epic "Manas"
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"Semetey" - poetic story
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"Semetey" in prose
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Maro Chuchvara
Main dishes of Kyrgyzstan

Maro Chuchvara

This dish was mainly prepared by southern Kyrgyz tribes closer to autumn. At this time, the seeds of the maroo plant ripened; they were harvested, collected, and dried, then winnowed and cleaned. The cleaned seeds were ground for a long time in a mortar. Pre-cooked potatoes were mashed into a puree, to which maroo flour was added and mixed, along with salt and oil to taste. The dough was kneaded well, then rolled out, cut into squares, filled with maroo, and wrapped. The shape can be like that

18.03.2023, 19:42
Men's Shalwar of the Kyrgyz
Ethnography

Men's Shalwar of the Kyrgyz

Men's trousers were made from various materials. They used calico, home-produced fabrics, sheep and goat skins, suede, and factory-made fabrics (wool, velvet, dense cotton). The cut depended on the material. Trousers of all shapes were closed, and they were tightened with a woolen cord called "gashnik" ("ычкыр"), which was threaded through a fold and tied in front. The ends of the gashnik in the traditional costume of young men were decorated with embroidery made of

18.03.2023, 19:26
The arrangement for evacuated children in Kyrgyzstan who were left orphaned by fascist invaders.
Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

The arrangement for evacuated children in Kyrgyzstan who were left orphaned by fascist invaders.

The countless sufferings brought by the fascist invaders to children in the occupied territories stained Soviet land with their blood, depriving them of their homes, fathers, and mothers. In the eastern regions of the country, in Toghfisle and Kyrgyzstan, trains with children were arriving. In this regard, caring for children in wartime was a task of enormous state importance. The future of the country largely depended on how local authorities managed this task. A commission was established

15.03.2023, 12:52
Apollonius
Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Apollonius

Apollonius - Parnassius apollonius Ev. This species of butterfly was first described in 1847 by the famous Russian entomologist Eversmann. The species is named after a Greek name. It is a large, beautiful butterfly with a wingspan of 51–72 mm. The length of the forewing is 37—45 mm. The main background color of the males' wings is pure white, while the females have gray scales. Along the outer edge of the wings, there is a row of black spots with clear outlines. The black spots at the

07.03.2023, 22:50
How the Political Case Against Abdulkarim Sydykov Was Fabricated
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

How the Political Case Against Abdulkarim Sydykov Was Fabricated

In the statement by X. Khasanov regarding the accused, it was written: "1. Citizen Abdulkarim Sydykov, as everyone knows, previously served in the district administration as a translator and became quite notorious in this position as a lover of easy profit and a extractor of all resources from the Kyrgyz people. Who among them has not had some dealings with the district administration? Being elected as a deputy to the district commissioner by the Provisional Government, he constantly

05.03.2023, 11:50
Agriculture of Kyrgyzstan at the Service of the Front in 1941
Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Agriculture of Kyrgyzstan at the Service of the Front in 1941

The sudden attack of fascist Germany and the unfavorable development of military actions on the front created enormous difficulties not only in industry but also in the agriculture of the country. The enemy managed to capture the richest agricultural regions: before the war, they produced 38% of the gross grain output, 84% of sugar, accounted for 38% of cattle, and 60% of the pig population. Many able-bodied and skilled workers and collective farmers were mobilized to the front. In addition, a

05.03.2023, 11:16
Semetei. The Death of Chinkodjo and Toltoy. Part - 2
"Semetey" in prose

Semetei. The Death of Chinkodjo and Toltoy. Part - 2

When Toltoy’s wound healed, he began to consult with Chinkodjo. Sitting together, they reasoned as follows: - Akhun-khan will not voluntarily give us Aichurek, so let’s send our numerous army into battle. We will kill Akhun-khan, bind Adjibai and Tyumenbai by their necks like slaves, and take all their girls and young women, led by Aichurek, as spoils. If the Afghans dare to resist, we will wipe them out to the last one, destroy their homes, turn their city into a desert, and leave not a stone

04.03.2023, 12:52
Awards of the Army Senior Sergeant Shabdan Jantaev
Shabdan Baatyr

Awards of the Army Senior Sergeant Shabdan Jantaev

Information about the awards received by the Kyrgyz from the Sarybagysh volost, the junior Cossack Elder Shabdan Djantaev: 1) In 1868, awarded an honorary robe of the 1st class. 2) In 1871, awarded an honorary robe of the 2nd class. 3) In 1874, awarded a gold medal on the Stanislav ribbon and an honorary robe of the 1st class. 4) In 1875, awarded an honorary robe of the 1st class. Certificate dated October 24, 1875, No. 142. 5) In 1876, for feats performed during the campaign against the

04.03.2023, 12:33
The Tale of How Aldar Punished the Robber
Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of How Aldar Punished the Robber

As people say, it must have been so. According to legend, there lived a clever and resourceful man in a Kyrgyz village, named Aldar-Kose. One day, Aldar went to fetch water. Just as he was lowering the bucket into the well, he saw a notorious bandit approaching him. The bandit had many misdeeds to his name, and Aldar decided to punish the uninvited guest.

15.02.2023, 20:46
The Ishan from the Min-Tyube Village by the Nickname "Dukchi"
Kurmanjan Datka

The Ishan from the Min-Tyube Village by the Nickname "Dukchi"

The uprising was led by a certain Magomed Ali Khalif Muhammad-Sabir Ogly - the ishan from the village of Min-Tyube. The nickname Dukchi, under which he entered history, suggests a probable profession of this person. To fully reveal and objectively assess the reasons for the Andijan uprising of 1898, it is necessary to investigate the personality of the immediate leader. To determine whether the Andijan uprising can be interpreted as a religious Sufi, anti-colonial, or national liberation

15.02.2023, 20:38
Ozgocho (special)
Meat and offal dishes

Ozgocho (special)

The recipe for this dish was found among the ethnic Kyrgyz in China (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region). This dish is prepared on special occasions, when meeting respected relatives or friends. The cooking process is very labor-intensive and lengthy, but the dish is worth the time and effort spent. After trying this dish with a smoky aroma and a subtle taste of meat and navat (fried sugar), a person will long remember its flavor. Ingredients: 4 heads of black ram Navat (fried sugar) 350-400 g

13.02.2023, 20:04
Men's Clothing of the Kyrgyz. Open-front Shirt
Ethnography

Men's Clothing of the Kyrgyz. Open-front Shirt

The main items of men's undergarments in the 19th century among the Kyrgyz were the open shirt and trousers. The open shirt — jegde (Fig. 133, a) was usually made from white calico or mat. Its cut was tunic-like. Slightly flared wedges were sewn onto the side edges. The length of the shirt was below the knees, and the sleeves covered the wrists. It was customary to sew in gussets (keshtak). The open collar was trimmed with a band that narrowed at the chest and was fastened with cords or

06.02.2023, 10:10
The Activities of the Local Councils of Frunze in Managing Enterprises During the Great Patriotic War
Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

The Activities of the Local Councils of Frunze in Managing Enterprises During the Great Patriotic War

The local authorities showed particular concern for the veterans of the Great Patriotic War and the families of servicemen, those who bravely fought on the front lines defending the independence of the Motherland, sacrificing their health. The focus of the city and district councils was on providing material and medical assistance, creating necessary living conditions, and facilitating employment. At the end of June 1941, a commission for the appointment of benefits to the families of

01.02.2023, 16:39
Mnemosyne, or Black Apollo - Mnemosyne, the one who left a mark
Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Mnemosyne, or Black Apollo - Mnemosyne, the one who left a mark

Mnemosyne, or Black Apollo - Parnassius mnemosyne L. The butterfly was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1858 in his famous book "Systema Naturae." It is named after the ancient Roman goddess of memory. Mnemosyne (Greek mythology) is the goddess of memory, the mother of the nine Muses, and the daughter of Uranus and Gaia. Wingspan up to 70 mm. The length of the forewing is 20–35 mm. The wings are rounded, covered with sparse scales. The marginal area of the forewing is semi-transparent,

01.02.2023, 16:01
"Red Terror" Against A. Sydykov
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

"Red Terror" Against A. Sydykov

Two months before the spontaneously begun Belyvodsk uprising, on September 30, 1918, X. Khasanov, who at that time was the commissioner for national affairs of the Pishpek Soviet, as well as a member of the investigative commission and the local revolutionary tribunal, attempted to initiate a case against Abdykerim Sydykov, Satarkul and Sadik Djangarachiev, Seydakhmat Chukin, Asankul Cholponkulov, Akhmed-bek Koybagarov, Dauletbek Kobylyov, Azimbek Sagymbaev, and Sadibakas Jandaev on charges of

31.01.2023, 11:46
The Printing Industry in the City of Kara-Balta
Kara-Balta - Black Ax

The Printing Industry in the City of Kara-Balta

Printing House of JSC "KGRK" Founded in 1960, it served only the subdivisions of the mining and processing plant until 1990. After the privatization of JSC "KGRK," the printing house acquired the latest equipment, mastered the offset printing method, established the production of various high-quality products, and opened a printing services department in the city center. Recently, it has been producing newspapers for the Jayil District. The printing house is headed by

31.01.2023, 11:23
Reflection in the Sanjyr of the History and Genealogy of the Kyrgyz People
Ethnography

Reflection in the Sanjyr of the History and Genealogy of the Kyrgyz People

The sanjyra, as a historical source, consists of a structure made up of legendary and several historical layers. The legendary part mainly encompasses tales about the forty maidens, which form the basis of ancient historical tradition. Stories about Khan Ughuz and Turk Ata, as well as the name of the famous medieval Sufi Sheikh Mansur al-Hallaj, likely entered the sanjyra under the influence of book culture and the activities of Muslim missionaries. Among the legendary ancestors, the last

26.12.2022, 18:45
From the resolution of the Frunze City Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan "On the progress of housing construction in the city of Frunze." Document No. 200 (May 1956)
History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

From the resolution of the Frunze City Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan "On the progress of housing construction in the city of Frunze." Document No. 200 (May 1956)

Frunze May 31, 1956. ... Approve the following deadlines for the commissioning of residential buildings: For construction trust No. 31 (manager Comrade Beloglazov) Dormitory for 200 places of the Frunze factory by June 20, 1956. Dormitory for workers for 200 people of the Frunze factory by August 20, 1956. 30 apartments residential building of construction trust No. 31 by June 20, 1956* Residential building of the Office of the Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR - III quarter 1956. 16

23.12.2022, 08:14
Bakashova Zhyldyz - an extraordinary leader of the largest library in the country
Women of Kyrgyzstan

Bakashova Zhyldyz - an extraordinary leader of the largest library in the country

Zhyldyz Bakashova represents one of the bright pages in the history of the National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic. A multifaceted personality and an extraordinary leader of the largest library in the country, she lives with vibrant emotions and ideas, possesses extensive knowledge and experience, and enjoys trust and respect. Zhyldyz Kemelovna is a complex individual. In her, as in a good symphony, the most diverse, even opposite musical tones are combined: high and low, soft and harsh, sharp

23.12.2022, 07:54
Discovery in the Archives of Polivanov's Manuscripts on Kyrgyz Linguistics
1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Discovery in the Archives of Polivanov's Manuscripts on Kyrgyz Linguistics

In the manuscript collections of the Institute of Kyrgyz Language and Literature (the successor of the former Institute of Cultural Construction and the Institute of Language and Writing), only the "Report on the Dungan Linguistic Expedition," written by Polivanov on August 15, 1936, was found. It began as follows: “Only thanks to the valuable qualities of my colleague Comrade Yak-Shan-Sin, whom I sincerely consider an excellent work partner, was the expedition able to accomplish

21.12.2022, 11:07
The National Economy of the Kyrgyz SSR by Mid-1942
Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

The National Economy of the Kyrgyz SSR by Mid-1942

The communication authorities also improved their work. In a record short time—from July to December 1941—a 533-kilometer line was laid, and 54 border rural councils of the republic were connected by telephone; a telegraph and telephone line was constructed Pulgon—Haiderken, and telephone communication was established between the mine and the city of Osh; the construction of the communication line Durbeldzhin—Kazarman was completed; the telephone connection of large evacuated enterprises was

21.12.2022, 10:47
Semetei. The Death of Chinkodjo and Toltoy. Part - 1
"Semetey" in prose

Semetei. The Death of Chinkodjo and Toltoy. Part - 1

Kulchoro, upon learning of Toltoy’s departure, mounted Taiyburul, donned the semetey akolpok, and, taking his syrnayzu, galloped to meet the groom. He waited a long time for the enemy to appear and finally, without dismounting, leaned on his spear and fell asleep. Feeling Toltoy's approach, Taiyburul began to stomp his hooves on the ground and neigh, but Kulchoro still did not wake up. His sleep only ended when Taiyburul bit him. Awakening, Kulchoro first got angry at his horse, then

19.12.2022, 15:11
Autobiography of Shabdan Jantaev
Shabdan Baatyr

Autobiography of Shabdan Jantaev

(From the manuscript of the unpublished book by N.A. Aristov "Western Tien Shan. Ussuni and Kyrgyz or Kara-Kyrgyz". 4.2. - St. Petersburg, 1893.) ... Here, for the convenience of considering the dates of military actions in Fergana, I place the autobiography of the Kara-Kyrgyz of the Sarybagysh clan, military elder Shabdan Jantaev, compiled at my request in 1885, a significant part of which consists of his participation in these military actions; this participation is naively

19.12.2022, 15:01
The Tale of the Old Man and Bek-Khan
Kyrgyz fairy tales

The Tale of the Old Man and Bek-Khan

Bek-khan had six viziers — boastful and arrogant. They all boasted of their intellect. One day, Bek-khan was riding through the steppe with all his six viziers when they came across a poor yurt. Near it stood an old man.

14.12.2022, 13:38
The Andijan Uprising of 1898: The Roots of Popular Anger
Kurmanjan Datka

The Andijan Uprising of 1898: The Roots of Popular Anger

The unpredictable and capricious nature for which Kurmandzhan Datka was known astonishingly combined with the sober calculation and wisdom of a far-sighted strategist. This is evidenced by a fact from the biography of the Alai queen, when her warning once saved tens of thousands of her tribesmen from certain death. This refers to an act that prevented many Alai people from participating in the infamous Andijan uprising of 1898. As is known, this mass unrest of separatists engulfed a

14.12.2022, 12:32
Special Soup - "Bertik Suruu"
Soups of Kyrgyzstan

Special Soup - "Bertik Suruu"

This special soup is prepared and served in conjunction with the ritual "Bertik Suruu." Regardless of the ingredients, this special soup helped the sick person to get back on their feet, and the sick person was also aided by faith in the power of words, the ritual accompanying this dish, and the ritual "Bertik Suruu." This ritual has come down to us from the distant times of our ancestors. "Bertik" comes from the word "bertinip," which means a sharp pain

12.12.2022, 17:58
Clothing of the Southern Kyrgyz. Part - 2
Ethnography

Clothing of the Southern Kyrgyz. Part - 2

Among the ready-made items purchased by Kyrgyz people, in addition to light robes, were quilted chapans made by Uzbeks and fur coats (ichik). Kyrgyz people also bought men's shirts, tubeteikas, and leather shoes. Uzbek waist scarves (cotton and silk, with and without embroidery) became widely popular, as well as large women's scarves that came to the market from Eastern Turkestan and Bukhara. Various silver jewelry and corals, mother-of-pearl, precious stones, and pearls brought from

12.12.2022, 15:14
Semetey. The Escape of the Forty Crows to China
"Semetey" - poetic story

Semetey. The Escape of the Forty Crows to China

Among the forty choro, there were different people Smart and foolish, a brave one and a coward, and an enemy Gathered together, they discussed Among themselves, precisely, like this: - We have always defeated our enemies But the glory of fame only went to Manas Kankor is not any braver than us Despite this, we obeyed!

01.12.2022, 14:55
Assistance of the Population of Frunze to the Front During the Great Patriotic War
Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

Assistance of the Population of Frunze to the Front During the Great Patriotic War

During the war, many vivid heroic-patriotic essays were published in the republic, revealing the military exploits of Kyrgyzstanis. The activities of theatrical groups were subordinated to the interests of defending the Motherland - 7 front brigades, which included Kyrgyz masters of arts. During the war, they gave more than 2,500 concerts at the front. The defensive and organizational work of the city and district councils of the capital was of great importance in leading the collection of

01.12.2022, 14:43
Wiskott's Yellow Butterfly - Wiskott's Yellow Moth
Insects of Kyrgyzstan

Wiskott's Yellow Butterfly - Wiskott's Yellow Moth

Wiskott's Sulphur - Colias wiskotti Stgr. The species name is given in honor of the entomologist Ivan Ivanovich Wiskott. The wingspan of this sulphur butterfly is up to 50 mm. The coloration of males varies in shades from lemon-green to deep orange. A wide black border occupies almost half of the wing. Females are not as brightly colored.

29.11.2022, 17:16
The First Attempt at Political Discrediting of A. Sydykov and the Left Socialist Revolutionary Movement in Turkestan
Kyrgyzstan in the 1920s

The First Attempt at Political Discrediting of A. Sydykov and the Left Socialist Revolutionary Movement in Turkestan

One episode from the life of A. Sydykov is associated with his membership in the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which could have turned tragic for him. After the suppression of the uprising in Moscow, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party was labeled as counter-revolutionary and pro-Kulak. However, despite the fierce anti-SR propaganda and agitation, the task of liquidating this nearly million-member organization was by no means simple. A new pretext was needed to finally discredit the

29.11.2022, 16:48
Sanzyra and the Genealogical Connections of the Kyrgyz
Ethnography

Sanzyra and the Genealogical Connections of the Kyrgyz

The analysis shows the continuity of historical and genealogical information in the sanjyra. A stable genealogical trace is represented by the legend of Dolon-biy and his descendants. In various versions of the sanjyra, he appears as the primordial ancestor of the Kyrgyz of the right ("on kanat") and left wings ("sol kanat"). In different versions, he is the progenitor of all major branches ("on kanat", "sol kanat", "ichkilik") of the

18.11.2022, 17:19
Resolution of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan "On the Organization of an Automobile Assembly Plant in the City of Frunze." Document No. 199 (March 1956).
History of the capital of Kyrgyzstan in documents

Resolution of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan "On the Organization of an Automobile Assembly Plant in the City of Frunze." Document No. 199 (March 1956).

Frunze, March 27, 1956 The Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan believes that under the current conditions, when the products of the Frunze Agricultural Machinery Plant are almost entirely exported beyond the borders of the Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan, and only 10-15 percent is consumed in the specified economic area, further production of these products at the plant is completely unjustified.

18.11.2022, 17:02
Rosetta Aitmatov
Women of Kyrgyzstan

Rosetta Aitmatov

Her last name is famous. But Rozetta Aitmatova never thought about it - dignity, integrity, and honor were too hard-won from harsh circumstances...

14.11.2022, 00:46
Memories of the Student E. D. Polivanov Yan-Shan-Sin about His Teacher
1937 in Kyrgyzstan

Memories of the Student E. D. Polivanov Yan-Shan-Sin about His Teacher

In the first year of work, it was not possible to go on an expedition. E. D. Polivanov and the young researcher Yusup Yan-Shan-Sin urgently had to engage in compiling a textbook of the Dungan language, while Tynystanov and Abdukaimov worked on the Kyrgyz language. That same year, together with Yasir Shivaza, E. D. Polivanov translated "The Internationale" into the Dungan language and often, as later recalled by the now-folk poet Shivaza, hummed it in Dungan.

14.11.2022, 00:26
Railway, Road, and Water Transport of the Kyrgyz SSR in the Early Years of World War II
Kyrgyzstan during the Great Patriotic War

Railway, Road, and Water Transport of the Kyrgyz SSR in the Early Years of World War II

The various types of transport in the republic that grew during the years of Soviet power—railway, road, and water transport—had to quickly transition to a military footing in an extremely challenging environment, ensuring timely and uninterrupted transportation for military and economic needs. By the order of the People's Commissariat of Railways of the USSR from June 24, 1941, train movements across the entire Soviet Union were switched to a special military schedule, civilian

10.11.2022, 17:31
Semetei. Semetei's Trip to Aychurek. Part - 2
"Semetey" in prose

Semetei. Semetei's Trip to Aychurek. Part - 2

Let Semetey, exercising the right of a bridegroom, lie in the palace of Aichurek. Leaving him in peace, we will move on to the story of Chinkodjo and Toltoy. *** Ajibai, Aichurek's brother, was known for his remarkable eloquence, but he was a coward. Tyumenbai, another brother, was not eloquent, but he was brave.

10.11.2022, 16:53
A Tale of Generosity Without Limits. Part - 4
Kyrgyz fairy tales

A Tale of Generosity Without Limits. Part - 4

It should be noted that the sage had a huge library. He gave me the keys to it and went off to the mountains to collect medicinal herbs and dig up healing roots. Unbeknownst to myself, I became engrossed in reading the books, and there was so much interesting and captivating content in them that I didn’t even notice how I forgot both my sorrow and the girl whom I seemed to love madly. The ringing in my ears disappeared, I felt my former strength returning to my body, and my mood lifted. When

04.11.2022, 13:36
The Attitude Towards Kurmanjan Datka and Shabdan-Baatyr in Central Asia and Beyond
Kurmanjan Datka

The Attitude Towards Kurmanjan Datka and Shabdan-Baatyr in Central Asia and Beyond

According to legends, Kurmandzhan Datka and Shabdan-Baatyr often showed mercy towards the poor and weak, providing them with material assistance. They were not characterized by a thirst for power, cruelty, greed, or a desire for enrichment. They amazed their contemporaries with their insight, flexibility, and consistent implementation of their set goals. In the context of the colonial policies of the Tsarist regime, they tried to preserve the integrity and nominal independence of their fellow

31.10.2022, 18:43
Oiled Wheat
Kyrgyz cuisine

Oiled Wheat

According to the stories of the elders, each tribe kept the methods of preparing their warriors a secret, and among other things, each clan had its own recipes for food for them. The best provisions, believed to give strength to the warriors, were considered to be buttered wheat. The serving of the dish was invariably accompanied by prayers and sayings invoking victory and triumph in battles. Feeling the power from the food, the warriors would leave, inspired towards victory by the words and

31.10.2022, 18:28
Clothing of the Southern Kyrgyz. Part - 1
Ethnography

Clothing of the Southern Kyrgyz. Part - 1

The clothing of the southern Kyrgyz has not received special attention in literature. There are only fragmentary pieces of information, but they are characterized by an emphasis on national features and the uniqueness of Kyrgyz clothing. More detailed information can be found in the aforementioned works of V. I. Kushelevsky and N. S. Lykoshin. Valuable sources for studying the clothing of southern Kyrgyz people include ethnographic collections stored in the State Museum of Ethnography, the

27.10.2022, 16:24
Semetey. The Battle of Semetey with Abyke and Kyobesh. Part - 2
"Semetey" - poetic story

Semetey. The Battle of Semetey with Abyke and Kyobesh. Part - 2

When Semetey saw that Kёbёsh was dead He did not wish to do this at all Despair engulfed him with sadness Bitterly weeping, he began to lament: - Oh, I am a tailless and maneless kulan! I have become like a snake that has no legs I have no brothers, no relatives I have grown up all alone in this whole world! - I wanted to be in alliance with Abike To hand over the battle banner to Bakai To wage war against China To avenge the lion Manas with this!

27.10.2022, 16:06
Commissioning of Evacuated Industry from Frontline Areas of the USSR in the City of Frunze in 1942
Pishpek - Frunze - Bishkek

Commissioning of Evacuated Industry from Frontline Areas of the USSR in the City of Frunze in 1942

In response to the request of the Frunze Mechanical Plant, on February 2, 1942, the Executive Committee of the City Council allocated a plot of land to the People's Commissariat for Mortar Armament for the expansion of the plant's territory and the construction of workshops. A total of 28 industrial enterprises were evacuated to Frunze from the front-line regions of the country, including a knitwear factory, the "Zdorovye" pharmaceutical plant, and a porcelain factory from

19.10.2022, 16:25
The title translates to: "Christoph's Jaundice - Christof's Yellow Butterfly."
Insects of Kyrgyzstan

The title translates to: "Christoph's Jaundice - Christof's Yellow Butterfly."

Christoph's Sulphur - Colias christophi Gr.–Gr. This butterfly is named after the famous entomologist and tireless insect collector Christoph, who traveled extensively in Central Asia. It is quite deservedly considered one of the most striking species of sulphurs that adorn nature. Unlike other sulphurs, males and females of this species are very similar in appearance. Females are less active and are most often hidden in the grass. The length of the forewing is 20—24 mm. The wingspan is

19.10.2022, 16:05