Devices for Transporting Goods
The *chiyne* sled was often used for transporting goods, especially in the second half of the 19th century. It had no wheels and consisted of two parallel poles 3-4 meters long, secured with rawhide straps nailed across the crossbars. The front ends of the poles were tightly tied to the sides of a pack or riding saddle, while the rear ends spread apart to a width of 1.5-2 meters and dragged along the ground.
Among some farmers, a two-wheeled cart of the Kokand type became widespread, used in flat and foothill areas. It was primarily used for transporting heavy loads and had two very large diameter wheels mounted on a thick wooden axle. A wooden platform, or body, was placed on the axle, with shafts at the front that extended from the longitudinal beams of the frame.
The rim, hubs, and axle were made from durable wood, specifically *karagach*, while the shafts were made from *terek* poplar. All parts of the cart were initially connected without nails or other metal fastenings. The platform was secured to the axle with straps. By the end of the 19th century, most carts already had metal rims on the wheels, a metal axle, and all wooden parts were fastened with iron nails.
In the second half of the 19th - early 20th century, influenced by resettled peasants, wagons such as carts, buggies, and other types of draft transport appeared (Brusina, 2001). The most common type of vehicle was the so-called Tyumen-type cart, small in size and light in weight, with a wooden body. The running gear of the cart consisted of two pairs of wheels. It was usually intended for quick travel and transporting small loads. Another type of draft transport that also became widespread was the large four-wheeled cart — *mazhara*, which had a large body with lattice walls made of boards. It was used to transport straw, hay, sheaves of grain from the field, and household items. A variation of the large cart was the *droga*, also borrowed from the Russian population. Some wealthy households began acquiring covered *tarantases*, which belonged to the category of light vehicles.
In areas with deep snow, cargo sleds with runners, also borrowed, were used. They were used to transport water, firewood, and fodder for livestock. Oxen and horses were harnessed to the cargo sleds, and a yoke was used for the oxen.
There were devices that allowed people to carry heavy loads. Adults commonly carried young children on their backs, and the technique of carrying *arkaga kotyruu* was mastered by both the elderly and teenagers. Often, a person had to carry various items over short distances. Using a yoke called *apkech*, young girls fetched water from wells and springs. For hay and straw, a lasso was used to place the bundle on the back.
Means of transportation for the Kyrgyz in the early 20th century
