In certain areas of the Earth, strong underground tremors sometimes occur, a rumble is heard, and ground vibrations cover significant areas, sometimes the entire Earth—this is an earthquake. In its epicenter, strong changes occur: deep and long cracks appear on the surface, landslides are observed, buildings are destroyed, etc.
Ancient Kyrgyz Ideas about the Structure of the World Human thought has never been satisfied with simply establishing direct, practically significant connections between phenomena. Every nation has tried to understand and explain various phenomena; its cosmological and cosmogonical ideas often took the form of traditions, legends, and myths, which represent a combination of original elements and borrowings. Such are the ancient ideas of the Kyrgyz about the structure of the Earth and the
The fabric "terme" is known to all Kyrgyz people. It is widely used among the Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia. By the method of production, this fabric belongs to the type of supplementary weaves, and its folk name "terme" reflects the main technical technique that forms its specificity. "Terme" means "assembled." The warp threads, which create the pattern, are paired together on a stick (tergich) during weaving and temporarily, depending on the
Alongside the production of simple solid-colored or striped fabrics used for making clothing and some household items, patterned weaving was widespread in southern Kyrgyzstan in the 19th and early 20th centuries. There are three types of patterned fabrics distinguished by their weaving technique: terme, kajary, and besh kashté. Patterned fabrics not only met practical needs but were also intended to satisfy the aesthetic tastes of the Kyrgyz population.
Fabrics of Kyrgyz production are characterized by plain weave, which is considered the simplest technique in textile production.
In the history of the economy of southern Kyrgyzstan, the 19th century was a turning point: they began to transition from the main form of economy—animal husbandry—to agriculture. This process had been partially observed earlier, but in the 19th century, it took on a more intensive character. The degree of development and spread of agriculture was determined by socio-economic factors, although it also significantly depended on natural and geographical conditions, which influenced the types of
The strength of the state lies in its budget. This postulate is indisputable. The main task of tax officials is to ensure the state budget and prevent its losses.
Traditional string instruments include the guitar and violin, while among the Kyrgyz, there are komuz and kyl kyak. A classical guitar can be purchased in almost any store, but national Kyrgyz musical instruments are almost always handmade.
The tourism sector is one of the largest and fastest-growing in the world and provides the most jobs (UNWTO 2012). In many developing countries, the tourism sector is among the leaders in generated revenue (UNWTO 2012). The tourism sector is traditionally included in the agenda when developing development strategies in many countries, including developing countries, newly independent countries, post-conflict countries, and even countries with active conflicts (Owen-Edmunds 2011). It is not
The monitoring of the state and use of information and communication technologies for 2012 included 9,224 business entities (enterprises and organizations) using computer technology and information technologies. The number of such enterprises in the republic has increased by 1.6 times compared to 2008.
Typically, two women work on the navoi. One unwinds the threads onto the warp (erish) of the fabric, while the other picks up each thread and secures it in the heddle. When winding the warp, the artisans consider the width, pattern, and color of the product. When creating patterned fabric, the threads are counted precisely. Therefore, the winding of the warp is one of the critical stages in patterned weaving.
The southern Kyrgyz are also known for a manual device for cleaning raw cotton from seeds — the chygyrik, which was widely used in areas where cotton cultivation has been practiced for a long time.
Among other domestic crafts, weaving held one of the primary places among the Kyrgyz in the past. The development of capitalist relations, which gradually dismantled the foundations of the natural economy, brought about several changes in domestic weaving. In the lively trade of various types of fabrics, both from Central Asian handicrafts and Russian industrial production, observed in the Fergana Valley in the late 19th century, Kyrgyz fabrics made at home also had a certain presence.
Rope weaving. Batken district. In the economic life of the Kyrgyz, the lasso has wide applications. In the past, the nomadic livestock economy had a daily need for this type of wool product. Therefore, the Kyrgyz are well-versed in the technique of making lassos, which were previously sold in large quantities. Until recently, the production of lassos was based on manual labor.
Dikikh Anatoliy Nikitovich (1937), Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1998). Russian. Born in Frunze. Graduated from KSU (1959). Worked as a laboratory assistant, junior researcher, senior researcher, head of the laboratory, director, head of the glaciology laboratory at TSHFGS, and since 1995 - Deputy Director for Science at the Institute of Geology of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Specialist in glaciology, hydrology, and climatology of high-altitude areas of Central
Dzhusaev Dzholdosh (1934-2001), Doctor of Philological Sciences (2000), Professor (1993). Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Tepke, Tyup District, Issyk-Kul Region. Graduated from the Pedagogical College (1953), KSU (1959), postgraduate studies there (1981), doctoral studies at the K. Tynystanov Institute of Humanities (Karakol, 2000). Worked as a teacher, head of the department at OGPI, dean, secretary of the party committee, senior lecturer at KSU, head of the sector at the Central Committee of
Dzhunushev Kerim Dzhunushevich (1925), Doctor of Economic Sciences (1970), Professor (1973). Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Kerege-Tash, Aksuysky District, Issyk-Kul Region. Graduated from KSU (1971). Worked as an instructor in the propaganda and agitation department of the Jalal-Abad, Issyk-Kul, and Jety-Oguz regional committees of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan, junior researcher, senior researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Kyrgyz SSR, senior lecturer, associate professor at
Dzhunushalieva Tamara Sharshenkulovna (1948), Doctor of Chemical Sciences (2002). Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Kalininskoye, Kalininsky District, Chui Region. Graduated from FPI (1971), postgraduate studies there (1978).
Dzhunushaliev Kubanychbek Kashymbekovich (1961), Doctor of Medical Sciences (2001). Kyrgyz. Born in the town of Rybachye, Issyk-Kul region of the Kyrgyz Republic. Graduated from KGMI (1984), postgraduate studies at the Kyrgyz Research Institute of Oncology and Radiology (1989).
Dzhunushaliev Dzhensh (1935), Doctor of Historical Sciences (1993), Laureate of the State Prizes of the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of science and technology (1996, 2002), Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Korumdu, Tyup District, Issyk-Kul Region. Graduated from the Karakol Teacher Training Institute (1954), KSU (1960), and postgraduate studies at the AON under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the
Dzhumataev Murat Sadyrbekovich (1957), Doctor of Technical Sciences (1993), Professor (1998), Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic (1997). Kyrgyz. Born in Frunze. Graduated from the FPI (1978), postgraduate studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR (1984). Worked as an engineer, senior engineer, junior researcher, senior researcher at the Institute of Automation, scientific secretary, deputy director for science, and since 1995 - director
Dzhumanazarova Asylkan Zulpukarovna (1952), Candidate of Chemical Sciences (1982), Professor (2002), Laureate of the State Prize of the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of Science and Technology (2000). Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Mirza-Aki, Uzgen District, Osh Region. Graduated from KGU (1974), postgraduate studies at the N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow, 1981). Worked as a senior laboratory assistant, senior engineer, junior researcher,
Dzhunusov Mashud Sadykovich (1920), Doctor of Philosophy (1953), Professor (1957). Tatar. Born in the city of Przhevalsk. Graduated from Kyrgyz State Agricultural Institute (1940). Worked as the head of the department at KSU, at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Specialist in the field of philosophy.
Dzhumaliev Artykbai Dzhumalievich (1928), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1989), Professor (1989). Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Sary-Bulak, Jayil District, Chui Region. Graduated from KGMI (1954), and completed postgraduate studies there (1957). Worked as an assistant, associate professor, deputy dean of the medical faculty, and head of the department at KGMI.
Dzhumagulova Ainagul Seksenalievna (1954), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1997), Professor (2001), Laureate of the State Prize of the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of Science and Technology (2002). Kyrgyz. Born in the city of Przhevalsk, Issyk-Kul region. Graduated from KGMI (1977), completed clinical residency there (1978), and postgraduate studies at KNIIC (1984). Worked as a junior researcher, senior researcher, head of the department of arterial hypertension at KNIIC of Cardiology, chief
Dzhumagulov Sulayman (1923-1998), Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (1968), Professor (1991).
Dzhumagulov Olzhobay Dzhumakadyrovich (1954), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1996), Professor (2000). Kyrgyz. Born in Frunze. Graduated from KGMI (1978), also completed postgraduate studies there (1986), and doctoral studies (1993). Worked as a clinical resident at Leningrad GIDUV, assistant, senior researcher, associate professor, and since 1997 - head of the Department of Eye Diseases at KGMA.
Dzhumagulov Apas Dzhumagulovich (1934), Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (1999), Laureate of the State Prize of the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of Science and Technology. Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Arashan, Alamudun District, Chui Region. Graduated from the Moscow Oil Institute (1958). Worked as a geologist, chief engineer of the "Kyrgyzneft" management, head of department, secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan, first secretary of
Dzhumabekov Sabyrbek Artisbekovich (1964), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1995), Professor (1997). Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Satkey, Kirov District, Talas Region. Graduated from KGMI (1987). Worked as a clinical resident at the Crimean Medical Institute, resident, assistant, head of the orthopedic department, deputy director of KNIIKiVL, and since 1999 - head of the department at KGMA.
Dzhuzhenova Burul Sagyndynovna (1952), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1992), Professor (1995). Kyrgyz. Born in the village of Taldy-Suu, Issyk-Kul region. Graduated from KGMI (1976), postgraduate studies at the Institute of Rheumatism of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Moscow, 1981).
Dzhoshibaev Seikhan (1939), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1981), Professor (1994), Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic.
Dzhoro Bekov Abdylas (1951), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1998). Kyrgyz. Born in the urban-type settlement of Toktogul, Toktogul District, Jalal-Abad Region. Graduated from KGMI (1975), postgraduate studies at the Institute of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Moscow, 1987), doctoral studies at the A.N. Syzganov National Center of Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty, 1997). Worked as a surgeon, head of the department at the Issyk-Kul Regional
Over the past five years, there has been a noticeable increase in the main indicators of the standard of living of the population in the social sphere of the state. Thus, from 2009 to 2013, the average per capita monetary income of the population, according to the sample survey of household budgets, increased by 1.4 times. In 2013, the monetary income of the urban population exceeded that of rural residents by 1.3 times, amounting to 3978.85 and 3002.5 soms per month per capita, respectively.
In 2013, the development and implementation of technological, marketing, and organizational innovations in the industry of the republic were carried out by 39 enterprises, or 5.5 percent of the surveyed number.
Before 1917, there were 6 semi-artisanal brick factories in Kyrgyzstan, mostly operating seasonally, and one lime burning factory. In 1922, the brick production amounted to only 0.4 million pieces, and in 1924 — about 1 million pieces. A small amount of tiles and lime were produced. In 1927, the construction materials industry in the republic was represented by a brick factory that was part of the "Kyrgyzstroyobedineniye," and artisanal production within the system of the industrial
The volume of market services provided by economic entities in January-June 2014, according to preliminary estimates, amounted to 191.2 billion soms, which is an increase of 3.3 percent compared to January-June 2013. Overall, the turnover of wholesale and retail trade per capita in the republic in January-June of this year amounted to 18,045 soms. However, while in Osh city the turnover exceeded the average republican indicator by 2.4 times, in Bishkek by 2.1 times, and in Chui region by 1.2
Researchers note the traditional nature of the clothing of the peoples of Central Asia, which has developed within a unified culture. While there were significant differences in the past, over the centuries they have smoothed out and formed something cohesive. However, despite the unity of the constructive basis, the clothing of the Kyrgyz has not lost its originality, especially clearly manifested in the decoration and manner of wearing. Researchers note the lack of differentiation in some
The "Upper Naryn Zone" includes the upper part of the Naryn River basin from the vicinity of the village of Karakolka to the headwaters of its two main tributaries — Taragay and Kara-Say, which originate in the ridge area at the northern and southern ends of the Ak-Shiyrak range. The zone is located east of the city of Naryn, approximately 110 km by road to the village of Karakolka. You can reach the zone from the Issyk-Kul region via the highway from the city of Przhevalsk — to the
Kyrgyz people have long used the stems of the steppe plant chiy for various products. A. P. Fedchenko wrote about the properties and benefits of this plant, as well as its use in the southern regions of Kyrgyzstan: "Being thin, strong, and uniformly straight over long distances, without knots, they (the stems of chiy — K. A.) are very convenient for making mats. Mats made from chiy are widely used by the Kyrgyz, and the sides of the yurt are necessarily covered with chiy; it is dense
In the economic life and daily life of the southern Kyrgyz, various items made using the technique of hand weaving held a prominent place. Currently, many types of weaving have almost been lost. They have been best preserved in the Alay Valley and in the southwestern regions of the Osh region. Like all Kyrgyz, the weaving of woolen belts — gashniks (ychkyr), used for men's and women's sharovars, was widespread. They are woven by hand from uncolored twisted threads (white or brown).
A significant place in the decoration of felt products among the Kyrgyz is occupied by appliqué. This decorative technique is much simpler than mosaic. It can be considered ancient in the art of decorating felt. Appliqué has developed significantly among the Kyrgyz belonging to the ichkilik group. They have preserved more archaic techniques to this day. In the eastern part of the region, appliqué was also present in the decoration of the yurt. Modern artisans or enthusiasts of handmade
An interesting fact is the existence of felt wall carpets called 'tush kiyiz' (also known as 'tush tuurduk') in the Alai region as early as the beginning of our century. These carpets were trimmed with fringe on three sides and made using mosaic techniques. Essentially, such felt carpets did not differ from 'shirdamal' type carpets (the same colors, the same shape, the same manufacturing technique), but they were typically used for insulating yurts: they were hung
The term "shirdamal" is used among the pre-Fergana Kyrgyz. Carpets by this name are made here only by Kyrgyz who identify themselves with the tribal groups of Adigine, Mongoldor, and Mungush. Northern Kyrgyz refer to such a carpet as "shyrdak." Among the Kazakhs, a similar carpet is called "syrmak," "syrdak," or "syrdamal." In the past, it was laid on the ground in a yurt, used during migrations, covering the loaded camel. Nowadays, it serves
The main ornamental motif is the curl, executed in various variations. Sometimes the entire pattern consists only of curls enclosed in squares or triangles. This decoration, "ala kiyiza," is most typical for the Batken region. More often, artisans develop simple and more complex rosettes that incorporate the curl motif in different combinations and positions.
Turning to the characteristics of the decoration of the felt carpet, we will first focus on its color features.
Using the technique of rolled colored pattern, a felt carpet is made, which has the original name ala kiyiz (multicolored felt). No other types of products created in this way are noted among the Kyrgyz. Felt carpets are widely and commonly used in the daily life of the Kyrgyz. The technique of rolled colored pattern in felt carpets is applied by many peoples of Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Kazakhs, as well as by the Kyrgyz of Xinjiang.
The technology of producing felt, both unadorned and adorned, is mainly reduced to the same process, complicated in the latter case by the creation of ornamentation.
The production of felt used to occupy a significant place in home industry. In the 19th century, it remained an indispensable material in Kyrgyz life, serving to protect homes from cold, rain, wind, sunlight, moisture, and dampness. Felt was widely used for making clothing items, pack transport, and so on. Now, felt is used in the form of covers for yurts, carpets, and men's headwear.