As we can see, etiquette in the feudal era not only became more complex but also aestheticized and even evolved into a form of art, thereby fulfilling its segregative function in society. It is no coincidence that the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century spoke out sharply against it. The theories of the Enlightenment reflected the objective process of societal stratification and its instrument—the feudal etiquette—when the power of inherited privileges, ranks, and titles was replaced by the power of commodity production and financial capital, and the place of nobility and honor, passed down from generation to generation, was taken by prestige earned through the enterprise and cunning of individuals. Thus, it becomes evident that under new conditions, etiquette loses its political function, which, in turn, leads to its simplification and democratization.
The French philosopher of the Enlightenment, Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755), sees the foundation of morality in human nature itself. Relationships between people depend on the laws of the society in which they exist. He believes that it is impossible to establish a universal system of "natural laws" for all peoples, as each nation has its own moral values and character. He attributed the main factors influencing the character of nations primarily to geographical climate. Thus, representatives of cold climates should develop a brave, calm character, while those from hot climates should have a cowardly and relaxed disposition. By virtue, he understood law-abidingness, patriotism, and honor. He noted the moral influence of religion on society. His main ethical views are expressed in works such as "The Spirit of the Laws," "Persian Letters," and "On the Causes of the Greatness and Decline of the Romans."
