BHU Bishkek Humanities University was established on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute of the Russian Language and Literature (PIRYL) by a decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic in 1992. On June 17, 1992, it was transformed into the State Institute of Languages and Humanities (GILH).
Internet in Kyrgyzstan As of today, there are 75 internet providers operating in Kyrgyzstan, with a total of 5,774,869 subscribers, of which 88.8% are mobile internet users. Wired internet is accessible to 600,000 subscribers, which constitutes 9.23% of the total. The Megacom trademark is owned by the company "Alfa Telecom".
Issyk-Kul State University named after K. Tynystanov Issyk-Kul University named after K. Tynystanov (IGU) was established by the Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic on December 18, 1992, based on the Issyk-Kul Pedagogical Institute and is a higher educational institution with 9 faculties, 43 departments, and 2 institutes. Rectors: Yusupov, S. Toktogonov, M. Malabaev, A. Mamatyusupov, R. Ainakenov, Zh. Salamatov, B. Kasymaliev, E. Konurbaev, T. Azhimudinov, Zh. Jusaev.
Universities and Higher Educational Institutions of Kyrgyzstan Chui University Chui University (ChU), formerly the Republican Higher College (RHK), was established by a Government Resolution on December 1, 1992, based on the Republican Center for Intensive Language Training "University". The university is a private self-financing institution and prepares specialists with higher education, awarding the academic degree of Bachelor in banking, taxation, accounting, law, and philology
Mobile and Cellular Communication In a small mountainous country, where the population has just surpassed five million people, competition in the field of Internet and mobile communication is quite developed (this fact is relative when compared to larger countries).
Internet Providers of Kyrgyzstan In recent years, Kyrgyzstan has become a leader among CIS countries in the number of Internet users. The priority goal of the ICT sector (Information and Communication Technologies) is the implementation of new technologies and rapid growth of providers.
The tourism sector is one of the largest and fastest-growing in the world and provides the most jobs (UNWTO 2012). In many developing countries, the tourism sector is among the leaders in generated revenue (UNWTO 2012). The tourism sector is traditionally included in the agenda when developing development strategies in many countries, including developing countries, newly independent countries, post-conflict countries, and even countries with active conflicts (Owen-Edmunds 2011). It is not
Despite the fact that tourism began to develop from the very beginning of the existence of the USSR, tourism, being a non-industrial sector of the economy, was not a priority direction at the initial stage of planning the Soviet national economy. Only after the end of World War II, with the onset of the Khrushchev era, did foreign tourism begin to develop "as a source of hard currency, as a means of demonstrating the successes of the Soviet economy, and as a marketing tool for the Soviet
Geographical Society of the Kyrgyz Republic. Established in 1947. Since 1991 — Geographical Society of the Kyrgyz Republic. Main tasks: promotion of geographical knowledge, support for tourism and local history movements, editing of reference books and guides, consultation on geographical issues, organization of reports, discussion of methodological issues in geography, and more. It unites representatives of scientific, scientific-production, production institutions, schools, and universities,
Like all nations, the Kyrgyz have historically developed and still preserve traditional games and competitions. The development of physical culture and sports is connected, firstly, with the necessity to be ready for the defense of the Motherland, to stand out in bravery, agility, endurance, and strength; secondly, with livestock breeding and the nomadic lifestyle of the people. Therefore, competitions of heroes — balban kyurësh (belt wrestling of heroes), er sayysh (heroic combat on spears),
The first medical institutions in Kyrgyzstan appeared in the late 19th century: reception rooms in Pishpek with 6 beds, in Karakol with 6 beds, in Osh with 5 beds, and in Tokmok with 5 beds. Medical and obstetric points (FAP) operated in the villages of Pokrovka, Belovodskoye, and Sazanovka. The health status of the population was poor: smallpox was rampant, and epidemics of cholera, typhus, syphilis, tuberculosis, and childhood infections were ongoing.
Kyrgyz journalism has gone through a rather fruitful, yet at the same time, a thorny path from the day the first printed publications were established in Kyrgyzstan to the present day. This was related to the contradictory and complex nature of the very era in which it existed and functioned.
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Journalist, publicist, and literary critic Kymbatbek Ukaev (1932-1989) was born in the village of Dzhanay-Alysh in the Kemin district of Chui region. From 1948 to 1952, he studied at the Kyrgyz Pedagogical Institute. From 1952 to 1954, he was in graduate school. In 1954, he began working at the editorial office of the magazine "Soviet Kyrgyzstan" as the head of the criticism and bibliography department. Since 1955, he served as a literary consultant for the Union of Writers of
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In mid-1985, under the initiative of M. S. Gorbachev, the course for perestroika was proclaimed in the USSR. The ideas of perestroika were discussed at the April (1985) Plenary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, then at the XXVII Congress of the Party and the XIX All-Union Party Conference. This was undoubtedly a positive step, the beginning of a new political course. New economic and political thinking began to be talked about everywhere. However, at that
With the arrival of Chingiz Aitmatov in journalism, Soviet journalism, including Kyrgyz journalism, reached a new qualitative height; many issues of Soviet life, which previously seemed off-limits for writing, found their coverage in central and republican press.
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Among Kyrgyz women journalists and writers, the most popular name among readers, listeners, and viewers was Aim Aitbaeva (1917-1975). She was born in the village of Chelypek in the Jeti-Oguz district of the Issyk-Kul region. After graduating from the pedagogical institute in Frunze in 1941, she worked as a literary employee and head of the department at the newspaper "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan" until 1948.
After the victorious conclusion of the Great Patriotic War, the country faced the enormous task of restoring the national economy, which had been devastated during the years of fierce battles with the enemy. The economy was being restructured for peaceful purposes. Industry was shifting to produce goods for the needs of the national economy. Collective farms and state farms were restoring equipment and expanding their areas.
Mukhamed Dogdurov (1906-1968) was born in the village of Burkut in the Ton district of the Issyk-Kul region. He studied at the Tyup Agricultural Technical School. He began his creative activities early. While studying at the technical school, he wrote various materials about local and technical school life and sent them to republican publications: to the editorial offices of the newspapers "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan" and "Leninchil Zhas." Many of them were published, which
An important part of the activities of the press and radio in Kyrgyzstan was the patriotic education of workers, especially the youth. Numerous materials about the international situation, the approaching threat of fascism, and the Second World War were published in newspapers and broadcast on the radio. The importance and necessity of strengthening the Soviet system and its armed forces, mastering military knowledge and techniques, and readiness for labor and defense of the country were
During the years of the cultural revolution, the journalistic and literary talent of Djoomart Bokonbaev - a renowned Kyrgyz poet and playwright (1910-1944) - emerged. He was born in the village of Mazar-Sai, now in the Toktogul district of the Jalal-Abad region. In 1931, he graduated from a pedagogical technical school and worked for two years as the head of the department at the newspaper "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan." From 1933 to 1935, J. Bokonbaev studied at the Communist Institute of
The strengthening of the socialist mode of production contributed to a consistent rise in the material living standards of the peoples of Kyrgyzstan and created conditions for the spiritual development of Soviet people. Now, party and Soviet organizations, corresponding people's commissariats and institutions, and mass media began to carry out another important campaign, the so-called cultural revolution. Urgent tasks in this regard included the development of public education,
The journalist and writer Aytkulu Ubukeev (1905-1973) is widely known to the Kyrgyz reader as an essayist, satirist, and prose writer. He was born in the village of Kerege-Tash in the Ak-Suu district of the Issyk-Kul region. He is the author of more than two hundred essays and feuilletons, and his pen produced eleven books.
Journalist and writer Mamasaly Abdukarimov (1910-1996) was born in the village of Yapalak, near the city of Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan. From 1925 to 1930, he studied first at the Tashkent Kylakh-Kyrgyz Institute of Education and then at the Kyrgyz Pedagogical College. In 1928, his first stories, "The Life of Kurumshi" and "Sister Guliya," were published in the republican newspaper "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan." In the following years, M. Abdukarimov's stories, essays,
The course towards the industrialization of the country was determined by the XIV Congress of the VKP(b), which emphasized the necessity of comprehensive industrial development in the republics, territories, and regions, as well as the encouragement of local initiatives in organizing this work aimed at meeting the diverse needs of the entire population, especially the peasantry.
Kasymaly Bayalinov (1902-1979) was born in the Kok-Moynok area of the current Ton district of the Issyk-Kul region. He is among the oldest Kyrgyz journalists and writers, pioneers of republican journalism and written literature. In 1919, K. Bayalinov went to Tashkent for a six-month regional Soviet-party course, after which he actively participated in the development of the youth movement in the republic, notably creating the first Komsomol organizations in At-Bashi, Kochkorka, and other ails
From the very first days of the establishment of print media in the country as a whole, as well as in each republic, party and Soviet organizations placed great importance on the formation and development of the mass movement of working and rural correspondents as a powerful support for the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines at the local level. This important work received a significant boost from the resolution of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) "Current Tasks in the
Kasym Tynystanov (1901-1938) was born in the village of Chyrpykty in the Issyk-Kul region. He is one of the founders of Kyrgyz linguistics and professional literature. At the same time, he was one of the active creators of Kyrgyz journalism. He began his journalistic career from 1919 to 1924 while studying at the Kazakh-Kyrgyz Institute of Education in Tashkent. He actively collaborated with the editorial offices of the Kazakh newspaper "Ak-Zhol" ("The Right Road") and the
Osmonkul Aliyev (1903-1938) was born in the village of Choloq-Aryk in what is now the Panfilov district of Chui region. In 1924, he graduated from the Kazakh-Kyrgyz Institute of Education in Tashkent. While still a student, he actively participated in the work of the first Komsomol organizations: he served as the head of the political and educational department of the Tashkent City Committee, and as the head of the organizational department of the Syr Darya regional and Oloyatin city Komsomol
At the beginning of 1925, together with the governing bodies of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region, the editorial office of the newspaper "Erkin-Too" moved from Tashkent to Pishpek, which was significant for improving its further activities: it became closer to its authors and readers. In Pishpek, editorial and printing conditions began to be created for the systematic and quality publication of the newspaper "Erkin-Too," as well as other subsequent newspapers and magazines of
With the victory of the October Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia and its outskirts, including Turkestan, transformations began that were associated with the construction of a new life. The decisions of the II Congress of Soviets of the country, held in January 1924 in Moscow, played an important role in their implementation. The Congress adopted the first Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It emphasized that the new union state would be a worthy culmination of the
The emergence of periodical press in Kyrgyzstan dates back to 1913, when representatives of the progressive Russian intelligentsia founded and published the magazine "Przhevalsky Rural Host" with a volume of 16-18 pages and a circulation of 1,000 copies, which published agricultural materials. After 4 issues, the publication of the magazine was discontinued. In the history of Kyrgyzstan, it remains as the first printed publication.
As of January 1, 2013, the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, according to the State Registration Service under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, amounted to 199.9 thousand square kilometers. The largest share of the republic's land area is accounted for by reserve lands (44.5 percent), agricultural lands (32.5 percent), and forest fund lands (13.1 percent).
Since ancient times, humans have pondered questions about the origins of everything, the emergence of life, the explanation of death, and so on. Answers to these and other questions were sought and found in everyday life.
Kyrgyz people have long been close to sports: their nomadic lifestyle was associated with the necessity to constantly defend their land from enemies, to fight against natural elements for survival, and to overcome various difficulties. These circumstances required agility, skill, and endurance. Many traditional games of the Kyrgyz were competitive in nature and trained young men to become resilient fighters, the future defenders of the Motherland. However, the widespread development of
It is profitable, of course, profitable. But why does such a lucrative sector not yield the expected results? Is nothing being done? Not at all... There is a constant restructuring of management.
There are grounds for such a statement. Everyone knows how profitable, for example, the automotive industry is. But let's take France. In this country, tourism has far surpassed not only the automotive industry in terms of income but also many other modern sectors of material production and services. In general, it is hard to name a developed country where tourism does not occupy a leading position in the economy and does not contribute significantly to national income. It is also no
Nature is the primary source of satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people. Any products consumed by humans are ultimately created through the use of natural resources. At the same time, the use of nature's wealth must be reasonable and well thought out. Careless attitudes towards nature and irrational use of its resources can lead to undesirable consequences.
The intensive development of industry, transportation, and overpopulation in several areas of the Chui Valley has led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere. Pollution of surface waters is the process of changing the physical, chemical, or biological properties of natural waters upon the introduction of various substances that can have harmful effects on humans and nature. Any compound that disrupts norms and deteriorates water quality is considered a water pollutant.
By the nature of water use, all modern sectors of the economy in the Chui Valley are usually divided into associations of water consumers and associations of water users. Water consumers are those sectors that extract water from its natural sources, use it for the production of industrial or agricultural products, for the domestic needs of the population, and return it to the sources elsewhere in smaller quantities and often in a polluted form. Sectoral water consumers include industry,
Water resources are surface and groundwater that are suitable for use in a given territory. The boundaries of the territory can be administrative (district, region, republic) or geographical (river basin, continent). The determination of the volume of water resources is based on the calculation of the water balance of the territory.
To regulate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, individual norms are used for each substance at the enterprise. The maximum allowable emissions (MAE), which take into account the number of sources, their height, the distribution of emissions over time and space, and other factors, are provided by GOST 172302-78.
Geoecological Condition and Requirements for Air Protection.
It has been noted above that a significant part of the territory of the republic is subject to erosion processes. The problem of combating water erosion of soils can be solved through a set of anti-erosion measures, taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, agro-physical properties, and mechanical composition of the soils.
Pollution, in a broad sense, is understood as the introduction of new (usually non-characteristic for it) physical, chemical, biological, and informational agents into the ecological environment, or a technogenic exceeding of the level of natural factors, leading to negative consequences. In general terms, this term characterizes all bodies and substances that appear "in the wrong place, at the wrong time, and in the wrong quantity, which is natural for nature" /N.F.Reimers, 1993/.
Currently, in the Chui Valley, with the formation of numerous small farms, peasant and other households, there has been a fragmentation of large farms from former collective and state farms. The tense ecological condition of the soil cover has resulted from the irrational use of land by farming and peasant households. Crop rotations are not followed, and in most cases, the planting of grain, technical, and other crops is practiced continuously. Monoculture leads to land degradation under the
