To regulate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, individual norms are used for each substance at the enterprise. The maximum allowable emissions (MAE), which take into account the number of sources, their height, the distribution of emissions over time and space, and other factors, are provided by GOST 172302-78.
MAE is the maximum concentration of a pollutant in the atmosphere, related to a specific averaging time, which, with periodic exposure or throughout a person's life, does not have harmful effects on them, including remote effects, as well as on the environment. This value is justified by clinical and sanitary-clinical studies and has a legislative character.
MAV - the maximum amount of harmful substance allowed to be emitted from a given source, which does not create a ground-level concentration dangerous to humans, animals, and plants. The MAV value must be determined for each pollution source in such a way that the harmful cumulative emissions from all pollution sources in the area do not exceed the MAE standards. The introduction of these standards is of great importance, as it will allow for more targeted efforts to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere and increase the responsibility of enterprises for maintaining air quality.
Currently, a system of environmental standards is being created to improve the protection of the air basin. Its timely scientifically justified development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of the laws adopted, as these standards should guide polluters in their environmental protection activities. Non-compliance with the standards entails legal responsibility.
Standardization is understood as the establishment of a unified and mandatory system of norms and requirements for all objects at this management level. Standards can be state (GOSTs), industry-specific (OSTs), and factory-specific.
In accordance with the current laws and regulations for the protection of atmospheric air in the Chui Valley, a number of basic geoecological requirements are put forward. The first of these is to ensure that measures for capturing, utilizing, and neutralizing harmful substances and waste that pollute the atmosphere, and through it, water and soil, are included in the development and approval of pre-project documentation. This can be achieved by implementing low-waste technologies and strictly adhering to established norms and rules regulating atmospheric pollution.
The second equally important ecological requirement for the developed projects is the correct choice of construction sites for various facilities, taking into account the relief and landscape features of the territory, which do not negatively affect the state of atmospheric air.
Landscape-territorial requirements for district planning schemes and master plans for industrial hubs must be strictly adhered to. A comprehensive description of the physical-geographical and meteorological conditions of the existing anthropogenically altered landscape is a mandatory part of their project documentation. Finally, the tasks for protecting atmospheric air are clearly defined in the law of the republic "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air," adopted in May 1999. It states that a comprehensive set of measures to protect air purity is necessary in all spheres of public life in the republic, including placement, design, construction, and commissioning of wastewater treatment facilities; when implementing discoveries and inventions, developing mineral resources, and other projects that affect the state of atmospheric air. It also defines the requirements for regulating maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants and the role of state and public organizations in monitoring the quality of atmospheric air.
A serious problem remains the neutralization of pollutants from road transport. Currently, intensive developments are underway everywhere aimed at reducing, and ultimately completely eliminating, air pollution from vehicles. A private solution to this problem includes the installation of filters, clear traffic organization, and other measures.
In the coming years, the main directions for air protection in the Chui Valley and Bishkek should be the purification of emissions combined with subsequent utilization. When utilizing captured ingredients, two types of effects arise: ecological and economic. The ecological effect consists of reducing environmental pollution when using waste compared to using primary material resources. The economic effect of utilizing captured ingredients is related to the emergence of an additional raw material source in the national economy, which typically has more favorable economic indicators compared to the corresponding indicators of production from natural raw materials.
Improving fuel quality is another effective way to reduce air pollution levels. Gasification of industry and households plays a significant role in ensuring the purity of the air basin in Bishkek.
The fundamental basis for solving the problems of atmospheric pollution and the entire environment is new principles for locating production facilities and waste-free technology. The idea of waste-free technology is appealing due to its similarity to the processes occurring in the biosphere, where waste simply does not exist, as all biological emissions are fully utilized by various links in the ecosystem.
