Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Socialist Transformations in the Economy of Kyrgyzstan

Land Redistribution. One of the main issues that the revolution had to address was the question of land distribution to the peasants, who made up the majority of the population in Russia and its outskirts. To win the support of the peasantry, the Soviet government adopted the Decree on Land, which outlined the main directions of the new government's agrarian policy. According to this decree, all imperial, landlord, church, and monastery lands were confiscated along with their inventory

31.05.2014, 11:38

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

The Overthrow of Autocracy and the Establishment of Soviet Power in Kyrgyzstan

The Tsar is Overthrown. The life of the people did not improve. In early 1917, the news spread among the Kyrgyz ails: “The White Tsar has been overthrown!” Hope flickered among the people: “Now Russia has become a free country, perhaps the Kyrgyz will be given freedom too.” But this did not happen. The Provisional Government of landowners and capitalists that took charge of Russia had no intention of meeting the needs of the people. In Kyrgyzstan, no changes occurred. After the uprising, the

31.05.2014, 10:57

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The First Kyrgyz Enlighteners

The First Enlighteners: Ishenaly Arabayev, Ibraim Abdyrahmanov After Kyrgyzstan joined Russia, conditions arose for the development of education, enlightenment, and scientific research in the region. A significant role in the enlightenment of the people belonged to the first Kyrgyz enlighteners — Osmonaly Sydyk uulu, Belek Soltonoev, Ishenaly Arabayev, Ibraim Abdyrahmanov, and others.

30.05.2014, 20:38

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Famous Manaschi, Poets, Musicians

The incorporation of Kyrgyzstan into Russia was of great significance not only for the internal political, economic, and social development of Kyrgyz society but also contributed to progressive changes in its culture.

30.05.2014, 19:34

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

National Liberation Struggle of the Kyrgyz

Andijan Uprising. The main reasons for the uprising were unbearable living conditions and the arbitrariness of the tsarist authorities. On May 17, 1898, closer to evening, people began to gather in the village of Min-Tyube — Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Tajiks. Gradually, their number reached 200 people. The village ishan (religious leader) Madalі — a well-known and respected man who had made a pilgrimage to Mecca — spoke with anger about how the Russians brought drunkenness into the lives of Muslims,

30.05.2014, 17:40

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Colonial Policy of Tsarism towards the Kyrgyz

Administration. Russia introduced its own system of administrative governance in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan was divided into regions, regions into districts. Districts, in turn, were divided into volosts, which included ails. Volosts consisted of one or two thousand households (families), while ails comprised one hundred to two hundred households. A total of 73 volosts were established. At the head of the regions and districts were Russian officials. These were usually imperial officers, as the

30.05.2014, 16:44

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Conquest of Southern Kyrgyzstan by Russia

In the mid-19th century, the population of Southern Kyrgyzstan was still under the yoke of the Kokand Khanate. However, the political situation and the status of the khanate were no longer as stable as before. Internal contradictions and ongoing palace coups, on the one hand, exacerbated the already difficult situation in the khanate, and on the other hand, facilitated Russia's task of conquering the Fergana Valley and Southern Kyrgyzstan as a whole.

25.05.2014, 21:13

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Joining of Northern Kyrgyzstan to Russia

The Creation of an Independent Kyrgyz Khanate and Its Collapse. In the mid-19th century, the prominent Sarybagysh manap Ormon Niyazbek uulu attempted to unite the northern Kyrgyz tribes living in the Chui Valley, along the Naryn River, and around Lake Issyk-Kul, with the aim of creating an independent khanate. In 1842, he convened a kurultai in the Kyzyl-Tokoy area on the western shore of Lake Issyk-Kul and invited representatives from the Sarybagysh, Bughu, Solto, Sayak, Saruu, Kushchu, and

25.05.2014, 19:48

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The title translates to: "The Closer Ties Between Kyrgyzstan and Russia."

Atake Batyr was a biya - the ruler of the Sarybagysh clan, living in the Chuy Valley. To hide a defect in his lower jaw, he had to wear a special bandage covering his mouth. Due to his wisdom and insight, Atake Batyr was highly respected by ordinary people and held authority among the elders and leaders of Kyrgyz tribes.

25.05.2014, 18:57

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Historical Preconditions for the Convergence of the Kyrgyz with Russia

Until the mid-19th century, the Kyrgyz people were under the rule of the Kokand Khanate. The Kokand khans encouraged inter-tribal strife among Kyrgyz feudal lords to weaken the Kyrgyz in political and military terms; Qing China sought recognition of its supremacy over Kyrgyz lands; military raids and threats from neighboring Kazakh and Uzbek feudal lords—all these circumstances forced the Kyrgyz to look towards Russia. Russian capitalism aimed to seize new markets and sources of cheap raw

25.05.2014, 18:06

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The Struggle for the Throne in the Kokand Khanate

Sheraly was raised on a white felt and proclaimed khan in Fergana thanks to the Kyrgyz bek Yusup. The mother of Khan Sheraly was Kyrgyz. His childhood was spent among the Kyrgyz in Talas. He himself married a Kyrgyz woman. His children later ruled the Kokand Khanate.

25.05.2014, 17:53

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz Against the Conquerors. Tylek Batyr

The Kokand Domination in Kyrgyzstan. In the early 1830s, the Kokand Khanate urgently began constructing fortress fortifications to maintain a constant military presence. This was extremely necessary for strengthening its rear and conquering the northern regions of Kyrgyzstan. In 1830, the Jumgal fortress was built. In 1831-1832, the Kurtka fortress was erected in Naryn. The tribes of Central Tian Shan—Sajaks, Basiz, Cheriks, Moguls, and Bugus—who sided with the Kokand against the Chinese

25.05.2014, 16:52

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

Kyrgyz Under the Rule of the Kokand Khanate

Foundation of the Khanate and its Strengthening. In the early 18th century, a new feudal state was established — the Kokand Khanate. Its capital was the city of Kokand. The main population of the khanate consisted of Uzbeks, and besides them, Tajiks and Kipchaks also lived here.

25.05.2014, 15:20

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

Muhammad Kyrgyz

The situation in Central Asia. In the early 16th century, feudal fragmentation intensified not only in Eastern Turkestan but also in Central Asia. After the death of Shaybani Khan, the Uzbek Khanate split into two - the Bukhara and Khiva Khanates. Later, this process affected other feudal possessions as well. Dispersed and weakened, the states of Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan could no longer protect their borders, which increased the threat of attacks from neighbors.

25.05.2014, 14:56

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The State of Timur's Emirate

Foundation of the Great State. In the 1370s, a powerful state was established in Central Asia under the rule of Emir (Ruler) Timur.

25.05.2014, 14:21

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The Conquest Campaigns of Genghis Khan

The First Conquests of Genghis Khan. In the 12th and 13th centuries, on the vast territory of Mongolia, Genghis Khan and his successors created a powerful empire of nomads. The numerous and well-trained armies of the Mongols, spreading fear and terror, conquered Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and part of Europe from the 13th century to the 14th and 15th centuries. The Mongol yoke had a negative impact on the historical fate and development of many peoples, including the Kyrgyz. The first to

20.05.2014, 14:29

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Great Silk Road

The Significance of the Great Silk Road. In the historical fate of the Kyrgyz and their state formations, especially in the VI—XII centuries, the Great Silk Road played a significant role.

20.05.2014, 13:44

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Mahmud Kashgari and Jusup Balasaguni

During the era of the Karakhanid khanate, Turkic peoples achieved significant progress in science and artistic culture. The lives and activities of two of the most renowned scholars and thinkers - Mahmud Kashgari and Jusup Balasaguni - are closely associated with this historical period of Kyrgyz development.

20.05.2014, 13:26

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The State of the Karakhanids (940—1212)

Karakhanid State (940—1212 years). From the mid-10th century to the early 13th century, the Turkic dynasty of the Karakhanids dominated Central Tian Shan.

20.05.2014, 12:36

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Great Power of the Kyrgyz: Barsbek-Kagan

Kagan Barsbek. Central Asia at the end of the 7th century became the arena of significant political changes. As a result of anti-Chinese uprisings, the Second Turkic Kaganate was formed, which posed a serious threat to neighboring states. Weak peoples, not wanting to tempt fate, submitted to it, while stronger ones sought ways to unite in order to confront the formidable enemy together. The anti-Turkic alliance was led by the state of Kyrgyz. The ruler of the Kyrgyz state was the ajo (supreme

19.05.2014, 20:55

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The State of the Yenisei Kyrgyz

Resettlement of the Kyrgyz to the Yenisei. The early medieval population of the Yenisei was referred to as "herkis," "khirkhiz" in Greek sources, "syatsazy," "dzilidzisy" in Arabic and Persian, and "kyrgyz" in ancient Turkic, Uighur, and Sogdian texts. The last term was an accurate representation of the self-name of the people.

16.05.2014, 20:01

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Turkic Khaganates

In Central Asia, the Great Turkic Khaganate (552-744 years) emerges. The Turks considered Ashina, the mythical son of a she-wolf, to be their ancestor. Here is what the legend says about this.

14.05.2014, 22:13

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Ancient Kyrgyz under the Rule of the Huns

The word “Kyrgyz” is first mentioned alongside the name of the king of the Huns, Maodun-khan (Modé). According to a Chinese chronicle, in 201 BC, Maodun-khan sent a large army westward and captured the lands of the Gyanjun. Scholars have established that the Gyanjun were what the Chinese called the ancient Kyrgyz. The territory controlled by the Kyrgyz became known; it was located in the valley of the Manas River in Eastern Turkestan.

13.05.2014, 20:27

Kyrgyz in antiquity

The State of Dawan

Davan. In the Fergana Valley, a powerful state emerged in the 1st millennium BC. In Chinese sources, it was called Davan. Here is how scholars of that time described Fergana:

13.05.2014, 11:25

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Usun State

In the 2nd century BC, the Tian Shan Sakas were defeated by another powerful nomadic alliance — the Yuezhi (Tocharian), who were driven out of Eastern Turkestan by the warlike Huns. Subsequently, the Yuezhi subjugated part of the Tian Shan Sakas. Initially, the Usuns roamed near the Huns and Yuezhi at the western part of the Great Wall of China. Around 160 BC, part of the Usuns, having defeated the Sakas and Yuezhi, settled in Tian Shan and Semirechye. Occupying Semirechye, Dzhungaria, and

12.05.2014, 22:44

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Saks in World History: The Struggle for Independence

Central Asia and Tian Shan in the 6th—5th centuries BC In the first millennium BC, a new ethnic community—the Saka—emerged from a conglomerate of Bronze Age tribes. The transition from primitive society to class society was accompanied here by the development of a new mode of economy—nomadic animal husbandry and the formation of large tribal unions. In the 8th—1st centuries BC, nomadic tribes inhabited the vast expanses of Eurasia from Tuva to Ukraine (including its territory), referred to in

12.05.2014, 22:22

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Primitive communal system in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic

The traces of primitive human activity in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic date back to the Paleolithic era. There are not many monuments from this time. A stone tool was discovered by Oklandikov in 1953 in the Central Tien Shan, on the left bank of the On-Archa River. Its date of manufacture is approximately 300,000 years ago.

12.05.2014, 22:02

History / Historical records

Scientific Achievements and Tasks of Kyrgyz Historical Science in the Study of the History of the Kyrgyz and the Kyrgyz Republic

A new stage in the study of the history, population, economy, and nature of Kyrgyzstan began after its annexation to Russia. The imperial government needed reliable information about these "unknown" countries, their internal political and economic situation, natural and labor resources, and communication routes. Only in the second half of the 19th century did Russian scientific societies send 250 scientific expeditions to the Kyrgyz Republic.

12.05.2014, 21:57

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Industrial Steps of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan

Industry in Kyrgyzstan The leading sector of the national economy of the Kyrgyz SSR became industry. It accounts for more than half of the gross product, includes over 130 industries producing about 4,000 types of products. Today, it produces in half a day as much industrial output as was produced in the entire year of 1924. The volume of industrial production in the republic increased more than 700 times over the 60 years of the existence of the USSR.

03.02.2014, 23:33

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Communist Party, Komsomol, Trade Union of Soviet Kyrgyzstan

Development of Soviet Kyrgyzstan On October 14, 1924, the second session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTSIK) approved the resolution of the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Turkestan ASSR on the establishment of the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region, which was incorporated into the RSFSR. On May 25, 1925, by the resolution of the VTSIK, the Kara-Kyrgyz region was renamed the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region, on February 1, 1926, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz ASSR, and on

03.02.2014, 23:11

History / Historical records

From the History of Geographic Research in Kyrgyzstan

Researchers of Central Asia Throughout the centuries of studying the Tian Shan, it has been "assaulted" by travelers and scientists from more than 40 countries of the Old and New Worlds. It has been "besieged" from all four corners of the horizon. In ancient times, these were representatives of the Greco-Roman world and the Ancient East; in the Middle Ages — Arabs; and from the 18th century until the October Revolution — Russians, Germans, English, French, and others. The

28.01.2014, 22:32

History / Historical records

Ancient Architecture of Kyrgyzstan

Masterpieces and Mysteries of Ancient Kyrgyz Architecture Among the outstanding architectural works of Kyrgyzstan from the 11th to 12th centuries is the Burana Tower—an 11th-century minaret. The tower is located in the Chui Valley near the city of Tokmak. Over the centuries, the purpose of the tower has been forgotten by the people. Some believe it was a watchtower, while others adhere to the legend that it is part of a castle where a powerful khan sheltered his beloved daughter. What does

28.01.2014, 22:27

History / Historical records

Archaeological Finds in the Territory of Kyrgyzstan

Archaeological Finds of Kyrgyzstan In the summer of 1960, parts of the skeleton of a large mammal, the Trogontherium, were found in the valley of the Jergalan River. Judging by the size of the skeletal remains, the height of this animal reached 5 meters. Trogontheria inhabited this area about 300,000 years ago. The history of Kyrgyzstan is extremely complex, as its territory lay on the path of invasions by many conquerors and powerful migrations that influenced the composition of the

28.01.2014, 22:23