History / Historical records

Study of Historical and Archaeological Monuments of Kyrgyzstan

In the lifespan of a single generation, a path has been traversed that is equal to centuries; a society has been built that people have dreamed of for millennia, for which the best representatives of all generations gave their lives. Even in the drawings of Saymaly-Tash, which have reached our time, ancient people tried to comprehend their existence, their calling, their aspirations. This indicates that it is in the nature of every person, both modern and primitive, to strive to know the past,

14.12.2014, 21:23

Kurmanjan Datka

Kurmanjan Datka and the Stages of the Formation of Kyrgyz Statehood

Names That Became Historical Heritage As is known, the more we do for the good of our country, the more closely the circumstances of our lives intertwine with its fate. What can be said about those whose names have become part of history, such as the name Kurmandzhan Datka... If we analyze it, the most important political decisions of the Alay queen expressed the essence of many deep aspirations of the Kyrgyz people. It is impossible to fully understand their logic without tracing the stages

25.11.2014, 21:14

Kurmanjan Datka

Kurmandjan Datka - The Queen of Alai

Kurmandzhan Datka - The Ruler of Alai A wise politician, the ruler of a vast mountainous region, a truly unique phenomenon in the Islamic world of the 19th century. Most historians rightly consider this figure to be a national representative of the aspirations and ideas of her time.

16.11.2014, 19:48

History / Historical records

The First Reports on the Ancient Kyrgyz

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12.11.2014, 19:12

Kyrgyzstan — a sovereign state

Journey to the Kyrgyz Living Abroad

The Kyrgyz are one of the oldest peoples who lived in Central Asia and roamed the vast expanses of Asia. In the last millennium, they finally settled in the modern territory of Kyrgyzstan, which became their historical homeland. However, many Kyrgyz lived abroad, and connections with them were hardly maintained.

28.06.2014, 13:04

Kyrgyzstan — a sovereign state

New Trends in the Culture, Science, and Education of Kyrgyzstan

Changes in the Cultural Sphere. Independence and the democratic processes occurring in public life have brought renewal to the science, education, and culture of the republic. First of all, culture has freed itself from the ideological oversight of the party, which accompanied it throughout the years of Soviet power. No film, book, or play reached the people without strict censorship from the party: it determined what was worth reading, watching, and what was not. The lifting of censorship

28.06.2014, 11:01

Kyrgyzstan — a sovereign state

The Economic Situation of Sovereign Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan gained independence in a complex economic and political environment. With the transition to market relations, the unified economic complex that had been established in the USSR began to disintegrate. Economic ties between neighboring enterprises, which supplied each other with components for production, were severed. Kyrgyzstan, which had traditionally supplied raw materials and received finished products from other republics, found itself in a difficult situation. Supply contracts

28.06.2014, 10:16

Kyrgyzstan — a sovereign state

Strengthening the New State. The Constitution of Kyrgyzstan

Adoption of the New Constitution With the acquisition of independence, the renewal of the state structure began in Kyrgyzstan. It was urgent to address important issues: on what principles will power be exercised in the country, what powers will the president and the main branches of state power — executive, legislative, and judicial — be endowed with; to establish state symbols — coat of arms, anthem, flag. New laws were needed to regulate the activities of the young state and ensure its

21.06.2014, 15:54

Kyrgyzstan — a sovereign state

Establishment of Kyrgyz National Statehood

The coup of August 19, 1991. The course of deepening democratic changes in the USSR, conducted by M. Gorbachev, did not satisfy some high-ranking state officials. They were more attracted to the previous authoritarian-command system: under the new conditions, they could simply be sidelined with their conservative views, i.e., lose power. Therefore, they waited for a convenient opportunity to restore the influence of the Communist Party, eliminate the democratic forces and parties gaining

21.06.2014, 13:59

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

The Art of the Kyrgyz in the Soviet Union

During the years of Soviet power, the spiritual and physical culture of Kyrgyzstan reached unprecedented heights. It was during this period that a distinctive national professional written literature of the Kyrgyz people emerged, along with remarkable advancements in visual arts, cinema, theater, music, and sports.

18.06.2014, 13:23

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Public Education and Science in Kyrgyzstan

Education. By the time Soviet power was established in Kyrgyzstan, its population was completely illiterate. There were few schools, and literacy in the native language was not developing. There were no national personnel in the education sector.

17.06.2014, 21:46

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Kyrgyzstan in the Years of Perestroika

A Turn in Social and Political Life. By the mid-1980s, a deep crisis had emerged in all spheres of public life in the USSR. Its international prestige had fallen. The existing administrative-command system of governance no longer corresponded to the conditions of the changing times.

17.06.2014, 15:46

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Socialism: Achievements and Drawbacks of Soviet Kyrgyzstan (1964-1985)

Soviet Kyrgyzstan The period when L. Brezhnev was at the head of the state management of the USSR is referred to by historians as "developed socialism." Indeed, during this time, the USSR transformed into a state with a developed economy and a powerful army. The standard of living for people significantly improved. The country gained international recognition. However, at the same time, many economic, social, and political problems and tasks remained unresolved in the country.

13.06.2014, 17:19

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Restoration and Development of the National Economy of Kyrgyzstan (1946-1964)

Transition of Industry to Peaceful Rails. Transition of Industry to Peaceful Rails. With the end of the war, new tasks arose for the Soviet people. The USSR adopted a five-year development plan for 1946-1950, under which everything was subordinated to the main goal — to restore the war-damaged national economy and ensure its pre-war level of development. Factories and plants were urgently converted to produce goods necessary for peaceful construction. Life gradually returned to its normal

13.06.2014, 14:21

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

The Rear in Kyrgyzstan Supports the Front

The Rear in Kyrgyzstan Industry. A significant part of the European territory of the USSR was at war, and many industrial regions were occupied by the enemy. To ensure victory on the front, it was necessary to urgently transform the republics in the rear into a military arsenal. All of Kyrgyzstan's industry was converted to produce military orders — weapons, ammunition, food, and clothing. "Everything for the front! Everything for victory!" — under this slogan, workers toiled

13.06.2014, 13:33

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

The Great Patriotic War. The Feats of the Warriors from Kyrgyzstan

The Beginning of the Great Patriotic War. In 1939, fascist Germany unleashed World War II. In a short time, it occupied many European countries. Strengthening its military potential even further, Germany aimed to conquer world domination and enslave the peoples of the entire planet. At dawn on June 22, 1941, the German-fascist invaders violated the Soviet border and suddenly invaded the peaceful territory of the Soviet Union.

13.06.2014, 12:02

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Strengthening the Administrative-Command System of Kyrgyzstan

Establishment of Autocracy. The Soviet power had many enemies—both external and internal. They constantly attempted to overthrow the new authority. To maintain power under these conditions, the Bolshevik party needed a strong government. Therefore, a one-party system had to be established in the country. The Bolsheviks banned the activities of other parties besides their own and removed their representatives from power. To preserve party unity, the Bolsheviks also imposed a ban on the

07.06.2014, 15:52

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Formation and Development of the National Statehood of Kyrgyzstan

National Policy of Soviet Power Among the main points of the Bolshevik party program, led by V. I. Lenin, was the elimination of social and national oppression. On January 2, 1918, the Soviet government published the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, which proclaimed: “The peoples living in Russia are free and equal.” Initially, there was distrust towards the Soviet power among the people of Turkestan. This was skillfully exploited by its enemies. “The Bolsheviks are

31.05.2014, 15:07

Kyrgyzstan — a sovereign state

On the Path to Sovereignty and Independence of the Kyrgyz Republic

On the Path to Sovereignty and Independence: The Oath-Taking by Askar Akayev As part of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan went through a complex path to gain independence. However, as an independent republic, it still did not have full freedom, for example, in addressing political, economic, national, and other issues. Kyrgyzstan could not independently establish diplomatic relations with other countries, nor could it manage its natural resources independently. Even for the construction of an

31.05.2014, 12:06

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Socialist Transformations in the Economy of Kyrgyzstan

Land Redistribution. One of the main issues that the revolution had to address was the question of land distribution to the peasants, who made up the majority of the population in Russia and its outskirts. To win the support of the peasantry, the Soviet government adopted the Decree on Land, which outlined the main directions of the new government's agrarian policy. According to this decree, all imperial, landlord, church, and monastery lands were confiscated along with their inventory

31.05.2014, 11:38

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

The Overthrow of Autocracy and the Establishment of Soviet Power in Kyrgyzstan

The Tsar is Overthrown. The life of the people did not improve. In early 1917, the news spread among the Kyrgyz ails: “The White Tsar has been overthrown!” Hope flickered among the people: “Now Russia has become a free country, perhaps the Kyrgyz will be given freedom too.” But this did not happen. The Provisional Government of landowners and capitalists that took charge of Russia had no intention of meeting the needs of the people. In Kyrgyzstan, no changes occurred. After the uprising, the

31.05.2014, 10:57

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The First Kyrgyz Enlighteners

The First Enlighteners: Ishenaly Arabayev, Ibraim Abdyrahmanov After Kyrgyzstan joined Russia, conditions arose for the development of education, enlightenment, and scientific research in the region. A significant role in the enlightenment of the people belonged to the first Kyrgyz enlighteners — Osmonaly Sydyk uulu, Belek Soltonoev, Ishenaly Arabayev, Ibraim Abdyrahmanov, and others.

30.05.2014, 20:38

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Famous Manaschi, Poets, Musicians

The incorporation of Kyrgyzstan into Russia was of great significance not only for the internal political, economic, and social development of Kyrgyz society but also contributed to progressive changes in its culture.

30.05.2014, 19:34

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

National Liberation Struggle of the Kyrgyz

Andijan Uprising. The main reasons for the uprising were unbearable living conditions and the arbitrariness of the tsarist authorities. On May 17, 1898, closer to evening, people began to gather in the village of Min-Tyube — Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Tajiks. Gradually, their number reached 200 people. The village ishan (religious leader) Madalі — a well-known and respected man who had made a pilgrimage to Mecca — spoke with anger about how the Russians brought drunkenness into the lives of Muslims,

30.05.2014, 17:40

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Colonial Policy of Tsarism towards the Kyrgyz

Administration. Russia introduced its own system of administrative governance in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan was divided into regions, regions into districts. Districts, in turn, were divided into volosts, which included ails. Volosts consisted of one or two thousand households (families), while ails comprised one hundred to two hundred households. A total of 73 volosts were established. At the head of the regions and districts were Russian officials. These were usually imperial officers, as the

30.05.2014, 16:44

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Conquest of Southern Kyrgyzstan by Russia

In the mid-19th century, the population of Southern Kyrgyzstan was still under the yoke of the Kokand Khanate. However, the political situation and the status of the khanate were no longer as stable as before. Internal contradictions and ongoing palace coups, on the one hand, exacerbated the already difficult situation in the khanate, and on the other hand, facilitated Russia's task of conquering the Fergana Valley and Southern Kyrgyzstan as a whole.

25.05.2014, 21:13

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The Joining of Northern Kyrgyzstan to Russia

The Creation of an Independent Kyrgyz Khanate and Its Collapse. In the mid-19th century, the prominent Sarybagysh manap Ormon Niyazbek uulu attempted to unite the northern Kyrgyz tribes living in the Chui Valley, along the Naryn River, and around Lake Issyk-Kul, with the aim of creating an independent khanate. In 1842, he convened a kurultai in the Kyzyl-Tokoy area on the western shore of Lake Issyk-Kul and invited representatives from the Sarybagysh, Bughu, Solto, Sayak, Saruu, Kushchu, and

25.05.2014, 19:48

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

The title translates to: "The Closer Ties Between Kyrgyzstan and Russia."

Atake Batyr was a biya - the ruler of the Sarybagysh clan, living in the Chuy Valley. To hide a defect in his lower jaw, he had to wear a special bandage covering his mouth. Due to his wisdom and insight, Atake Batyr was highly respected by ordinary people and held authority among the elders and leaders of Kyrgyz tribes.

25.05.2014, 18:57

Kyrgyzstan as part of Russia

Historical Preconditions for the Convergence of the Kyrgyz with Russia

Until the mid-19th century, the Kyrgyz people were under the rule of the Kokand Khanate. The Kokand khans encouraged inter-tribal strife among Kyrgyz feudal lords to weaken the Kyrgyz in political and military terms; Qing China sought recognition of its supremacy over Kyrgyz lands; military raids and threats from neighboring Kazakh and Uzbek feudal lords—all these circumstances forced the Kyrgyz to look towards Russia. Russian capitalism aimed to seize new markets and sources of cheap raw

25.05.2014, 18:06

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The Struggle for the Throne in the Kokand Khanate

Sheraly was raised on a white felt and proclaimed khan in Fergana thanks to the Kyrgyz bek Yusup. The mother of Khan Sheraly was Kyrgyz. His childhood was spent among the Kyrgyz in Talas. He himself married a Kyrgyz woman. His children later ruled the Kokand Khanate.

25.05.2014, 17:53

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The Struggle of the Kyrgyz Against the Conquerors. Tylek Batyr

The Kokand Domination in Kyrgyzstan. In the early 1830s, the Kokand Khanate urgently began constructing fortress fortifications to maintain a constant military presence. This was extremely necessary for strengthening its rear and conquering the northern regions of Kyrgyzstan. In 1830, the Jumgal fortress was built. In 1831-1832, the Kurtka fortress was erected in Naryn. The tribes of Central Tian Shan—Sajaks, Basiz, Cheriks, Moguls, and Bugus—who sided with the Kokand against the Chinese

25.05.2014, 16:52

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

Kyrgyz Under the Rule of the Kokand Khanate

Foundation of the Khanate and its Strengthening. In the early 18th century, a new feudal state was established — the Kokand Khanate. Its capital was the city of Kokand. The main population of the khanate consisted of Uzbeks, and besides them, Tajiks and Kipchaks also lived here.

25.05.2014, 15:20

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

Muhammad Kyrgyz

The situation in Central Asia. In the early 16th century, feudal fragmentation intensified not only in Eastern Turkestan but also in Central Asia. After the death of Shaybani Khan, the Uzbek Khanate split into two - the Bukhara and Khiva Khanates. Later, this process affected other feudal possessions as well. Dispersed and weakened, the states of Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan could no longer protect their borders, which increased the threat of attacks from neighbors.

25.05.2014, 14:56

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The State of Timur's Emirate

Foundation of the Great State. In the 1370s, a powerful state was established in Central Asia under the rule of Emir (Ruler) Timur.

25.05.2014, 14:21

The struggle for the independence of the Kyrgyz

The Conquest Campaigns of Genghis Khan

The First Conquests of Genghis Khan. In the 12th and 13th centuries, on the vast territory of Mongolia, Genghis Khan and his successors created a powerful empire of nomads. The numerous and well-trained armies of the Mongols, spreading fear and terror, conquered Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and part of Europe from the 13th century to the 14th and 15th centuries. The Mongol yoke had a negative impact on the historical fate and development of many peoples, including the Kyrgyz. The first to

20.05.2014, 14:29

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Great Silk Road

The Significance of the Great Silk Road. In the historical fate of the Kyrgyz and their state formations, especially in the VI—XII centuries, the Great Silk Road played a significant role.

20.05.2014, 13:44

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Mahmud Kashgari and Jusup Balasaguni

During the era of the Karakhanid khanate, Turkic peoples achieved significant progress in science and artistic culture. The lives and activities of two of the most renowned scholars and thinkers - Mahmud Kashgari and Jusup Balasaguni - are closely associated with this historical period of Kyrgyz development.

20.05.2014, 13:26

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The State of the Karakhanids (940—1212)

Karakhanid State (940—1212 years). From the mid-10th century to the early 13th century, the Turkic dynasty of the Karakhanids dominated Central Tian Shan.

20.05.2014, 12:36

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The Great Power of the Kyrgyz: Barsbek-Kagan

Kagan Barsbek. Central Asia at the end of the 7th century became the arena of significant political changes. As a result of anti-Chinese uprisings, the Second Turkic Kaganate was formed, which posed a serious threat to neighboring states. Weak peoples, not wanting to tempt fate, submitted to it, while stronger ones sought ways to unite in order to confront the formidable enemy together. The anti-Turkic alliance was led by the state of Kyrgyz. The ruler of the Kyrgyz state was the ajo (supreme

19.05.2014, 20:55

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

The State of the Yenisei Kyrgyz

Resettlement of the Kyrgyz to the Yenisei. The early medieval population of the Yenisei was referred to as "herkis," "khirkhiz" in Greek sources, "syatsazy," "dzilidzisy" in Arabic and Persian, and "kyrgyz" in ancient Turkic, Uighur, and Sogdian texts. The last term was an accurate representation of the self-name of the people.

16.05.2014, 20:01

Kyrgyz in the VI-XII centuries

Turkic Khaganates

In Central Asia, the Great Turkic Khaganate (552-744 years) emerges. The Turks considered Ashina, the mythical son of a she-wolf, to be their ancestor. Here is what the legend says about this.

14.05.2014, 22:13

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Ancient Kyrgyz under the Rule of the Huns

The word “Kyrgyz” is first mentioned alongside the name of the king of the Huns, Maodun-khan (Modé). According to a Chinese chronicle, in 201 BC, Maodun-khan sent a large army westward and captured the lands of the Gyanjun. Scholars have established that the Gyanjun were what the Chinese called the ancient Kyrgyz. The territory controlled by the Kyrgyz became known; it was located in the valley of the Manas River in Eastern Turkestan.

13.05.2014, 20:27

Kyrgyz in antiquity

The State of Dawan

Davan. In the Fergana Valley, a powerful state emerged in the 1st millennium BC. In Chinese sources, it was called Davan. Here is how scholars of that time described Fergana:

13.05.2014, 11:25

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Usun State

In the 2nd century BC, the Tian Shan Sakas were defeated by another powerful nomadic alliance — the Yuezhi (Tocharian), who were driven out of Eastern Turkestan by the warlike Huns. Subsequently, the Yuezhi subjugated part of the Tian Shan Sakas. Initially, the Usuns roamed near the Huns and Yuezhi at the western part of the Great Wall of China. Around 160 BC, part of the Usuns, having defeated the Sakas and Yuezhi, settled in Tian Shan and Semirechye. Occupying Semirechye, Dzhungaria, and

12.05.2014, 22:44

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Saks in World History: The Struggle for Independence

Central Asia and Tian Shan in the 6th—5th centuries BC In the first millennium BC, a new ethnic community—the Saka—emerged from a conglomerate of Bronze Age tribes. The transition from primitive society to class society was accompanied here by the development of a new mode of economy—nomadic animal husbandry and the formation of large tribal unions. In the 8th—1st centuries BC, nomadic tribes inhabited the vast expanses of Eurasia from Tuva to Ukraine (including its territory), referred to in

12.05.2014, 22:22

Kyrgyz in antiquity

Primitive communal system in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic

The traces of primitive human activity in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic date back to the Paleolithic era. There are not many monuments from this time. A stone tool was discovered by Oklandikov in 1953 in the Central Tien Shan, on the left bank of the On-Archa River. Its date of manufacture is approximately 300,000 years ago.

12.05.2014, 22:02

History / Historical records

Scientific Achievements and Tasks of Kyrgyz Historical Science in the Study of the History of the Kyrgyz and the Kyrgyz Republic

A new stage in the study of the history, population, economy, and nature of Kyrgyzstan began after its annexation to Russia. The imperial government needed reliable information about these "unknown" countries, their internal political and economic situation, natural and labor resources, and communication routes. Only in the second half of the 19th century did Russian scientific societies send 250 scientific expeditions to the Kyrgyz Republic.

12.05.2014, 21:57

Kyrgyzstan during the Soviet period

Industrial Steps of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan

Industry in Kyrgyzstan The leading sector of the national economy of the Kyrgyz SSR became industry. It accounts for more than half of the gross product, includes over 130 industries producing about 4,000 types of products. Today, it produces in half a day as much industrial output as was produced in the entire year of 1924. The volume of industrial production in the republic increased more than 700 times over the 60 years of the existence of the USSR.

03.02.2014, 23:33