A new stage in the study of the history, population, economy, and nature of Kyrgyzstan began after its annexation to Russia. The imperial government needed reliable information about these "unknown" countries, their internal political and economic situation, natural and labor resources, and communication routes. Only in the second half of the 19th century did Russian scientific societies send 250 scientific expeditions to the Kyrgyz Republic.
Significant contributions to the study of the Kyrgyz Republic were made by such outstanding scholars as P.P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, N.A. Severtzov, A.P. Fedchenko, I.V. Mushketov, V.V. Bartold, V.V. Radlov, Ch.Ch. Valikhanov, and others.
The honor of discovering Central Tian Shan for science belongs to P.P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky. Valikhanov was the first among scholars to record a fragment of the Manas epic, dedicated to the memorials of Kokotai Khan.
Severtzov conducted 9 major expeditions in Turkestan, collecting the richest botanical, zoological, and mineralogical materials.
The priority in the study of the Kyrgyz language and the unique poetic creativity of the Kyrgyz belongs to the scholar Radlov.
The foundations of Kyrgyz historiography were laid by the prominent orientalist Bartold. In 1893-1894, he participated in an expedition in Semirechye, surveying the Talas and Chui valleys, the Preissyk-Kul region, and Central Tian Shan, and in 1902 he studied the historical past of the city of Osh and its surroundings.
The development of horticulture in Kyrgyzstan is associated with the name of A.M. Fetisov. In 1881, he established the Karagach Grove, and in 1889 he organized the opening of an agricultural school in the city of Pishpek.
The researcher of the life and customs of the Kyrgyz, as well as an archaeologist and anthropologist, is the doctor F.V. Poyarkov.
The local historian of the Preissyk-Kul region was a full member of the Russian Geographical Society, Ya.I. Korolkov. In 1881, he created a meteorological station and conducted regular observations.
