Numerals, Mood, Verb in the Kyrgyz Language
Numeral Names.
Cardinal numerals can be simple (1 - bir, 2 - eki, 3 - üç, 4 - dört, 5 - bet, 6 - alty, 7 - jeti, 8 - segiz, 9 - toguz, 10 - on, 20 - jiyrma, 30 - otuz, 100 - jüz, 1000 - min), complex (60 - altymysh, 70 - jetimish, 80 - seksen, 90 - tokson), and compound (11 - on bir, 12 - on eki, 65 - altymysh besh, 385 - üç jüz seksen bet, etc.). Complex numerals are formed from the corresponding tens, hundreds, and units: tokson bir (90+1=91), kïrk toguz (40+9=49), jeti jüz alty (700+6=706), etc. Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the suffixes -nchy, -nchi, -nchu, -nchü after vowel stems and -ynchy, -inchi, -unchu, -ünchü after consonant stems: bir+inchi = birinchi (first), eki+nchi = ekinchi (second), eki jüz otuz dört+ünchü = eki jüz otuz dörtünchü (two hundred thirty-fourth), etc. Collective numerals are formed using the suffixes -oo/-öo: üçөө (three, in threes), алтоо (six, in sixes), etc. The suffixes that form distributive numerals are: -dan/-tan/, -den/-ден/, -don/-тон/, -ден/-ден/ (for example, ekiден, ондон) and -лап/-дап, -man/, -леп/-деп, -теп/, -лоп/-доп, -топ/, -лөп/-дөп, -төп/ - экөөлеп, жуздеп, терттеп, etc. Distributive numerals are often used in the form of repetition: бир-бирден (one by one), беш-бештен (five by five). The suffixes that form approximate numerals: -дай, -лаган, -ча with variants. For example, ондой, ончо, ондогон (about ten). Fractional numerals are formed syntactically - first the denominator in the nominative case, then the numerator in the nominative case: ондон эки (2/10), тогуздан уч (3/9).
To denote whole numerals, бутун (whole) is used: бир бутун бештен уч (one whole three-fifths).
In the Kyrgyz language, the following categories of pronouns are distinguished: personal pronouns (мен (I), сен (you), сиз (you - polite, singular), ал (he, she), биз (we), силер (you), сиздер (you - polite, plural), алар (they); demonstrative (бу, бул (this, this one), булар (these), ал (that), алар (those), тиги, тигил (that), ото, ошол (that), тигилер, ошолор (those), тетиги, тетигил (that over there); interrogative (ким? (who?), эмне? (what?), кандай? (which?), канча? (how many?), канчанчы? (which one?), качан? (when?), кайсы? (which?), кайда? (where?); possessive (менин (my), сенин (your), сиздин (your - polite, singular), анын (his), биздин (our), силердин (your), сиздердин (your - polite, plural), алардын (their); negative (эч ким (nobody), эч персе (nothing), эч кандай (no one), эч кайда (nowhere), эч кайдан (from nowhere), эч бир (none); definite (бут (all), буткул (entire), баары (everyone), бардык (all, entirely), ар бир, ар ким (each), ар кандай (any), ар нерсе, бирдеме (something, anything), бутун (all); indefinite (кимдир бирөө (someone), кээ бир (some), бир нерсе (something, anything), кандай дыр (some), кайсы бир (unknown which) etc.
In the Kyrgyz language, verbs are characterized by grammatical categories of voice, tense, mood, person, and number, as well as verb forms - participle and gerund. The verb has five moods and five voice forms (active, reflexive, passive, reciprocal, and causative). The active voice has no suffixes; the reflexive is formed using the suffixes -и, -ын with variants (кийин - get dressed, жуун - wash yourself); the passive is formed by adding the suffixes -л, -ыл with variants (аткарылды - completed, берилди - issued); the reciprocal is formed with the suffixes -ш, -ыш with variants (ойношту, секиришти - played, jumped together); the causative has the suffixes -дыр, -гыз, -гыр, -т, -ар, etc. (жаздыр - make write, иштет - make work).
Nouns and adjectives in the Kyrgyz language
History of the Kyrgyz literary language
Ancient manuscript tradition in Kyrgyzstan
