Embroidery. This ancient art was the most accessible activity for girls and women. Embroidery adorned many household items (Chepelevetskaya, 1968. p. 78, 79; Antipina, 1962. pp. 97-124; Satybaldieva, 2008). Many embroidered items were part of the dowry that a mother prepared for her daughter with the help of relatives.
Lamb Stuffed with Tail Fat Ingredients lamb 180 g garlic 5 g jussai (Chinese chives) 10 g tail fat 15 g radish 70 g onion 40 g bell pepper 30 g fresh tomatoes 20 g tomato paste 10 g eggplant 30 g pattypan squash 50 g salt, pepper to taste.
The Return of the Kyrgyz from Altai to their Homeland Under the banners of their clans Finally leaving Altai, The Kyrgyz set out on a long journey — To the promised homeland. Everyone has one desire: To return quickly to Ala-Too, Where for ages The blood has fallen from the Kyrgyz umbilical cord. The turbulent streams of Ili With household goods and livestock Struggled through both swimming and wading. Bypassing the steep pass, They entered the valley of Uch-Aral, Along the rivers Konuz and
THE INTERROGATION CONDUCTED BY ALOOKE-KHAN IN ANDIJAN Having repelled all attackers, slaughtering everyone who resisted, destroying all who argued, with a fearsome cry, a fierce appearance, and an angry gaze, Khan Alooke seized the throne in Margilan. He held all six cities, including Kokand and Margilan, firmly in his grasp. Anyone who rose from the people, he imprisoned in an iron cage; any brave soul who dared to lift their head, he annihilated; in his anger, everyone feared him, afraid
A few words about the manaschi. Saginbay Orozbakov (1867–1930). A genius storyteller of "Manas." He was born in the village of Kabyrga on Issyk-Kul. He recited the entire trilogy of the epic. From Saginbay, 180 thousand poetic lines of "Manas" have been recorded. His version is distinguished by the depth of philosophical thought, epic multi-layeredness of the plot, unparalleled poetic quality, and richness of language. M. Baidzhiev places Saginbay on par with W.
Tale of the liberation of Turkestan from Chinese invaders Into valleys, mountains, and meadows Under the skies of the native land Through three roads across the steppe, Like three raging rivers, The Kyrgyz came from Altai. The military horn blared, The surnay shrieked piercingly. Like thunder, like a heavenly voice, The battle drum thundered. Under the red banner ahead With his retinue, Manas, Behind him, raising their banner, Kazakh Kokche, Noygut Chubak — By their mother, Kalmak, The head of
ABOUT HOW MANAS SOWED WHEAT AND BOUGHT HIMSELF AKKULA Thanks to the fame of his son, who was previously called "bai Jakyp," the father now began to be called "khan Jakyp." Greedy for livestock, he could not bear that Manas was playing in the ordo, and one day he shouted: – May you perish, son, and I will slaughter all my livestock and bury you. They are only gaining weight, and you keep slaughtering my camels, which have only a palm's worth of fat; at this rate, you
SALAD "SUSAMYR", cold appetizer — a dish of Kyrgyz cuisine. Susamyr is a very tasty and hearty dish. It is very easy to prepare at home. Cooking time — 120 minutes. Ingredients:
The Book "The Great Campaign" Work on publishing the Russian text of "Manas" resumed in 1940, and Tashim Baidzhiev, being the head of the folklore sector, approached the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Kyrgyzstan with a proposal to complete the translation and publish "The Great Campaign" in full, i.e., up to the tragic outcome of Manas's campaign to China. However, this did not happen. Soon after, the war with Germany began. Manas
Ysyk took For preparing main dishes, meat, meat by-products, poultry, fish, flour, eggs, vegetables, cereals, and herbs are used. Various types of heat treatment are applied: boiling, stewing, steaming, braising, frying as the main method, deep-frying, and grilling over coals. Dishes of modern Kyrgyz cuisine can be served with any sauces and side dishes. Here is one of them.
The Love of Manas and Kyz-Saykal In Uch-Turfane lived Karacha — A glorious elder from Kalmykia. The old man was very proud Of his beautiful daughter Saykal. But what no one knew in the whole region Was that the girl was she, Hiding her hair under a helmet, She, like a true warrior, Wielded a sword, spear, and shield. When Tekes killed himself And Teiysh was chosen as khan, Saykal in battle armor Came to her father and said: — For my honor and homeland I will stand at the cost of my life! Here
Non-pile artistic fabrics. In ancient times, all women to some extent were skilled in weaving {Antipina, Makhova, 1968. p. 48-58; Antipina, 1962. p. 50-64; Ivanov, Makhova, 1960; Sultanalieva, 2010). Various woolen fabrics, and in the valley regions of southern Kyrgyzstan, cotton fabrics (taar) were produced for outer clothing and household items. Often, embroidery was done on home-woven fabrics. The width of non-pile patterned fabrics (terme, kara taar, kadzhary or bukary, besh keshtё)
THE RESETTLEMENT OF MANAS TO TALAS Having crushed forty tribes of the Chinese and Manchus, and saving a handful of Kyrgyz from complete destruction, Manas became the ruler of forty families. He consulted with the elders of his clan and led his tribe back to their native people. They slaughtered a colt whose mother remained barren, played bagalak, various noisy games, chess, generally pleased that they had avenged the hated Kalmyks.
Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov At the origins of the theory and history of poetic translation of "Manas" into Russian stood the outstanding philologist and orientalist Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov (1891–1938). In the last years of his life (1934–1937), he worked with us in Kyrgyzstan as a research associate at the Scientific Research Institute of the Kyrgyz Language and Writing, actively engaging in the study and translation of the epic "Manas." A significant coincidence: the
The campaign and victory over Tekes-khan Hey! Two months have passed since We held a gathering in Altai. The people prepared their sons For a distant battle campaign. Warriors from all clans Gathered at Manas. The wide valley was Filled with people, And under the hooves of horses The earth trembled. And spears, like a dense forest, Sparkled with blue steel. With a green shaft, a red banner Fluttered above their heads. Under it, once Khan Nogoy Led his troops into bloody battle. Kyrgyz,
THE SECOND BATTLE OF MANAS WITH THE KARA-KITANS The Chinese, led by the heroes Neskara and Joloy, surrounded Manas's camp early in the morning, like ants. The khans, in battle armors, rained down thousands of arrows like rain; drums thundered, tearing at the heart with their noise; dogs howled, cows mooed, trying to dig the ground with their snouts; and the entire area was instantly engulfed in panic. The Tırgooty rushed en masse at the lion-like Manas to seize and bind him. Brave Manas,
Kattama (dough product) This is a bread made from yeast dough, baked in a pan with a large amount of oil or kaymak — thick cream. Kattama with onion filling is often found. They are very easy to prepare, so in many families, they replace regular bread. The taste is enhanced by the presence of fresh green onions: during frying, they become a bit softer but generally retain their natural flavor. Ingredients:
Artistic Transformation of Oral Poetic Speech into Written Form The father of Mara Tashimovich, Tashim Iskhakovich Baidzhiev, was a well-known writer, educator, and philologist. He is one of the founders of Kyrgyz professional prose and drama, the author of the first textbooks on the Kyrgyz language and literature, a translator of Russian classical works, and a researcher of folklore. His contribution to the study of the epic "Manas" is particularly significant. He headed the
The Meeting of Manas with Koshoy and Bakay The celebrations had just ended, Akbalta called Manas. — When we, leaving our homeland, Departed with the whole world to Altai, Several clans of Kyrgyz Were left there among the enemies. To those who could not escape then, A bitter fate was bestowed. One, remaining far away, Fights with Khan Alooke The ruler of the Katagan clan, The mighty elder Koshoy-khan. In the valley of the Big Kemin rivers Another clan remained, Which is ruled by Khan Urby. When
ABOUT HOW ESEN-KHAN SENDS AN ARMY AGAINST MANAS UNDER THE COMMAND OF DJOLOY So, ten thousand warriors led by DjoLOY and Dongo, who set out on a campaign to capture Manas, were defeated and scattered, fleeing all the way to Beijing. Beaten, bloodied, and swollen like a bag of skins, DooDur cried and howled as he walked day and night until he reached the camp of Esen-Khan and, barely mumbling, told what had happened:
RUSSIAN-SPEAKING MANASCHI MAR BAIDZHIEV Professor G. N. Khlypenko. “The duty, bequeathed by God, is fulfilled…”. These words of Pushkin’s chronicler Pimen from the drama “Boris Godunov” were taken by Mar Baidzhiev as the epigraph to his “Tale of Manas”. And here’s why.
Pile Carpet Weaving. Russian researchers studying Central Asian carpets also noted Kyrgyz pile products, which possess high artistic merits (Bogolyubov, 1908-1909; Felkerzam, 1914-1915; Semenov, 1911; Dudin, 1929; Razvadovsky, 1916; Moshkova, 1954; Kumachenko, 1920; Antipina, 1962, pp. 65-95; Antipina, 1968; Umetalieva, 1966; Abramzon, 1971; and others). Carpet weaving is more widespread in the southern part of the country, with hereditary carpet weavers mainly residing in the Naukat district
Batta, also known as -ganfan, also – lagman with rice Batta is certainly not lagman. The only similarity it shares with lagman is the separate cooking of the sauce and the grain component, while the sauce itself, in terms of preparation technology, resembles lagman vadju. At the same time, a number of fundamental differences from lagman (not to mention that lagman uses noodles instead of rice) makes batta – this somewhat forgotten dish of Kyrgyz cuisine with undoubtedly Uyghur-Dungan roots –
Election of Manas as Khan From the herd, where Aymanboz — A beautiful, strong stallion, Always a faithful leader, Having slaughtered nine mares, Dozens of fire pits dug, Setting up a hundred cauldrons, Filled with water, they lit the fire. Here, gathering from all sides, The Kyrgyz came together. And all who arrived in Altai Were counted by Akbalta himself. And it turned out that there were Almost a hundred thousand here. — From all corners of our native land We have come here to Altai, With
KHAN KOSHOY In a hilly area crossed by a river, the hero Koshoy gathered the Kyrgyz from seven valleys, and with great difficulty formed them into a people; he raised hunting birds from hawks, made a nation from different tribes; he raised nimble birds from small falcons, made a people from a rabble; and at that time they lived in places called Chech-Dobo-Ata. Having slaughtered well-fed mares with four fingers of fat, foals from barren mothers, lambs that had just stopped suckling, laying out
The Epic Image of Manas - Synthetic, Rooted in a Real-Historical Basis Due to the state of the written sources that have reached us, the name of this leader remains a mystery. In Chinese sources, he appears only under titles, while in the Kyrgyz epic, he is referred to not by a Kyrgyz name - Manas. Establishing the name of this leader, with whom we associate the political rise of the Kyrgyz, as well as analyzing the name Manas, presents significant difficulties, and we have not yet achieved a
Wool Crafting. Wool served as the primary material for making felt, pile and non-pile carpets, handwoven fabrics, various types of weavings, knitting, embroidery, lassos, and more. Woolen products were used to cover and decorate the yurt; they were used for making items related to riding and pack transport. Sheep wool was widely used for felt, fabrics, and carpet weaving, as well as goat and camel wool. Sometimes it was dyed in traditional red, crimson, blue, yellow, or green colors, using
The Attack of Neskar The ruler of the Manchus became Twenty-year-old Neskar — Hot-headed, bold, young, Always satisfied with himself. He knew that the Burut tribes Had fled from their native land And now lived in Altai. In a short time, they had amassed Cattle, horses, and wealth in abundance. And, as the old prophet said, A fierce hero was born there, Growing stronger every day, As soon as he gathers strength, He will unleash a great devastation on everyone. — He is now thirteen years old.
ABOUT HOW MANAS WENT TO SEARCH FOR KOSHOY When the sun rose and the surroundings brightened, Manas woke up, stretched sweetly, and got up from the place where he had slept. He woke up forty of his friends and went to the spring on the outskirts of the village. He washed his face with spring water, and his body felt refreshed. Just as he was about to return, he saw a gray wolf and was surprised. Manas walked on – the wolf followed him; Manas stopped – the wolf did too. Hoping to scare off the
China's Concern About Its Kyrgyz Neighbors The Kyrgyz did not represent a direct threat to China due to their remoteness. Knowing the wealth and strength of this northern people, they tried various ways to "be friends" with the Kyrgyz, so that the latter would be a force threatening Central Asian states (Eastern Turks and Uyghurs), whose military raids had repeatedly devastated China. They attempted to set the Kyrgyz against, for example, the Eastern Turks and Uyghurs, creating
Lagman Lagman consists of boiled noodles seasoned with sautéed and then stewed vegetables and meat. Lagman has Dungan roots and has long been one of the favorite dishes of the national cuisine. Like pilaf, lagman has many varieties: fried bosolagman, served separately gyurulagman, etc. The ingredients can also vary significantly depending on the season or the place of preparation.
The Victory of Manas over the Envoys of Esen Khan When the whole world was engulfed by a flood And the earth was flooded with water, In his ark, good Noah Saved the living world from death. But to Beijing in those years The floodwaters did not reach. There, on a patch of dry land, Nine hundred families remained — And from that time to this day The Chinese people have lived there. And now for many years From the sea to the Great Wall Khan Esen rules China. There lived in the palace an old
ABOUT HOW ESEN-KHAN SENT HIS TEN THOUSAND ARMY TO SEARCH FOR MANAS While Manas and his friends were destroying seven hundred heroes, a Chinese man named Tagylyq, who barely saved his skin, rushed to Khan Esen. He ran through the mountains and valleys, both day and night, and after many days, exhausted and weary, finally reached the iron gates of the capital city of Khan Esen. He explained everything to the head of the guard, somehow managed to get to the ruler, fell prostrate at his feet, and
The Aspiration of Eastern Turks to Conquer the Kyrgyz in the Territory of the Yenisei River Basin. Before Soviet researchers arises the question of how to assess the wars of those whom we consider possible to name as Yaglakap? Are they ordinary conquests or is there a hidden meaning in their historically justified actions? What determined the external friendly policy of China? This period, called by academician V. Barthold the period of "Kyrgyz Great Power," was a time of formation
Childhood of Manas The Kalmyks, who had also attended the celebration and were intoxicated from drinking kumys and vodka, returned home and excitedly discussed what they had just seen. – Well, well, – one of them said excitedly. – This burut threw a feast for the whole world. Are they bragging to us or what? These vagabonds slaughtered hundreds of livestock, gave out gold and silver to people, and vodka flowed like a river…
Childhood of Manas Hey! Time flowed day by day, And not by days, but by hours In Altai grew the Great Fool. Since the moment he saw the light, Eight years quickly flew by. Manas was a tall boy, He did not resemble his peers: Sometimes he carried stones weighing a pood, Then suddenly, in strength and wrestling, He would arrange a tournament for himself, Then dive into an icy pond, Running somewhere like a madman, Then suddenly he would fight with someone. Chiyrdy cannot understand Whether his
Traditions of Folk Craftsmanship. The uniqueness of the lifestyle of the Kyrgyz herders determined the nature of their crafts, trades, as well as decorative and applied arts. In domestic production, there was a division of labor into male and female; women mainly engaged in wool processing, creating felt, wool bags, ropes, felt caps, carpets, clothing items, etc. They also created interior decorations for the home, spun, knitted, embroidered, wove cords, fringes, made mats, and so on. In the
Kulchetai This egg dough with meat and broth will seem hearty and delicious to every food lover and will leave no one indifferent. Ingredients:
Yaglakar "The Great Campaign" is the most archaic part of the epoch. For the sake of completeness of our judgments, we will allow ourselves to briefly pause on the characteristics of the epoch and the personality of Yaglakar, as well as to briefly compare the plot of "The Great Campaign" with the historical data we have. Along the banks of the mighty Siberian river Yenisei, the camps of Kyrgyz tribes - the oldest population here - spread out. It was a powerful and by no
Children of the Gukdeve area. Alai Valley. 1901. Men's Footwear. The main type of footwear was homemade boots with a hard sole and heel. In the southern regions, purchased soft ichigi with galoshes gradually became popular. Footwear with short tops, such as choky, charyk, paichiki, was widely used. In the 19th century, wooden shoes zhygach kavshi were common in the southwestern areas inhabited by the Kyrgyz and in the Chon-Ala Valley, which were purchased from Tajiks. For walking on rocks
The Birth of the Hero Hey! Jakyp, my brother Chiyr Suddenly left for another world. His wife — the beautiful Shakan Remained a young widow. So Jakyp went then With a bow to Shakan's relatives. He promised her a good life, Persuaded her and took her as a wife, Arranged an unprecedented wedding. (The young widow, it seems, Was so beautiful in herself). And in memory of his brother, the rich Jakyp Gave his wife the name Chiyrdy. One night Chiyrdy Asked her husband: — Tell me, what are you
The Birth of Manas Oh, how hard it is to die without leaving behind offspring! Even animals are granted this fate, and even more so humans, and suddenly you are deprived of this gift of nature, this gift of fate, and all the wealth you have accumulated, all your possessions fall into the hands of completely foreign people, and after you, your descendant's name will never be spoken, after death there will be no cries of your beloved children and no prayers will be read for the repose of
Historical Canvas of the Epic "Manas" In starting the characterization of the historical canvas of the epic "Manas," we pointed out that all events are intertwined around the name associated with the greatest successes and a turning point in the history of the Kyrgyz people. Based on Chinese sources on one side and ancient-Gurkhan texts from the Selenga River on the other, we assert that the Kyrgyz khan, with his talented leadership, ensured the victory of the Kyrgyz, known
Headwear Headwear was an essential part of the national male costume. They were characterized by a great variety of types. Men's winter hats called tebetey were widely used, with the crown made from four felt wedges covered with cloth, velvet, or dense fabric. The shape of the wedges determined the shape of the crown - either high and quadrangular or flattened. Traditionally, tebetey had a trim made of merlushka, fox, or another type of valued fur. This hat was named according to the type
Tale of the Destruction of the Kyrgyz by Khan Alooke Hey! From ancient times the Kyrgyz people Were guarded by the Holy Kyzyl. The hero of the Kyrgyz, Karakhan, Created the royal lineage. From Karakhan — Oghuz Khan, From Oghuz Khan — Alanch, From Alanch was Baygurkhan, From Baygurkhan — Babyrkhan. From Babyrkhan — Khan Tebe, And the son of Tebe — Khan Kogey. His sons were Chiyr, Shygai, And the youngest was Nogoy. Usen, Orozdu, Bai, Jakyp — Sons of Khan Nogoy. Nogoy was a mighty khan. For his
EXILE OF THE KYRGYZ FROM ALA-TOO The old and the young were saddened, as if they had drunk blood themselves. Infuriated by the Kalmyks and the Chinese, the ten sons of Orozdu gathered the people, mourned for a long time, then united with Ulaq-khan and Jakyp and said: – Better to die than to live like this. If we are destined to perish, let us give our lives in the struggle against our enemies. We have heads on our shoulders, hearts beating in our chests, and as long as we are alive and
THE ERA OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE EPIC This article is a revision of the article published by A. N. Bernshteyn in 1946 in the almanac "Kyrgyzstan". What historical events are reflected in "Manas"? There are three groups (excluding the "Great Campaign"), which we will name according to the direction of the campaigns.
Kurut This is a fermented milk product in the form of small dried balls, a unique Central Asian cheese. The size of these balls varies among different peoples. The history of kurut goes deep into the nomadic antiquity of the Turkic peoples. The production of kurut was one of the few ways to stock up on provisions for a long time. Kuruts are notable for their ability to be stored for literally years.