Hunting Dogs and Birds of Prey. Even in the early Middle Ages, specially trained dogs served as drivers (Khudyakov, 2010, p. 173). Training and using dogs was an important part of traditional hunting (Aitaliev, 2009, pp. 110-117).
Hunting Tools and Weapons. Since ancient times, the Kyrgyz have used both "active" and "passive" forms of hunting. The former involves searching for, pursuing, and capturing game by an armed hunter, as well as group hunting. The latter involves capturing animals using pre-set traps. One of the early forms of "passive" hunting was the use of pit traps (or) with vertical walls. Typically, a camouflaged pit was made, over 2 meters deep and 1.5-2 meters in diameter,
Hunting Techniques and Division of Game. The Kyrgyz hunted both on horseback and on foot. In deep snow, they wore special stepping skis called zhapka, which significantly eased movement. They hunted large herbivores living high in the mountains either collectively using ambush methods known as bukturma or individually. The bukturma or tosot method (in Aksy and Chatkal) was carried out as follows. Participants were divided into two groups; the first group, aidakchylard, consisted of riders
Commercial Animals. Sources from the 19th to early 20th centuries contain information about wild animals and their distribution areas. Typical representatives of the fauna of the Tien Shan mountains included tigers and leopards, which inhabited the bushes and reeds along riverbanks, wild boars, bears, lynxes, wolves, foxes, martens, badgers, squirrels, wild cats, ferrets, stoats, marmots, kulan (wild horses), wild goats, mountain rams (argali), marals, as well as birds: vultures, eagles,
Hunters with Golden Eagles. Mountain Semirechye, Kyrgyzstan. 1926. HUNTING Hunting has been an important component of the complex economy of the Kyrgyz from ancient times until the early 20th century, complementing livestock breeding and agriculture (Abramzon, 1971; Aitbaev, 1959, p. 82; Petrov, 1961, pp. 81, 82; Zhapparov, Toktakunova, 2006, p. 43). The meat of wild animals was consumed as food, and valuable fur was used as a means of payment, exchanged for food products and other goods
Annual Cycle of Agricultural Work The most common practice was crop rotation with two-year and three-year fallow periods. Crop rotations with fallow periods of four to six years or more were also quite common (History of the Kyrgyz SSR. 1986. Vol. 2. p. 120).
Irrigation The Kyrgyz used techniques and methods of irrigation developed over many centuries, adapted to both the flat landscapes of lowlands and the high-altitude conditions. Irrigation channels were often laid at great heights, across slopes and rugged areas with rocky soil. Simple tools were used in the construction of ditches, such as tyapka ketmen, kayla, chukuldak, choku, lom, lopata kurok, as well as the horns of mountain goats kiyiktin muyuzy - with their help, they deepened the
AGRICULTURE Agriculture was an important area of economic activity for the Kyrgyz, ranking second after livestock breeding. This was facilitated by the climatic conditions: the amount of precipitation in most of the country exceeds the minimum of 400 mm per year necessary for agricultural activities, and this culture has existed since at least the Bronze Age (Ivanov, 1957; Zadneprovsky, 1997, p. 4). From the mid-16th century, during the final settlement of the Kyrgyz in the Tian Shan,
Migration near the village of Troitskoye. Kara-Kyrgyz. Syrdarya region. 1902. Animal Husbandry in the 20th - Early 21st Century By the beginning of the 20th century, animal husbandry continued to be the leading sector of the economy among the Kyrgyz. According to various sources, the number of settled households by 1914-1916 ranged from 15 to 30% in the Pishpek, Przhevalsk, and Namangan districts (in particular, in the Talas Valley, their share was especially small in the adjacent mountainous
Forage Preparation Forage preparation became widespread in the late 19th century due to a lack of pasture lands and the processes of sedentarization. Wealthy livestock owners harvested up to 10-15 thousand bundles of hay. Sometimes family members participated in this, or they worked as ashars - using collective mutual assistance, while some purchased hay from others (Manuscript fund of the Ch. Aitmatov Institute of Language and Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz
Ail before migration. Osh region, Alai valley. 1930. Annual Cycle of Pastoral Livestock Breeding All pastures were divided into summer (jailoo), autumn (kuzdov), winter (kyshtoo), and spring (zhazdoo). The most intense and responsible period was the wintering of livestock. The harsh, prolonged cold period with severe frosts, winds, frequent and heavy snowfalls, as well as the constant need for tebenevka (snow digging) required efforts to maintain the herd, especially since the nutritional
Composition of the Herd Kyrgyz people raised horses, sheep, yaks, goats, camels, and cattle. For normal grazing in vertical herding, an average of at least one horse is needed for every six sheep (Akmoldoeva, 1983, p. 121). Overall, horse breeding was the leading branch of livestock farming, as horses were less prone to winter mortality than other animals—they could relatively easily find feed under the snow and moved more easily in the mountains. Horses were used as the main means of
Migration in the Alai Range. Early 20th century. Kyrgyz SSR HERDING The leading sector of the traditional economy of the Kyrgyz was extensive animal husbandry, which belonged to the mountain-steppe Central Asian subtype, a cultural-economic type of herders in Eurasia. This primary sector was combined with equally significant ones—agriculture and hunting. The historically established dominant type of economy absorbed the rich experience accumulated by both ancient and medieval inhabitants of
Ancient Metallurgy. The mastery of metal smelting in human history was a great discovery that led to the accelerated growth of productive forces in agriculture, woodworking, and metalworking; an increase in the combat capability of weaponry; the durability of household tools and weapons; and progressive economic and social changes in society. Based on archaeological sources, it has been revealed that some of the first metallic tools used by humans in 8-6 thousand BC were: awls with
Decision-making in the housing sector remains fragmented. Housing-related issues are divided among various government bodies at both national and local levels. Since gaining independence, the housing system has undergone a process of decentralization, starting with the transfer of ownership rights to the existing housing stock, housing-related services, and financial responsibility for housing to the local population. Despite decentralization, addressing housing issues, apart from housing
Kyrgyzstan has deep traditions in the exploration of mineral resources. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, industries for coal, oil, lead, mercury, antimony, and copper were operational. During World War II, more than 20 enterprises were engaged in the extraction of lead, antimony, mercury, gold, tungsten, arsenic, and coal. Later, the mining and metallurgy sector of Kyrgyzstan played a significant role in the raw material economy of the USSR. The share of mineral product
The forge of the zergers. Mid-19th century. The photo is kept in the State Historical Museum Animal husbandry as the main occupation of the Kyrgyz defined the entire way of their life, which is why crafts compatible with a nomadic lifestyle developed and spread among them. This factor significantly determined the uniqueness of the development of the material and spiritual culture of the Kyrgyz people. The influence of the nomadic way of life also reflected in the primitive forms of mining that
The monitoring of the state and use of information and communication technologies for 2012 included 9,224 business entities (enterprises and organizations) using computer technology and information technologies. The number of such enterprises in the republic has increased by 1.6 times compared to 2008.
Over the past five years, there has been a noticeable increase in the main indicators of the standard of living of the population in the social sphere of the state. Thus, from 2009 to 2013, the average per capita monetary income of the population, according to the sample survey of household budgets, increased by 1.4 times. In 2013, the monetary income of the urban population exceeded that of rural residents by 1.3 times, amounting to 3978.85 and 3002.5 soms per month per capita, respectively.
In 2013, the development and implementation of technological, marketing, and organizational innovations in the industry of the republic were carried out by 39 enterprises, or 5.5 percent of the surveyed number.
Before 1917, there were 6 semi-artisanal brick factories in Kyrgyzstan, mostly operating seasonally, and one lime burning factory. In 1922, the brick production amounted to only 0.4 million pieces, and in 1924 — about 1 million pieces. A small amount of tiles and lime were produced. In 1927, the construction materials industry in the republic was represented by a brick factory that was part of the "Kyrgyzstroyobedineniye," and artisanal production within the system of the industrial
The volume of market services provided by economic entities in January-June 2014, according to preliminary estimates, amounted to 191.2 billion soms, which is an increase of 3.3 percent compared to January-June 2013. Overall, the turnover of wholesale and retail trade per capita in the republic in January-June of this year amounted to 18,045 soms. However, while in Osh city the turnover exceeded the average republican indicator by 2.4 times, in Bishkek by 2.1 times, and in Chui region by 1.2
The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century were filled with significant historical events. The Kyrgyz population repeatedly rose against the oppression of the Kokand Khanate. After its fall, the territory of Southern Kyrgyzstan became part of Russia (1876). Gradually, patriarchal-feudal relations began to break down, and the seeds of capitalism emerged. Trade intensified, and industrial enterprises appeared, particularly coal mines. Cotton cultivation began to
Meat Production. During the reporting period of 2015, economic entities of all categories in the republic produced 55.6 thousand tons of meat in live weight, which is 888 tons or 1.6% more than the corresponding period of the previous year. The increase in meat production occurred mainly due to an increase in the number of agricultural animals, except for pigs, as well as due to the provision of preferential loans to the livestock sector in 2014 amounting to 4,177.0 million soms, which
According to preliminary data from the National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, for January-November 2014, the real GDP growth was at 3.5%, which is 7.2 percentage points lower than the corresponding period in 2013, while the nominal GDP amounted to 347.8 billion soms.
In the system of water use and water consumption, intra-economic and inter-state water relations, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Water," adopted on January 14, 1994, with some amendments and additions made in 1995, has been approved and is in effect. Its main feature is that it established the payment for natural resource use rights, as well as for water supply services and for discharges of pollutants into water bodies and water management structures, within the established
Grain farming is one of the main sectors of agriculture. Economic difficulties in agriculture over the past few years have also affected grain farming. Agriculture has not been adequately supplied with machinery, and the number of tractors and grain harvesters has decreased. To develop grain farming, the use of mineral and organic fertilizers is necessary, which contributes to increased yields. Due to the worsening economic situation, most farms were unable to purchase the now expensive
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The share of the forest, woodworking, and pulp and paper industry of the republic in 2000 was: by the number of employed workers 1.0%; by product output — 0.6%; by the value of fixed assets — 0.7%. Despite this, the industry is of great importance as it provides the population with essential items made from wood, widely used in everyday life.
The food industry of pre-revolutionary Kyrgyzstan was represented by several small artisanal enterprises: mills, oil presses, and breweries, as well as salt mines. By the time the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was established, there were only 28 enterprises here. Before the war, the food industry of the republic grew significantly. New sectors emerged: meat, dairy (14 butter and cheese factories), sugar, winemaking, baking, and others.
The light industry of Kyrgyzstan encompasses its three sectors: textile, garment, and leather-footwear. It accounts for 24% of the industrial workforce and 30% of the gross output of all industries, which ensures its priority in the economic potential of the republic. Before the October Revolution, there were only a few private semi-handicraft enterprises in Kyrgyzstan for the primary processing of agricultural raw materials—wool washing and cotton cleaning points. During the pre-war five-year
In Kyrgyzstan, among metalworking enterprises, a repair and mechanical plant was commissioned in Bishkek in 1931. In the 1930s, the metalworking industry developed at an accelerated pace. From 1928 to 1940, the gross output of the industry increased by 10.4 times, while that of metalworking increased by 26.1 times. During this period, the foundation of domestic machine engineering was formed. Machine engineering developed particularly rapidly during the Great Patriotic War based on evacuated
The traces of ancient mining operations in the territory of Kyrgyzstan indicate that mercury, lead, zinc, gold, copper, etc. have been extracted here since ancient times. The volume of extraction of certain minerals speaks to a significant level of work during those times (for example, at the lead mines of Kana and Guta). Gold was historically mined in the Turkestan Range, in Chatkal, Uzun-Akmate, Talas, Suusamyr, Issyk-Kul, and other places. Before the collapse of the USSR, Kyrgyzstan was
Before 1917, the electric power industry in Kyrgyzstan, as a separate branch of industry, hardly existed. In 1913-14, only 5 small power plants operated with a total capacity of 265 kW: the thermal station of the Kyzyl-Kyisky coal deposit (121 kW), two hydropower plants in the city of Osh (120 kW), the Bishkek diesel power station (16.5 kW), and the Karakol diesel power station (7.5 kW).
The Republic has a significant amount of diverse fuel and energy resources. Involving them in production allows for gradually addressing the issues of reducing the import of energy carriers from other countries and increasing the efficiency of the fuel and energy complex, which consists of two major sectors: fuel production (coal, oil, gas extraction) and electric power generation. The fuel and energy complex represents an inter-industry system for the production of fuel and energy, including
The development of Kyrgyzstan's industry began even before the October Revolution. In 1913, the share of industrial production was 3%. Before the revolution, compared to Russia, industrial output per capita in Kyrgyzstan was 16 times lower. The industry, based on artisanal production, was engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials (86.5% of total industrial output). Before the revolution, there was 1 artisanal candy factory, 2 breweries, and 2 tanneries operating in
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It is well known that private entrepreneurship has become the engine of economic progress in new industrial countries.
Wages and Labor Market. In January-May 2014, the average monthly nominal wage of one employee (excluding small enterprises) amounted to 11,668 soms, increasing by 7.9 percent compared to January-May 2013, while its real value, calculated taking into account the consumer price index, rose by 1.9 percent.
Transport activities and cargo storage. In January-June of this year, the volume of cargo transported by all modes of transport increased by 273.7 thousand tons compared to the corresponding period last year. In June of this year, compared to the previous month, the volume of such transportation increased by 4.2 percent, and compared to June of last year - by 2.6 percent.
ABDRAKOV Kubanychbek Kasmakunovich Architect. Born in 1951 in the village of Bosteri, Issyk-Kul region of the Kyrgyz SSR. In 1975, he graduated from the architectural and construction faculty of the Frunze Polytechnic Institute. After graduation, he began his career as an architect in the production and economic group of the Issyk-Kul District Executive Committee, then worked as the head of the production economic group of the Cholpon-Ata City Executive Committee. Later, he was the architect
An architect in the field of management is a socially active individual, programming activities in their industry. The State Construction Committee of the Kyrgyz SSR is the body regulating the activities of design organizations and construction. The range of issues is diverse — this includes the creation of district planning projects, master plans for cities, district centers, settlements, villages, construction projects, individual building projects, expertise of project solutions, selective
The total volume of gross construction output in January-June 2014 amounted to 31,046.1 million soms, which is 18.5 percent more than in January-June 2013. In June of this year, compared to June of last year, its volume increased by 9.7 percent and amounted to 6,923.2 million soms. In January-June 2014, compared to the corresponding period in 2013, the volume of investments in fixed capital increased by 20.6 percent (in comparable prices) and amounted to 33,503.9 million soms, in June of this
The gross output of agricultural products, forestry, and fishing in January-June 2014 amounted to 52,263.7 million soms, which is 1.4 percent higher than the level of the corresponding period last year.
In the first half of 2014, industrial enterprises produced goods worth 65,851.3 million soms, with a physical volume index of 107.2 percent compared to the first half of 2013. Excluding enterprises involved in the development of the Kumtor deposit, the figure was 40,799.8 million soms, or 105 percent, with a 103.7 percent index as of May 2014. In June 2014, industrial production amounted to 11,357.5 million soms, with a physical volume index of 110.3 percent compared to June 2013. Excluding
Main Socio-Economic Indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic The socio-economic situation of the Kyrgyz Republic contains an analysis of the country's economic condition in January-June 2014 based on operational data, including the real, state, financial, external, and social sectors. Detailed statistical tables are provided in the appendices.
Imports to Kyrgyzstan account for approximately a quarter of the total consumption of public goods in the republic.
