The Institute of Heroism

Hero.

The Institute of Heroism evolved from a military-democratic structure. The main purpose of a hero (baatyr) is to ensure the safety of society. From ancient times until the early 20th century, the hero was a key figure in military operations, a commander over a group of fighters. Among the outstanding, fearless, and far-sighted heroes emerged the founders of nomadic khanates, states, and empires. In the history of the Kyrgyz people, there is a notable array of heroes who took the initiative during the most difficult moments, defended the people from external threats, organized attacks to capture prisoners and livestock, and participated in military-political events.

Depending on the activities of the heroes and their bravery, B. Soltonoev identifies six categories of heroes:
1) adamdyn sheri (literally, lion in human form). The bravery of these heroes knew no bounds; they fearlessly charged into even a thousand-strong crowd, fought day and night, repeatedly entering battle, either winning or perishing on the battlefield, disregarding danger;
2) kara kёk or kёk jal baatyr (literally, stubborn hero), who endured injuries stoically. He would tie a broken arm to his neck, a leg in a sling, and continue fighting.

Wiping blood from his face, he would re-enter the fray. If thirsty, he would lick the sweat of his horse;
3) ilekor baatyr - a hero who exhausts the enemy with military cunning. He knew how to act in a team, would feign retreat, lure the enemy into an ambush, and suddenly turn and engage in battle. On the battlefield, he would not abandon his comrades. Such heroes were highly respected among warriors;
4) jeke baatyr, who goes alone to steal horses;
5) eerchime baatyr, who goes into battle or for a raid only by looking at others. In reality, he feared direct combat, but shame before his comrades hardened him and turned him into a hero;
6) opsuz baatyr imitated other heroes, recklessly charged at the enemy, and usually ended up captured.

Nevertheless, the essence of the Institute of Heroism lies in the physical and tactical skill of conducting military actions. Among the Kyrgyz, heroes were also referred to as individuals who, besides military leadership, were leaders of clans or tribes (Atake baatyr, Jaiyl baatyr, Balbai baatyr, Jangarach baatyr, etc.). The word "baatyr" could also be used as a form of address to men. Heroes who distinguished themselves during war were honored and respected by society. In peacetime, they engaged in household activities within their families.

The Rich Social Layer among the Kyrgyz at the End of the 19th Century