Nature is the primary source of satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people. Any products consumed by humans are ultimately created through the use of natural resources. At the same time, the use of nature's wealth must be reasonable and well thought out. Careless attitudes towards nature and irrational use of its resources can lead to undesirable consequences.
The intensive development of industry, transportation, and overpopulation in several areas of the Chui Valley has led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere. Pollution of surface waters is the process of changing the physical, chemical, or biological properties of natural waters upon the introduction of various substances that can have harmful effects on humans and nature. Any compound that disrupts norms and deteriorates water quality is considered a water pollutant.
By the nature of water use, all modern sectors of the economy in the Chui Valley are usually divided into associations of water consumers and associations of water users. Water consumers are those sectors that extract water from its natural sources, use it for the production of industrial or agricultural products, for the domestic needs of the population, and return it to the sources elsewhere in smaller quantities and often in a polluted form. Sectoral water consumers include industry,
Water resources are surface and groundwater that are suitable for use in a given territory. The boundaries of the territory can be administrative (district, region, republic) or geographical (river basin, continent). The determination of the volume of water resources is based on the calculation of the water balance of the territory.
To regulate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, individual norms are used for each substance at the enterprise. The maximum allowable emissions (MAE), which take into account the number of sources, their height, the distribution of emissions over time and space, and other factors, are provided by GOST 172302-78.
Geoecological Condition and Requirements for Air Protection.
It has been noted above that a significant part of the territory of the republic is subject to erosion processes. The problem of combating water erosion of soils can be solved through a set of anti-erosion measures, taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, agro-physical properties, and mechanical composition of the soils.
Pollution, in a broad sense, is understood as the introduction of new (usually non-characteristic for it) physical, chemical, biological, and informational agents into the ecological environment, or a technogenic exceeding of the level of natural factors, leading to negative consequences. In general terms, this term characterizes all bodies and substances that appear "in the wrong place, at the wrong time, and in the wrong quantity, which is natural for nature" /N.F.Reimers, 1993/.
Currently, in the Chui Valley, with the formation of numerous small farms, peasant and other households, there has been a fragmentation of large farms from former collective and state farms. The tense ecological condition of the soil cover has resulted from the irrational use of land by farming and peasant households. Crop rotations are not followed, and in most cases, the planting of grain, technical, and other crops is practiced continuously. Monoculture leads to land degradation under the
Land resources refer to lands that are systematically used or suitable for use for economic purposes and differ by natural-historical characteristics.
A specific form of natural conditions is represented by the internal adverse dangerous natural phenomena (ADNP) or natural disasters inherent to certain localities. In specialized literature, the concept of a natural disaster is interpreted as a dangerous natural phenomenon that causes an emergency situation.
All elements and conditions, as well as phenomena and bodies of nature, can be used in public production to meet the material, cultural, and scientific needs of society and constitute its raw material and energy base, which are called natural resources.
The fauna of the Chui Valley is part of the Western Tienir-Tous zoogeographic region. According to specialists, more than 300 species of vertebrates inhabit this area, including over 15 species of fish, about 280 species of birds, and 50 species of mammals. The densely populated plains of the Chui Valley are mostly developed, and the natural landscape has been significantly altered, leading to a decrease in animal populations each year. In the late 19th century, tigers, wild boars, and others
The Chuy Valley and the northern slope of the Kyrgyz Range is one of the most studied areas of the Republic in terms of flora and geobotany. Significant contributions to the study of the flora of the Chuy Valley have been made by I.V. Vykhodtsev, E.V. Nikitina, A.G. Golovkova, A. Moldoyarov, L.I. Popova, and others.
The soil-vegetation cover of the Chui Valley and its mountainous framing, as the most important components, are subject to the regular altitudinal zonation of landscapes. In general terms, the altitudinal belts coincide with the tiers of relief and climatic zones. The correct determination of altitudinal belts in the mountains currently acquires particular significance, as this concept encompasses the entire range of natural phenomena, and practical measures should evidently also be
There are relatively few lakes in the Chui Valley and its mountainous surroundings, and all of them are small. The Kyrgyz Ridge contains several dozen mountain lakes. The vast majority of these are very shallow lakes, with a diameter of no more than 0.1-0.2 km. Most of the lakes are located at altitudes of 3000-3500 m. They are fed by meltwater from glaciers and snow, as well as rainwater. In the basin of the Issyk-Ata River, there are three lakes with a total area of 0.09 km². The largest
The Chui Valley has a developed river network. The river network is especially dense on the northern slopes of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too. Most of these rivers belong to the basin of the Chu River. The small rivers in the northwestern part of the ridge disappear into the waterless plain as they exit the mountains. The main water artery is the Chu River. The area of the watershed is over 50,000 km². The length of the river, along with the Joong-Aryk River, is 140 km, while within the Chui depression it
Kyrgyz Ridge - the most glaciated area in the northern part of our republic. However, despite this and its proximity to the capital of the republic, it remained unexplored for a long time. Essentially, one of the first researchers of the glaciation of this ridge, who calculated the area of glaciers, was H.L. Korzhenyevsky (1930; 1932). However, a significant contribution to the study of the glaciers of the Kyrgyz Ridge was made by the Leningrad geographer E.V. Maximov (1964, 1972).
The Chui Valley is located in the extreme southern part of the temperate zone, farthest from the oceans and close to the deserts of Kazakhstan, which determines the high amount of heat, continentality, and dryness of its climate. In the central part of the Chui Valley (the capital Bishkek), the average annual sunshine duration is 2584 hours, which is more than in Almaty (by 6-13%) and less than in Cholpon-Ata (2613 hours) and Karakol (2657 hours).
The main types and forms of relief in the region are the result of prolonged geological development of the territory, tectonics, combined with the complex composition of the lithology of rocks and the active participation of various physical-geographical processes. All of this has determined the complex diversity of the surface structure of the Chuy Valley and its mountainous framing.
The main structures of the Chui Basin and its mountainous framing were formed by Baikal and Caledonian orogenies. The oldest (Archean - early Proterozoic) crystalline basement is exposed in the eastern mountain framing of the basin called Aktyuz-Bordin; in the northern framing of the basin, the gneissic basement lies at a depth of 2-3 km, plunging to 12 km to the south, and in the axial part of the Kyrgyz Range - to a depth of up to 5 km.
The main strategies that the leadership of Kyrgyzstan can implement during the forecast period until 2020 can be conditionally summarized as follows:
A special direction of foreign policy activity during the past period has been the development of cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and donor countries and international financial institutions. This cooperation has played a significant role in carrying out economic and political reforms.
CUTTING THE PATH (TUSHOO KESUU) CUTTING THE PATH (TUSHOO KESUU)
The birth of a child among the Kyrgyz, like among other peoples of the world, is an indescribable joy and the greatest celebration. After the baby is named, the "Beshik toy" — the lullaby celebration — begins. Guests are invited. Livestock is slaughtered, a dastorkhon (tablecloth) is spread, boorsoks (fried dough) are prepared, and meat is boiled in large cauldrons. The komuz (a traditional musical instrument) plays, and cheerful songs are sung...
NAME OF THE INFANT (AT KOYUU) NAME OF THE INFANT (AT KOYUU)
BLESSING (BATA BERUU) BLESSING (BATA BERUU)
The development of relations between Kyrgyzstan and European countries opens the way for integration into the community of developed, democratic states. The implementation of this task can be carried out through bilateral and multilateral diplomacy channels.
On December 27, 1991, the Government of the People's Republic of China recognized the independence of Kyrgyzstan. The People's Republic of China and Kyrgyzstan are neighboring states with a long shared border of 1,071.8 km. Historically and geographically, the territory of Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in western China belong to a unified political and cultural region, represented by related peoples who share similar beliefs and languages. This proximity
The USA was among the first to recognize the independence of Kyrgyzstan, establishing diplomatic relations on December 27, 1991. In February 1992, the US embassy opened in Bishkek. The legal framework for bilateral relations, established during mutual visits at various levels, consists of more than 20 agreements.
In the political, economic, and spiritual spheres, Kyrgyz-Russian allied interaction has developed in an upward trajectory during this time. The Russian direction, as the main priority, had a solid foundation and was filled with new and real content year after year.
Kyrgyzstan borders one of the most developed regions of Kazakhstan — Almaty. This proximity explains the fact that the most developed region of Kyrgyzstan is the Chui region. The problems of Kazakhstan related to the lack of water and electricity in the southern regions determine the demand for resources from Kyrgyzstan. The alliance with Kazakhstan has repeatedly been a decisive factor in the formation of regional organizations.
Kyrgyzstan borders Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan — friendly states that are close in cultural-historical, ethnic, and confessional terms, and is also located in the same region as another Central Asian state — Turkmenistan. Kyrgyzstan actively participates in various integration processes, in which other Central Asian countries are also involved to varying degrees. Currently, the Central Asian countries are addressing unresolved issues from the past that affect various aspects of
Within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, a priority direction for Kyrgyzstan has been economic interaction within the CIS, with a real move towards a free trade zone. Based on this, the Kyrgyz Republic expressed its agreement to maintain the structure of the economic bodies of the CIS and to form a unified economic zone, in which, in the foreseeable future, the necessary conditions for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor can be created.
Kyrgyzstan was the first among the former Soviet countries to successfully complete the negotiation process with the WTO and became its official member in December 1998.
Kyrgyzstan became a member of the United Nations on March 2, 1992. The UN Permanent Mission in Kyrgyzstan was opened in 1993, shortly after the republic gained independence. Over the years, the UN representation in the Kyrgyz Republic has expanded and strengthened, and currently, numerous UN programs and agencies carry out diverse activities not only at the national level but also at the local level.
Kyrgyzstan is a state in the Central Asian region, whose location has significant geopolitical and geo-economic importance as a connecting bridge between the West and the East, as well as the North and the South. Kyrgyzstan, like other Central Asian states, is a meeting point of four cultural and civilizational layers: European, Arab-Muslim, Persian, and Chinese. This circumstance, on one hand, created favorable conditions for the development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation in
DECEMBER 1 – World AIDS Day – 100 years since the birth of the statesman of Kyrgyzstan K. Dikambaev (1913–2010) 3 – International Day of Persons with Disabilities 5 – 90 years since the birth of U. Jumabaev (1923–1976), a famous poet – 210 years since the birth of F. I. Tyutchev (1803–1873), a Russian poet 6 – 200 years since the birth of N. P. Ogarev (1813–1877), a Russian poet, publicist, revolutionary – 100 years since the birth of Russian writer S. P. Zalygin (1913–2000) – 235 years since
NOVEMBER 1 – Day of Police Workers of Kyrgyzstan – 85 years since the birth of Doctor of Law, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic R. Turgunbekov (1928–1998) 2 – Day of Culture Workers of Kyrgyzstan 5 – 85 years since the birth of Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Laureate of the State Prize of Kyrgyzstan in the field of science and technology A. A. Akbaev (1928) 7 – Day of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1917) – Day of Information and Press of
OCTOBER 1 – International Day of Older Persons – International Day of Music – 60 years since the birth of A. A. Aldashev (1953), Doctor of Biological Sciences, laureate of the State Prize of the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of science and technology 2 – 115 years since the birth of E. L. Amitin-Shapiro (1898–1968), a well-known ethnographer, historian, bibliographer of Kyrgyzstan 4 – World Animal Day – 85 years since the birth of Doctor of Medical Sciences M. Aliyev (1928–1997) 5 – World
SEPTEMBER
Chechkor Holiday – the Harvest Festival – has been celebrated among the Kyrgyz people since ancient times. It was associated with the threshing of the harvest. Like throughout Central Asia, the mythical figure considered the patron and first teacher of farmers was the saint Babadykan. Another revered mythical figure was the saint Kydyr-ake – the giver of abundance, luck, a well-wisher, and protector of good people, workers, and travelers. The Chechkor holiday and all the rituals performed were
JULY 1 – Day of Tax Workers of the Kyrgyz Republic – Day of Rescuers of Kyrgyzstan 3 – Day of State Auto Inspection Workers of Kyrgyzstan – 130 years since the birth of F. Kafka (1883–1924), Austrian writer 5 – International Day of Cooperatives 6 – International Day of the Russian Language 7 – Day of Medical Workers of Kyrgyzstan 10 – 95 years since the birth of James Aldridge (1918), English writer 11 – World Population Day 13 – 75 years since the birth of R. Chokoeva (1938), Kyrgyz ballerina
JUNE 1 – International Children's Day – 105 years since the birth of geographer and researcher of Kyrgyzstan M. Murzaev (1908–1998) 2 – Day of Workers of the Fisheries Industry of Kyrgyzstan – 90 years since the birth of Doctor of Technical Sciences P. I. Chalov (1923–2003) – 170 years since the birth of Darwinian scientist K. A. Timiryazev (1843–1920) 3 – 170 years since the birth of K. A. Timiryazev (1843–1920), Russian naturalist-Darwinist 4 – Day of Remembrance. Anniversary (1990) of
