Migration in the Alai Range. Early 20th century. Kyrgyz SSR HERDING The leading sector of the traditional economy of the Kyrgyz was extensive animal husbandry, which belonged to the mountain-steppe Central Asian subtype, a cultural-economic type of herders in Eurasia. This primary sector was combined with equally significant ones—agriculture and hunting. The historically established dominant type of economy absorbed the rich experience accumulated by both ancient and medieval inhabitants of
Ancient Metallurgy. The mastery of metal smelting in human history was a great discovery that led to the accelerated growth of productive forces in agriculture, woodworking, and metalworking; an increase in the combat capability of weaponry; the durability of household tools and weapons; and progressive economic and social changes in society. Based on archaeological sources, it has been revealed that some of the first metallic tools used by humans in 8-6 thousand BC were: awls with
Decision-making in the housing sector remains fragmented. Housing-related issues are divided among various government bodies at both national and local levels. Since gaining independence, the housing system has undergone a process of decentralization, starting with the transfer of ownership rights to the existing housing stock, housing-related services, and financial responsibility for housing to the local population. Despite decentralization, addressing housing issues, apart from housing
Kyrgyzstan has deep traditions in the exploration of mineral resources. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, industries for coal, oil, lead, mercury, antimony, and copper were operational. During World War II, more than 20 enterprises were engaged in the extraction of lead, antimony, mercury, gold, tungsten, arsenic, and coal. Later, the mining and metallurgy sector of Kyrgyzstan played a significant role in the raw material economy of the USSR. The share of mineral product
The forge of the zergers. Mid-19th century. The photo is kept in the State Historical Museum Animal husbandry as the main occupation of the Kyrgyz defined the entire way of their life, which is why crafts compatible with a nomadic lifestyle developed and spread among them. This factor significantly determined the uniqueness of the development of the material and spiritual culture of the Kyrgyz people. The influence of the nomadic way of life also reflected in the primitive forms of mining that
The monitoring of the state and use of information and communication technologies for 2012 included 9,224 business entities (enterprises and organizations) using computer technology and information technologies. The number of such enterprises in the republic has increased by 1.6 times compared to 2008.
Over the past five years, there has been a noticeable increase in the main indicators of the standard of living of the population in the social sphere of the state. Thus, from 2009 to 2013, the average per capita monetary income of the population, according to the sample survey of household budgets, increased by 1.4 times. In 2013, the monetary income of the urban population exceeded that of rural residents by 1.3 times, amounting to 3978.85 and 3002.5 soms per month per capita, respectively.
In 2013, the development and implementation of technological, marketing, and organizational innovations in the industry of the republic were carried out by 39 enterprises, or 5.5 percent of the surveyed number.
Before 1917, there were 6 semi-artisanal brick factories in Kyrgyzstan, mostly operating seasonally, and one lime burning factory. In 1922, the brick production amounted to only 0.4 million pieces, and in 1924 — about 1 million pieces. A small amount of tiles and lime were produced. In 1927, the construction materials industry in the republic was represented by a brick factory that was part of the "Kyrgyzstroyobedineniye," and artisanal production within the system of the industrial
The volume of market services provided by economic entities in January-June 2014, according to preliminary estimates, amounted to 191.2 billion soms, which is an increase of 3.3 percent compared to January-June 2013. Overall, the turnover of wholesale and retail trade per capita in the republic in January-June of this year amounted to 18,045 soms. However, while in Osh city the turnover exceeded the average republican indicator by 2.4 times, in Bishkek by 2.1 times, and in Chui region by 1.2
The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century were filled with significant historical events. The Kyrgyz population repeatedly rose against the oppression of the Kokand Khanate. After its fall, the territory of Southern Kyrgyzstan became part of Russia (1876). Gradually, patriarchal-feudal relations began to break down, and the seeds of capitalism emerged. Trade intensified, and industrial enterprises appeared, particularly coal mines. Cotton cultivation began to
Meat Production. During the reporting period of 2015, economic entities of all categories in the republic produced 55.6 thousand tons of meat in live weight, which is 888 tons or 1.6% more than the corresponding period of the previous year. The increase in meat production occurred mainly due to an increase in the number of agricultural animals, except for pigs, as well as due to the provision of preferential loans to the livestock sector in 2014 amounting to 4,177.0 million soms, which
According to preliminary data from the National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, for January-November 2014, the real GDP growth was at 3.5%, which is 7.2 percentage points lower than the corresponding period in 2013, while the nominal GDP amounted to 347.8 billion soms.
In the system of water use and water consumption, intra-economic and inter-state water relations, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Water," adopted on January 14, 1994, with some amendments and additions made in 1995, has been approved and is in effect. Its main feature is that it established the payment for natural resource use rights, as well as for water supply services and for discharges of pollutants into water bodies and water management structures, within the established
Grain farming is one of the main sectors of agriculture. Economic difficulties in agriculture over the past few years have also affected grain farming. Agriculture has not been adequately supplied with machinery, and the number of tractors and grain harvesters has decreased. To develop grain farming, the use of mineral and organic fertilizers is necessary, which contributes to increased yields. Due to the worsening economic situation, most farms were unable to purchase the now expensive
The share of the forest, woodworking, and pulp and paper industry of the republic in 2000 was: by the number of employed workers 1.0%; by product output — 0.6%; by the value of fixed assets — 0.7%. Despite this, the industry is of great importance as it provides the population with essential items made from wood, widely used in everyday life.
The food industry of pre-revolutionary Kyrgyzstan was represented by several small artisanal enterprises: mills, oil presses, and breweries, as well as salt mines. By the time the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was established, there were only 28 enterprises here. Before the war, the food industry of the republic grew significantly. New sectors emerged: meat, dairy (14 butter and cheese factories), sugar, winemaking, baking, and others.
The light industry of Kyrgyzstan encompasses its three sectors: textile, garment, and leather-footwear. It accounts for 24% of the industrial workforce and 30% of the gross output of all industries, which ensures its priority in the economic potential of the republic. Before the October Revolution, there were only a few private semi-handicraft enterprises in Kyrgyzstan for the primary processing of agricultural raw materials—wool washing and cotton cleaning points. During the pre-war five-year
In Kyrgyzstan, among metalworking enterprises, a repair and mechanical plant was commissioned in Bishkek in 1931. In the 1930s, the metalworking industry developed at an accelerated pace. From 1928 to 1940, the gross output of the industry increased by 10.4 times, while that of metalworking increased by 26.1 times. During this period, the foundation of domestic machine engineering was formed. Machine engineering developed particularly rapidly during the Great Patriotic War based on evacuated
The traces of ancient mining operations in the territory of Kyrgyzstan indicate that mercury, lead, zinc, gold, copper, etc. have been extracted here since ancient times. The volume of extraction of certain minerals speaks to a significant level of work during those times (for example, at the lead mines of Kana and Guta). Gold was historically mined in the Turkestan Range, in Chatkal, Uzun-Akmate, Talas, Suusamyr, Issyk-Kul, and other places. Before the collapse of the USSR, Kyrgyzstan was
Before 1917, the electric power industry in Kyrgyzstan, as a separate branch of industry, hardly existed. In 1913-14, only 5 small power plants operated with a total capacity of 265 kW: the thermal station of the Kyzyl-Kyisky coal deposit (121 kW), two hydropower plants in the city of Osh (120 kW), the Bishkek diesel power station (16.5 kW), and the Karakol diesel power station (7.5 kW).
The Republic has a significant amount of diverse fuel and energy resources. Involving them in production allows for gradually addressing the issues of reducing the import of energy carriers from other countries and increasing the efficiency of the fuel and energy complex, which consists of two major sectors: fuel production (coal, oil, gas extraction) and electric power generation. The fuel and energy complex represents an inter-industry system for the production of fuel and energy, including
The development of Kyrgyzstan's industry began even before the October Revolution. In 1913, the share of industrial production was 3%. Before the revolution, compared to Russia, industrial output per capita in Kyrgyzstan was 16 times lower. The industry, based on artisanal production, was engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials (86.5% of total industrial output). Before the revolution, there was 1 artisanal candy factory, 2 breweries, and 2 tanneries operating in
Wages and Labor Market. In January-May 2014, the average monthly nominal wage of one employee (excluding small enterprises) amounted to 11,668 soms, increasing by 7.9 percent compared to January-May 2013, while its real value, calculated taking into account the consumer price index, rose by 1.9 percent.
Transport activities and cargo storage. In January-June of this year, the volume of cargo transported by all modes of transport increased by 273.7 thousand tons compared to the corresponding period last year. In June of this year, compared to the previous month, the volume of such transportation increased by 4.2 percent, and compared to June of last year - by 2.6 percent.
ABDRAKOV Kubanychbek Kasmakunovich Architect. Born in 1951 in the village of Bosteri, Issyk-Kul region of the Kyrgyz SSR. In 1975, he graduated from the architectural and construction faculty of the Frunze Polytechnic Institute. After graduation, he began his career as an architect in the production and economic group of the Issyk-Kul District Executive Committee, then worked as the head of the production economic group of the Cholpon-Ata City Executive Committee. Later, he was the architect
An architect in the field of management is a socially active individual, programming activities in their industry. The State Construction Committee of the Kyrgyz SSR is the body regulating the activities of design organizations and construction. The range of issues is diverse — this includes the creation of district planning projects, master plans for cities, district centers, settlements, villages, construction projects, individual building projects, expertise of project solutions, selective
The total volume of gross construction output in January-June 2014 amounted to 31,046.1 million soms, which is 18.5 percent more than in January-June 2013. In June of this year, compared to June of last year, its volume increased by 9.7 percent and amounted to 6,923.2 million soms. In January-June 2014, compared to the corresponding period in 2013, the volume of investments in fixed capital increased by 20.6 percent (in comparable prices) and amounted to 33,503.9 million soms, in June of this
The gross output of agricultural products, forestry, and fishing in January-June 2014 amounted to 52,263.7 million soms, which is 1.4 percent higher than the level of the corresponding period last year.
In the first half of 2014, industrial enterprises produced goods worth 65,851.3 million soms, with a physical volume index of 107.2 percent compared to the first half of 2013. Excluding enterprises involved in the development of the Kumtor deposit, the figure was 40,799.8 million soms, or 105 percent, with a 103.7 percent index as of May 2014. In June 2014, industrial production amounted to 11,357.5 million soms, with a physical volume index of 110.3 percent compared to June 2013. Excluding
Main Socio-Economic Indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic The socio-economic situation of the Kyrgyz Republic contains an analysis of the country's economic condition in January-June 2014 based on operational data, including the real, state, financial, external, and social sectors. Detailed statistical tables are provided in the appendices.
The significance of rural architecture in the life of Kyrgyzstan is very great, as more than half of the population of the republic are rural residents. There are about 2000 rural settlements in Kyrgyzstan. Despite a noticeable increase in the rural population over the past four decades, there has been a trend towards a reduction in the network of rural settlements with subsequent concentration and consolidation. An important role in the further development of rural construction was played by
Housing. The new Constitution of the USSR was one of the first in the world to proclaim the right to housing. This vital right for each of us depends on the skills of architects and builders. In Kyrgyzstan, mass housing construction is carried out according to standard projects, with industrial construction being the predominant method of building. The most widely used buildings are 5- and 9-story large-panel structures of series "105," designed to withstand seismic activity of 8-9
Industrial architecture. Today, the industry of Kyrgyzstan comprises 130 sectors and sub-sectors. Its output has increased 345 times compared to 1913. This development underscores the significance of industrial architecture as an urban-forming factor. The leading organization in the field of industrial design is the institute "Kyrgyzpromproekt". In Kyrgyzstan, many factories and plants have been built, which have a quite expressive appearance, such as: the flour mill in Kara-Balta,
Urban Planning. The development of urban planning in Kyrgyzstan represents a typical picture characteristic of most populated places in the USSR, expressed in the rapid growth of existing cities and towns and the emergence of new ones. The modern stage is associated with the development of master plans for a number of cities and towns in the 1960s. For some populated places, these were created for the first time, while for others, they replaced outdated plans. The technical and economic
Kyrgyzstan, having become an independent state, entered the global community as a developing country undergoing a transitional process towards building a truly democratic state with a market economy.
After the victory of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution, power in Russia passed into the hands of the Provisional Government, which represented the interests of large capitalists and landowners, determining its policy, including economic and financial. The slogan proclaimed by it, "War to a victorious end," meant for large capital that the super-profits from military supplies under government contracts flowed to the usual address. On the other hand, continuing the war was
Financial hunger. The first paper money - banknotes - were issued in Russia in 1796. Unlike the gold coins that existed at the same time, they did not have a fixed exchange rate. Their value often fluctuated, and they were almost always valued lower (sometimes several times) than their nominal value. In the first third of the 19th century, Russia operated a bimetallic system, where gold, silver, and banknotes circulated simultaneously. In the 1830s, preparations began for a monetary reform,
The oldest means of monetary circulation in our region is considered to be, as in other Eastern countries, livestock, tools of production and labor. Archaeological studies of the earliest monuments of Central Asia, including Tian Shan, also show that cowrie shells - a type of marine gastropod mollusk - were used as money. These shells are oval in shape, resembling white porcelain, and were often used as ornaments. Due to their shape, they were also referred to as "snake heads" or
As a rule, ancient money commands respect: it has seen and known much, sometimes containing secrets that remain unsolved for centuries. For instance, the material from which a coin is made allows us to conclude what metals were used at that time, how various alloys were composed, and whether the blanks were processed by casting or forging. If you weigh several identical coins, you will get an answer to the question of what units of measurement our distant ancestors used. Are you interested in
The stable growth dynamics of Kyrgyzstan's economy observed in recent years was interrupted by the events following the coup d'état on March 24, 2005. The goals of the COR-2010 were called into question.
The post-Soviet period in the Kyrgyz Republic was marked by dynamic changes. Gaining independence, Kyrgyzstan, at the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992, like all other CIS countries, began the transition to a democratic system of governance and the implementation of radical economic reforms. They had to start and carry out these reforms under conditions of an unprecedented depth of economic crisis. The collapse of the Soviet Union meant a rupture of cooperative ties between economic
