Culture
The Epic of "MANAS" - A Source for Studying Kyrgyz Etiquette
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28.10.2014, 15:34
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The traces of ancient mining operations in the territory of Kyrgyzstan indicate that mercury, lead, zinc, gold, copper, etc. have been extracted here since ancient times. The volume of extraction of certain minerals speaks to a significant level of work during those times (for example, at the lead mines of Kana and Guta). Gold was historically mined in the Turkestan Range, in Chatkal, Uzun-Akmate, Talas, Suusamyr, Issyk-Kul, and other places. Before the collapse of the USSR, Kyrgyzstan was
Before 1917, the electric power industry in Kyrgyzstan, as a separate branch of industry, hardly existed. In 1913-14, only 5 small power plants operated with a total capacity of 265 kW: the thermal station of the Kyzyl-Kyisky coal deposit (121 kW), two hydropower plants in the city of Osh (120 kW), the Bishkek diesel power station (16.5 kW), and the Karakol diesel power station (7.5 kW).
With the arrival of Chingiz Aitmatov in journalism, Soviet journalism, including Kyrgyz journalism, reached a new qualitative height; many issues of Soviet life, which previously seemed off-limits for writing, found their coverage in central and republican press.
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A brief overview of the evolution of ideas about etiquette in the context of world culture provides an opportunity to analyze and evaluate the diversity of etiquette rules, regulations, and prescriptions. At the early stages of its development, etiquette was identified with the action of magical rituals. In a class-based society, court etiquette served as a tool regulating the arrangement of political power among classes and estates. Finally, the emerging trends towards the democratization of
Among Kyrgyz women journalists and writers, the most popular name among readers, listeners, and viewers was Aim Aitbaeva (1917-1975). She was born in the village of Chelypek in the Jeti-Oguz district of the Issyk-Kul region. After graduating from the pedagogical institute in Frunze in 1941, she worked as a literary employee and head of the department at the newspaper "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan" until 1948.
As we can see, etiquette in the feudal era not only became more complex but also aestheticized and even evolved into a form of art, thereby fulfilling its segregative function in society. It is no coincidence that the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century spoke out sharply against it. The theories of the Enlightenment reflected the objective process of societal stratification and its instrument—the feudal etiquette—when the power of inherited privileges, ranks, and titles was replaced by
The Republic has a significant amount of diverse fuel and energy resources. Involving them in production allows for gradually addressing the issues of reducing the import of energy carriers from other countries and increasing the efficiency of the fuel and energy complex, which consists of two major sectors: fuel production (coal, oil, gas extraction) and electric power generation. The fuel and energy complex represents an inter-industry system for the production of fuel and energy, including
The development of Kyrgyzstan's industry began even before the October Revolution. In 1913, the share of industrial production was 3%. Before the revolution, compared to Russia, industrial output per capita in Kyrgyzstan was 16 times lower. The industry, based on artisanal production, was engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials (86.5% of total industrial output). Before the revolution, there was 1 artisanal candy factory, 2 breweries, and 2 tanneries operating in
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MARCHENKO Ariadna Nikolaevna
Mukhamed Dogdurov (1906-1968) was born in the village of Burkut in the Ton district of the Issyk-Kul region. He studied at the Tyup Agricultural Technical School. He began his creative activities early. While studying at the technical school, he wrote various materials about local and technical school life and sent them to republican publications: to the editorial offices of the newspapers "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan" and "Leninchil Zhas." Many of them were published, which
MAMADALIEV Sagynbek Dozalievich
MAVLYANKULOV Akdzhul Nazimovich
LYZENKO Vladimir Vasilyevich
LOGUNOV Alexander Mikhailovich
Maya Alexandrovna Lovushkina
LARIONOV Alexander Dmitrievich
Kutateladze Gennady Platonovich Architect. Member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union since 1980. Honored Architect of the Kyrgyz SSR (1974).
KUZNETSOV Valery Yakovlevich
KUDRYAVTSEV Vladimir Evgenievich
An important part of the activities of the press and radio in Kyrgyzstan was the patriotic education of workers, especially the youth. Numerous materials about the international situation, the approaching threat of fascism, and the Second World War were published in newspapers and broadcast on the radio. The importance and necessity of strengthening the Soviet system and its armed forces, mastering military knowledge and techniques, and readiness for labor and defense of the country were
During the years of the cultural revolution, the journalistic and literary talent of Djoomart Bokonbaev - a renowned Kyrgyz poet and playwright (1910-1944) - emerged. He was born in the village of Mazar-Sai, now in the Toktogul district of the Jalal-Abad region. In 1931, he graduated from a pedagogical technical school and worked for two years as the head of the department at the newspaper "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan." From 1933 to 1935, J. Bokonbaev studied at the Communist Institute of
The strengthening of the socialist mode of production contributed to a consistent rise in the material living standards of the peoples of Kyrgyzstan and created conditions for the spiritual development of Soviet people. Now, party and Soviet organizations, corresponding people's commissariats and institutions, and mass media began to carry out another important campaign, the so-called cultural revolution. Urgent tasks in this regard included the development of public education,
The journalist and writer Aytkulu Ubukeev (1905-1973) is widely known to the Kyrgyz reader as an essayist, satirist, and prose writer. He was born in the village of Kerege-Tash in the Ak-Suu district of the Issyk-Kul region. He is the author of more than two hundred essays and feuilletons, and his pen produced eleven books.
The territory of Kyrgyzstan is predominantly mountainous, with peaks almost everywhere reaching the climatic line, and in most mountain ranges, the ridge zone is covered with temporary glaciation. An important place in the natural resources of Kyrgyzstan is occupied by the potential resources of glaciers, as a source of the purest fresh water and one of the main sources of river feeding. The total water reserves stored in glaciers are estimated at 650 km³. By these indicators, Kyrgyzstan can
According to their morphometric data and regime, artificial water bodies—reservoirs—are similar to lakes. They are created by human hands for the rational use of water resources and over time integrate into the natural-territorial complex as one of the components of the landscape.
In the territory of Kyrgyzstan, there are 750 lakes, reservoirs, and small ponds with a total area of 6836 km², which accounts for 3.4% of the territory of the republic. Among them, 16 lakes and 11 reservoirs each have an area of more than 1 km². Many lakes are small, with a surface area of 0.02—0.2 km². Predominantly, the lakes are located in the high mountain zone, at the ends of glaciers, at altitudes of 3000—4000 m.
The formation of runoff and the hydrographic network in the territory of Kyrgyzstan is greatly influenced by the orographic structure and relief, climatic conditions, and the presence of glaciers. The mountain ranges of Kyrgyzstan act as barriers to moist air masses coming from the west, northwest, and north, and serve as natural accumulators of atmospheric moisture. The leading ridges and their corresponding slopes are better supplied with moisture than the opposite eastern, southeastern, and
ABYSHEV Sovetbek Ushurbekovich
Journalist and writer Mamasaly Abdukarimov (1910-1996) was born in the village of Yapalak, near the city of Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan. From 1925 to 1930, he studied first at the Tashkent Kylakh-Kyrgyz Institute of Education and then at the Kyrgyz Pedagogical College. In 1928, his first stories, "The Life of Kurumshi" and "Sister Guliya," were published in the republican newspaper "Kyzyl Kyrgyzstan." In the following years, M. Abdukarimov's stories, essays,
